Transforming Urban Neighborhoods: A Comparative Analysis of Approaches

This report provides a comparative analysis of approaches to transforming urban neighborhoods, drawing on the works of Michael Duncan and Ashley Barker. The report examines Duncan's experiences in a Manila slum, emphasizing the importance of understanding poverty through personal and social skills, community service, and cross-cultural interactions. It contrasts this with Barker's focus on Christian discipleship, the role of faith in addressing poverty, and the necessity of mobilizing Christian workers for sustainable missions. The analysis highlights the differences in their theological perspectives, with Duncan emphasizing theological aspects and practical action, and Barker focusing on the value of lived experiences and the role of the Church. The report explores their differing views on the Gospels and the importance of community building, drawing on their experiences with various organizations. Ultimately, the report aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted nature of urban neighborhood transformation and the role of compassion, faith, and community engagement in the process.

Running head: URBAN NEIGHBORHOOD
Transforming Urban Neighborhood
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
Author note:

1URBAN NEIGHBORHOOD
The book By Ashley Barker name “Surrender All- A call to submerge with Christ”
and “Costly Mission- Following Jesus to Neighborhood facing poverty talk about how the
importance of changing the neighborhood is important. Michael Duncan along with his
family lived in one of the slum communities of Manila, where he realized the best and worst
part of his life1 According to Ashley Barker it is important to raise a neighbor hood where
everyone will try to rejoice and be happy together 2They would cry together at the time of
loss, death and grief, would try to resolve conflict. All these would indicate that Christ had
entered the village and the people would realize that that togetherness is a society and this
could be achieved through the sacred moments. Both the books have described the
approaches to build a neighborhood and both books suggest that through the medium of
cooperation understanding
The book by Michael Duncan gives a lot of lessons about encountering the cross
cultural and mission of Christianity. Duncan along with his family did the finally crossing
over from the eastern culture to Western Culture. They lived different culture of life and
enjoyed being suffered both happiness and sadness of the world. They placed themselves in
the culture of poor and understood the sufferings and pain. The motive of the book is to talk
about the pain which is of higher cost and the suffering of the mission that has costed their
lifestyle. On the other hand, Ashley Barker’s book is about a call to Christian discipleship
and Barker said it is not important to add radical to the discipleship. It is a book which is
countering the culture unlike Michael Duncan. The writer is being gripped by the God’s
1 Duncan, Michael. Costly mission: following Jesus into neighbourhoods facing poverty. Urban Neighbours of
Hope, 2007.
2 Barker, Ashley James. Surrender all: a call to sub-merge with Christ. Urban Neighbours of Hope,
2005.

2URBAN NEIGHBORHOOD
transforming presence and he is trying to work inside the life of the poor. The book talks
about the mission of sustainability among the powerless and the poor.
For Duncan, the books does not give the romantic aspects of the life of Jesus Christ
which eventually led him to enter the life of the poor and trying to understand them with the
pain and sufferings that is a cost of life. Duncan and his family understood the sickness,
poverty and salvation. The new life of Jesus which means the reincarnation of Jesus depicts
the self- emptying service of the Kingdom of God and not for the personal salvation3 The
main focus of Duncan is that the family must raised children in such a way that the children
must start understanding the needs of the others instead of making it more personal. Thus,
this thing of importance is necessary. Once the person start thinking about the needs of the
others then gradually a transformation take place4 Once the person can put the children to
make them understand the certain needs by giving importance to the cultural life, a
transformation will begin in the character of the human being, this is also being supported by
Ashley Barkey in his book of Surrender all. Michael Duncan in his book talked about, that
giving service to the community would bring happiness to the people. Instead of going to
churches and pray, if it becomes needful to meet the needs of the slums, it becomes important
for the people to help the community to build the need of the community. For example in his
book, Duncan talked about the necessary to build a public toilet which could meet the
necessary demand of the community.5 The author spent life in Philippines where he helped
3 Little, Christopher. "What Makes Mission Christian?." International Journal of Frontier
Missiology 25, no. 2 (2008): 65-73.
4 Schaller,Lyle E. The Change Agent. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1972.
5 Sider, Ronald J. Evangelism & Social Action: In a Lost and Borken World. Sydney Hodder &
Stoughton, 1993.

3URBAN NEIGHBORHOOD
the community to build infrastructure for the slum neighborhood. This was the beautiful
initiative taken by the writer to bring improvements and transformation in the neighborhood.
Similarly Ashley Barker also thinks that the urban neighborhoods that are facing
poverty are increasing everywhere and they need to be addressed immediately. The poverty is
spoiling the life of the people slowly and Therefore, Jesus Christ requested the people to
work together for a mission to complete the dream of the urban neighborhood through the
process of emancipation from the clutches of poverty. Jesus Christ can only enter when the
people would cooperate with each other in order to find solution to the existing problems in
terms of transforming the urban neighborhood6 The people would believe that is they work
and pray together for the people who are facing poverty can only bring happiness to the life
of the urban neighborhood. Barker even pointed out that the existence of poverty is needed to
be questioned. Similarly, Michael Duncan in his book pointed out that to understand poverty
it is important to utilize the personal and social skills. Therefore, Ashley Baker says that it is
important to stand with the poor and solidarity and also important to face the troubles
together. The people indeed value the arrival of the poor community with whom,
identification is needed to meet7 Like Duncan, Barker also looks forward through his book
“Surrender All” that the poverty needs to be taken out from a person personally and a stake
must be there in the transformation of neighborhood. The community building in true self
needs contact frequency, vulnerability and achieve something relevant without living near.
6 Wherever We Live. Grand Rapids. Baker Books, 2007.
7 Pohl, Cristine. Making Room: Recovering Hospitality as a Christian Tradition, Grand Rapids:
Erdmans, 1999.

4URBAN NEIGHBORHOOD
Through the relation of Compassion, friendship needs to be built with those who are suffering
hardships in life 8
Michael Duncan also waged interaction with the Christian scholars and understood
the cross cultural progression through OCMS. The ideas were shifted through a grid of
community and through the sharing of the cross cultural vision, people can come to know
each other and understand the need to transform. Barker pointed out it is important to
mobilize the new workers who are Christians and they should be equipped in such a way that
the approach can happen to the urban neighborhoods.9 The motive which is expressed
through the book is that how the formation of the workers of the Christian community must
gather and form a community. It is important for the sustainable mission. The book
“Surrender All” provides how together can travel to the Christian Community together by
taking into account that only the two- thirds of the world is considered to be poor, however
only a little fraction of the Christian workers usually go and sustain life among them.
Michael Duncan in his book “Costly Mission” discusses about the importance of
theology. The theology teaches the people about the social life after and before death.
Theology gives a systematic framework to understand the importance of theology framework
and with the help of Bibilical Theology, it is important to understand the importance of a
person that the people are meeting on a regular basis under the street light.10 The Theology
also saves the reader and the practitioners of the Urban Neighborhood Development must not
limit themselves to the teachings of the Paul and they must also not neglect the contributions
of Jesus Christ. Liberation Theology on the other hand deals with the importance of the book
and gives the people to think in a more creative sense. Michael Duncan went through the
8 Schaller, Lyle E. Wisdom from Lyle E. Schaller: The Elder Statesman of Church Leadership. Abingdon Press,
2012.
9 MISSION, GORDON-CONWELL. "CL 650: THE CHRISTIAN LEADER AS COMMUNICATOR." (2017).
10 McGrath, Alister E. Christian theology: An introduction. John Wiley & Sons, 2016.

5URBAN NEIGHBORHOOD
study of theologies which can enhance the power of knowledge, grasping the value of the
society and develops feeling for each other so that one can understand the importance of each
other and try to solve the problems.11 Barker in his book Surrender All points out that there
were some miracles happened in the churches which changes the outlook of his mission and
was looking forward to serve the community properly. According to Barker, the relation with
the neighborhood is not an easy task. It takes time to grasp the needs of the neighbors by
asking those questions, their link with the community and also try to understand the
importance of neighborhood members in the community and assist them in the workings by
understanding the happiness and cry of the urban neighborhood.12 This is the same idea
shared by Michael Duncan in his book “Costly Mission”. In the book of Costly Mission,
there is a declaration which happened fortnight that there are people who are not following
the true principles of Christianity in these modern days. The teachings of Jesus Christ are
being left out and not serving the Kingdom of God properly. As pointed out earlier that most
of the people are not following the gospels properly and implementing them. Duncan was
concerned in his book about the reality which is authentic that follows the directives of Jesus
Christ.
Both Michael Duncan and Ashley Barker worked with an organization to develop the
mindset of the transformation of the Urban neighborhood. Barker participated with the
UNOH (Urban Neighbor of Hope) which focused on loving the neighbors and bracing the
urban neighborhoods. The contribution to the urban neighborhood through the mode of
specific responses and also building the positive relationships with neighbors to carry out
11 Migliore, Daniel L. Faith seeking understanding: An introduction to Christian theology. Wm. B.
Eerdmans Publishing, 2014.
12 Placher, William C., and Derek R. Nelson. A history of Christian theology: an introduction. Westminster John
Knox Press, 2013.

6URBAN NEIGHBORHOOD
work of transformation is an important aspect of serving Christ.13 Unlike Duncan, Barker the
transformation of the negative attitude must change in terms of considering the Christianity a
negative. However by linking with the belief of Duncan, Ashley Barker in his book also
pointed out that the frame of reference of the community can be connected with the living of
the Christ. Michael Duncan in his book focused more on the social sciences and less on the
experiences to describe the transformation of urban neighborhood’s community. He just gave
statement of how the poor should look after themselves and less evangelized. In his book
“Costly Mission” there was no clear explanation of his concepts and theories. He focused less
on the experiences and more on the modes of the teachings of the Bible. However, Ashley
Barker focused on more of his experiences with UNOH and described the main values and
understanding through the mode of experiences and understanding. He gave light about how
the live experiences in details and concluded the factual analysis out of his book. 14
The kernel of Michael Duncan’s book is that the gospel caused cost in the life of Jesus
and similarly Gospel would also cost the life of the human beings more seriously. It means he
did not believe in the gospels and he wanted that the churches can do missionary work more
rather than remaining a happy church. However, Ashley Barker on the other hand talks about
and supports the Gospel Order and to give importance to the gospel justice of the Churches.
This marks a difference between two writer’s experience and their perspectives of theology.
Unlike Ashley Barker, Duncan do not romanticize the life of Jesus Christ because
Duncan in his book wrote that it is the new life of Jesus that led Duncan to the life of poverty
13 Bradshaw, Bruce.Change across cultures:A Narative Approach to Social Transformation.Grand
Rapids.Baker, 2002
14 Guder Darrell.Be My Witness.Grand Rapids.Eerdmans, 1985

7URBAN NEIGHBORHOOD
which has given him a lot of suffering, poverty, sickness and also loneliness and also it is not
something which is served as a personal salvation for Jesus Christ rather focusing on the
experiences of his own life.15 Ashley Barker tried to keep importance to Jesus Christ and he
can only be welcomed when the people are serving together the life of Jesus Christ.
The main differences between Michael Duncan and Ashley Barker is that the Michael
Duncan believed in theological aspects and making church to become more practical about
the work of serving the neighbors. He came up with models and says that the poor must help
themselves. It also has some similarity with “Modest Proposal” By Jonathan Swift. However
Ashley Barker believes that experiences are indeed important about the whole journey and
the experience while working with UNOH derived that working with the poor and sharing
gospels with them would enlighten them with the life of the Urban Neighborhood.16
Therefore to conclude the gathered experiences to transform the neighborhood and it
is important to understand the feelings of the people in order to approach them and make
themselves exposed to the workings. Jesus Christ holds a new life and made a kingdom of
God which would finally become true when the people would start helping each other and
give importance to each other.
15 Guder Darrell.Be My Witness.Grand Rapids.Eerdmans, 1985
16 Sachs JeffreyD.The end of Poverty: Economic Possibilities of Our Time.New York : Penguin Press,
2005.

8URBAN NEIGHBORHOOD
References
Barker, Ashley James. Surrender all: a call to sub-merge with Christ. Urban Neighbours of
Hope, 2005.

9URBAN NEIGHBORHOOD
Bradshaw, Bruce.Change across cultures:A Narative Approach to Social
Transformation.Grand Rapids.Baker, 2002
Duncan, Michael. Costly mission: following Jesus into neighbourhoods facing poverty.
Urban Neighbours of Hope, 2007.
Guder Darrell.Be My Witness.Grand Rapids.Eerdmans, 1985
Little, Christopher. "What Makes Mission Christian?." International Journal of Frontier
Missiology 25, no. 2 (2008): 65-73.
McGrath, Alister E. Christian theology: An introduction. John Wiley & Sons, 2016.
Migliore, Daniel L. Faith seeking understanding: An introduction to Christian theology. Wm.
B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2014.
MISSION, GORDON-CONWELL. "CL 650: THE CHRISTIAN LEADER AS
COMMUNICATOR." (2017).
Placher, William C., and Derek R. Nelson. A history of Christian theology: an introduction.
Westminster John Knox Press, 2013.
Pohl, Cristine. Making Room: Recovering Hospitality as a Christian Tradition, Grand Rapids:
Erdmans, 1999.
Sachs JeffreyD.The end of Poverty: Economic Possibilities of Our Time.New York : Penguin
Press, 2005.
Schaller, Lyle E. Wisdom from Lyle E. Schaller: The Elder Statesman of Church Leadership.
Abingdon Press, 2012.
Schaller,Lyle E. The Change Agent. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1972.

10URBAN NEIGHBORHOOD
Sider, Ronald J. Evangelism & Social Action: In a Lost and Borken World. Sydney Hodder
& Stoughton, 1993.
Wherever We Live. Grand Rapids. Baker Books, 2007.