Transnational Organized Crime: Threats, Agencies, and Concerns

This report delves into the multifaceted issue of transnational organized crime (TOC), exploring its nature, impact, and the responses of various agencies. It begins by defining TOC and highlighting its global reach and the threats it poses to international and national security. The report examines the potential concerns of Congress regarding the cooperation between intelligence and law enforcement agencies, and the oversight challenges. It details the illegal activities associated with TOC, including drug trafficking, human trafficking, cybercrime, and terrorism, emphasizing their destabilizing effects on vulnerable nations. The role of intelligence agencies and law enforcement in combating TOC is analyzed, including their international missions and the importance of collaboration. The report concludes by discussing the impact of terrorism and the crucial role of these agencies in the 'War against Terror'.

Running head: TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME
TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME
Name of the Student
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Author Note

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Introduction
The emotions and feelings regarding human cost in relation to terrorism has spread
to every place of the world. Transnational organized crime or TOC is regarded as an
organized crime that is synchronised through the borders of the nation. Such crime
involves associations and groups who work in several nations in order to plan, plot and
implement unlawful business undertakings. For achieving their objectives, the criminal
associations utilize methodical corruption and violence. An instance of such vehemence
and viciousness by the terrorists is the attack that were made by the terrorists on the
offices of the United Nations in the city of Baghdad. The attacks were made on the 19th
day of the month of August in the year of 2003. This particular attack claimed so many
lives. Among the twenty two lives that were lost that day, was the life of Sergio De
Mello, who was the representative to the Secretary General of the United Nations.
Terrorism evidently makes an actual and direct impact in relation to human rights, with
distressing and upsetting costs regarding the enjoyment and satisfaction in connection to
the right to liberty, life and the corporeal integrity relating to the victims. Further,
terrorism has the ability to destabilize and disrupt governments, weaken and demoralize
civil society, endanger security and peace, and intimidate economic and social expansion
and growth. Antiterrorism or counter-terrorism integrates the practice, military strategies,
techniques, and tactics that the military, the government, the intelligence agencies, and
the law enforcement utilize in order to fight, combat prevent or avert terrorism. This
paper shall discuss the ‘Potential Congressional Concerns’. This paper shall discuss the

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transnational threats and the illegal activities and how the intelligence agencies provide
their support in relation to the enforcement of laws regarding this matter. A discussion
shall be forwarded in relation to the fact that how the agencies in relation to law
enforcement acquire the international missions. The management of the relationship in
relation to intelligence and the law enforcement shall be discussed in the paper. The
paper shall explain the manner in which the intelligence agencies are utilized to enforce
the laws in this regard. Finally, this paper shall also discuss the role of intelligence
agencies and the law enforcement in the ‘War against Terror’.
Potential Congressional Concerns
Provided that the strong likelihood that the global and intercontinental function in
relation to law enforcement agencies shall grow continuously, it is believed by the
observers that more deliberation must be provided in connection to making less unclear
or vague differences between security policy and law enforcement and to relations
between intelligence and law enforcement agencies. Congress may selectively concern
itself in relation to the comprehensive delineations of the cooperation of intelligence
cooperation regarding the law enforcement. Congress approves and sanctions the
numerous instrumentalities in connection to policy of United States, seizes funds, and
gives effect to oversight. However, the manner in which the Congress provide resources
and supervises the agencies relating to intelligence and law enforcement may not be
augmented for providing support in connection to the embryonic and coinciding missions
regarding the world after Cold War. Congress has studied and examined the coordinative

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apparatuses, which have been created and recognized, however, has not been given the
statutory charters (Kalla & Broockman, 2016).
Lapse of intelligence, foreign policy, and law enforcement is mostly accepted and
commenced by diverse groups of committees having dissimilar plans and agendas.
Regarding the diverse oversight duties, it is challenging to deliver unified and unbroken
oversight of the activities relating to law enforcement and intelligence overseas. The
authority and dominion regarding the Judiciary Committees is considered to be very
extensive, which encompasses several domestic issues that includes immigration and
abortion and, in relation to the Senate, validation or approval by Federal judges. Due to
various causes, no steady reauthorizations regarding the Justice Department programs has
been done since FY1980. Contrarily, the ‘Intelligence and Armed Services Committees’
frequently emphasizes on obtaining of progressive technologies and the connections
between military services and the intelligence instead of on operational and functioning
practices. Further, neither the Judiciary Committees nor the intelligence generally deal in
a direct manner in relation to queries regarding foreign policy, which are considered to be
the domain and sphere of the ‘House International Relations Committee’ and the ‘Senate
Foreign Relations Committee’. In the circumstances in which the military, intelligence,
diplomatic, and law enforcement efforts are meticulously connected, substantial
difficulties in relation to effectual congressional oversight may ascend provided that the
dissimilar concerns of numerous committees and also the understandable tendency of the
executive branch to make best utilization of flexibility for the employment of distinct

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devices for distinct situations. Probable new approaches in relation to oversight may
involve the joint hearings or it may also include the subsequent formation of joint or
select committees. More challenging would be more variations regarding statutes, which
affect collaboration between intelligence and law enforcement agencies (Feickert, 2018).
Illegal Activities and the Transnational Threats
Transnational Organized Crime [TOC] or transnational threats poses a substantial
and increasing danger and peril in relation to international and national security and
sanctuary, with dreadful inferences regarding safety of public, health of public,
democratic organizations, and economic or financial steadiness across the world. It may
be said that the criminal networks and structures are intensifying, and they are also
expanding their undertakings and happenings. Such intensification and expansion result
in the conjunction of threats that gives rise to volatile and disrupting effects. The
networks of TOC pose a deliberate threat in relation to the Americans and to the nation of
the United States in the crucial regions (Avdan & Gelpi, 2017).
The primary transnational threats include activities like kidnapping, drug
trafficking, human trafficking, piracy, human slavery, cyber-attacks, genocide and other
related activities. The act of terrorism is considered to be a kind of organized crime an act
of terrorism include all the activities mentioned above. Although a terrorist activity is
committed for political purposes and contrarily an organized crime aims to secure
financial and material advantages. The developing nations having a feeble ‘rule of law’
are mainly susceptible and vulnerable to the dispersions of the TOC. The seeming and

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ostensible rising nexus in certain nations among the transnational terrorist groups and the
rudiments of the government, which includes the intelligence services and the high-level
officials relating to business, signifies a substantial threat in relation to the financial
development or expansion and the independent or democratic organizations. In the
nations that have weak and frail governance and administration, there exist corrupt and
unethical officials who all are not alarmed by the activities of the terrorist groups and the
TOCs. The networks of the TOC intimate themselves in relation to the process of the
political structures in a various ways. Even the financial and economic conditions of the
nations are threatened by the terrorists groups and the TOCs (Castro, 2017).
The transnational terrorist organizations threatens and intimidates the economic
interests of the nation of United States and has the ability to cause substantial damage and
impairment in relation to the financial structure of the world through methods like
destabilization, exploitation, distortion and subversion of legitimate and authentic
markets and their economic undertakings and activities. The leaders of the businesses of
the nation of United States and the business leaders of certain other nations apprehends
that the firms of the United States are facing disadvantageous positions regarding
competition in the market because of corruption and the activities of the TOC,
particularly in connection to the developing markets regarding which many individuals
recognize the ‘rule of law’ as less dependable. Insurgents and terrorists gradually are
turning towards transnational groups and TOCs in order to generate capital, finance and
funding, and obtain logistical upkeep and support in order to give effect to their vehement

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actions. Criminal networks and the illegal or illegitimate arms dealers play significant
roles regarding the black markets. The drug traffickers and the terrorists acquire their
weapons form the black markets. The networks of transnational terrorist groups and
TOCs have gradually become involved in connection to cybercrime. Through
cybercrime, the TOCs and the transnational criminal groups pose substantial peril and
danger towards the financial systems and structure of trust such as stock markets,
banking, e-currency, and the credit card or debit card services, upon which the economy
of the world relies (Patrick, 2017).
Support of the Intelligence Agencies and the Law Enforcement
The measures that are taken by the law enforcement and intelligence agencies are
considered to be a portion of an all-inclusive and wide-ranging system regarding
measures that are planned and envisioned for efficient deterrence, prevention and
subjugation of terrorism. The activities regarding the agencies relating to law
enforcement are all the time ‘ex post facto’. Their activities are grounded on reasonable
and rational suspicion and belief that a particular criminal wrongdoing has been
committed. Dissimilar and contrasting to the measures adopted by the law enforcement,
the measures of the intelligence agencies are deliberated and premeditated in manner so
that the national and international security may be protected and safeguarded. Expansion
and advancement in relation to new kinds of terrorism and terrorist activities, reformed or
restructured insight of phenomenon in relation to the general populace and the related
impact or influence upon several legal testimonials and qualifications, have resulted in

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confusion, misunderstanding and compounding in connection to the measures adopted by
the two bodies mentioned above. Both the institutions mentioned above have diverse
logic, purposes and rules relating to application. Fear, dread and distress in relation to
terrorism as a practice or method of disproportionate warfare and conflict has been
constantly increasing since the times when the Cold War came to an end. The attacks of
September 11 on Washington and New York were considered to be a decisive and pivotal
turning point regarding the understanding and the comprehension of the phenomenon
relating to modern-day terrorism. Vindicated or not, variation or modification in the
understanding and comprehension has ultimately resulted in the alteration regarding the
interpretation and explanation in relation to the legal facet in respect of the terrorist
attacks. The alterations and the modifications in the thinking process have labelled the
attacks by the terrorists as ‘war crime’, ‘armed attack’, and ‘crime against humanity’
(Brown, 2018).
Law Enforcement Agencies Obtain International Missions
In responding and retorting in relation to the new prospects, beliefs, expectations,
anticipations and a transformed environment, the FBI has allotted and dispensed an
augmented quantum of agents to the overseas. In the month of June of the year 1996, the
FBI propelled a plan of four year in order to increase the quantum of e officials of FBI
who all are serving in the legal representative and attaché offices of the embassies of the
nation of United States. Recently, offices have been opened in the city of Cairo of the
nation of Egypt, in the city of Islamabad of Pakistan, in the city of Tel Aviv of Israel.

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Other places where offices have been opened are Uzbekistan, South Africa, Moscow,
Czech Republic, India, Argentina and certain other places. The offices mentioned above
are projected and estimated to aid and oblige in relation to several purposes. They allow
and certify the institution and formation of close and adjacent “cop-to-cop” relations,
which shall help in the exchange of law enforcement information in relation to the
officials of the host-nation. Further, the officials of the FBI are able to nurture and
promote connections in relation to other sources regarding information and data in the
host nations. Then Director of FBI whose name was Louis Freeh, has mentioned that the
program of ‘Legal Attaché’ is considered to be the most important element in relation to
the aptitude of in the Bureau to discover, identify, deter, dissuade and scrutinize
international and global crimes regarding which the nation of United States or the citizens
of the nation are the victims. Certain spectators and onlookers have voiced concern that
they might correspond or replicate the functions and efforts of CIA or any other officials
in connection to intelligence agencies, who all have already been allotted to the nations
(Hancock, 2016).
In certain nations, rigid and firm separation is not present between the law
enforcement agencies and the intelligence agencies, and the officials of the nation of
United States must carefully and cautiously mold their relations with their foreign
equivalents or counterparts. Unavoidably, overlap and complications will ascend,
however, as per the administrative officials, such complications shall be addressed on the
basis of each particular case. The chief of station or the ambassador shall have a major

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role to play, which should be consistent with and in conformity to the statutory
responsibility of the official in relation to the coordination, direction, supervision and
administration of all the employees of the executive branch of the Government in the
nation (Hamilton Jr, 2019).
Management of the Relationship of Intelligence-Law Enforcement
In the outcome and repercussion of several criticisms and the directions of
congress that followed exposures regarding the failure of CIA to deliver information and
data in relation to the BNL and BCCI cases in favor of the officials of the Justice
Department, a ‘Joint Task Force’ in connection to Law Enforcement and the Intelligence
was founded in the month of March in the year of 1993. The task force mentioned above,
was headed by the ‘Deputy Assistant Attorney General’ whose name was Mark Richard.
It was also headed by the General Counsel of CIA whose name was Elizabeth Rindskopf.
The aforementioned two individuals forwarded several recommendations (Dorn, 2016).
The primary challenges in relation to the promotion of cooperation between the
agencies of law enforcement and intelligence are their individual bureaucratic values and
cultures, methods of operation, basis of information and data, and oversight edifices. The
Justice Department that involves the DEA as well as the FBI, is considered to be
responsible for piloting and steering investigations in relation to probable law breaking,
and the prosecution of purported and suspected criminals or offenders in the judicial
structure. Even though the agencies of law enforcement require background information
and data or ‘strategic intelligence’ concerning arrangements outlines of criminal actions,

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they incline to provide greater importance to the tactical information and data. As per the
applicable rules in relation to legal procedure, the tactical information and data may be
utilized in connection to a public trial and the origins of such information or data shall be
exposed to a lawyer of the defendant.
However, policy makers of the national security need an uninterrupted course of
information and data from the intelligence agencies like CIA, about the conditions of the
world, particularly about nations, individuals, groups who are working in contradiction to
the interests of the nation of United States. No end-point exists in relation to these
necessities. Even an advantageous and promising development of events, for instance the
dissolution and disbanding of Soviet Union, shall not be referred to as the end or
conclusion in relation to the requirement for up-to-date data and information. In several
cases, the necessity for intelligence is considered to be more significant than the necessity
to deal with any specific incident (Newton, 2016).
Beyond Information Exchanges: Using Intelligence Agencies in Enforcing
Laws
The national objective is not only to examine transnational and intercontinental
threats, but also, to cause a reduction in such threats or entirely eradicate such threats.
The function of the intelligence agencies in order to stand against transnational threats,
like terrorism and narcotics smuggling, is not restricted to the obtaining of information
and analysis of such information. There are long-lasting and enduring programs with the
help of which the intelligence agencies of the United States give technical support and

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training to the governments of the foreign nations. There have been involvement of the
intelligence agencies in the efforts to fetch the supposed international criminals and
offenders to the nation of United States with the help and assistance of the diplomats and
the officials relating to law enforcement and military. It has been believed by the
observers that on occasionally, the foreign nations prefer the trial of certain criminals
(even the citizens of their own) in courts of the United States instead of in their own
courts in order to evade unwanted political consequences.
Based upon the circumstances, the ‘Department of Justice’, ‘Department of State’,
and the ‘Department of Defense’ may have preemptive and active functions to counter
transnational threats. The ‘State Department’ may make an attempt in order to persuade,
influence or pressure any other state to give effect to any breaking of law that may have
occurred within the borders of any other state. The nation of United States, having
accumulated proof and evidence in relation to the fact that a crime or offence has
befallen, or is expected to befall, may also forward a request for the purpose of formal
extradition with the help, aid and assistance of law enforcement or diplomatic channels
regarding cases in which the laws of the nation of United States have been allegedly
violated (Gill, 2018).
In a certain quantum of cases, the suspects have been transported to the nation of
United States by coercion and force. It is evident that such aggressive abductions in
contradiction to the wishes of the foreign nation may significantly complicate and
obscure the relations of the nation of United States with that particular nation. As per