A Report on Transnational Organized Crime and Terrorism: A Deep Dive

This report delves into the multifaceted world of transnational organized crime and terrorism. It begins with a historical overview, tracing the evolution of prostitution and its connection to organized crime. The report then explores international connections, focusing on the Triads, their structure, activities, and global reach. It examines the impact of these criminal organizations in various countries, including China, Japan, and Australia. The report further analyzes the structure of triads, their hierarchical organization, and criminal activities, including human trafficking, drug smuggling, and money laundering. Finally, it provides an Australian perspective on organized crime, highlighting the government's focus on illegal activities like prostitution, extortion, and drug distribution. The report emphasizes the interconnectedness of these criminal activities across borders and their detrimental impact on society.

Transnational Organised
Crime & Terrorism

Table of Contents
HISTORY..................................................................................................................................3
International Connections..........................................................................................................5
Structure.....................................................................................................................................7
Australian Perspective................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................11

HISTORY
One of the most controversial subject and issue, people know famously that prostitution is the
oldest profession. Because women in antiquity of prostitution has been around for a very long
time since middle age. The prostitutes of ancient Greece were common whores which was
translated buyable women. Legitimate job prostitution was the social hierarchy in Greek
society during the middle ages and through the nineteenth century. Historically, Roman life
in ancient Greece was male’s world which intended legal brothels without women
perspective. Conversely, in the period of nineteenth century, women were obstacles for the
visibility. However, powerful to induce the necessary evil of prostitutes was an actual job in
Greece for growth in economy for them. The highest classes of prostitutes as Hetairai was
educated thoroughly intellectual stimulation and involved in politics. Because hetairai was
special class and the course of politics through their conversation or personal romances.
Engaging sexual activity of brothels and prostitute were spread certain disease which was
fear concerning in some cities.
By the early nineteenth century, prostitution was common in United States. Despite whore of
job, prostitutes were not ashamed because of high wages rescued their poor situation. Some
prostitutes of malign appearance become widely fashionable to attract on streets and other
establishments. Wealth of sex trade was not hard to find it during civil war that
commercialized selling body which was most visible and the wildest among the soldiers of
the Union. However, standpoint of religion indicates immorality of prostitution was sin of
daunting and social evil and moral robbed. Beginning in nineteenth century, US shut down
legal brothels because prostitutes of middle class girls become increasing. The city’s most
notorious brothels madam, Sally Stanford run illegal brothels in San Francisco toward her
career on sex service. Despite her poor education, most wealthy and influential men of

leading politicians and nearby areas made up her clientele. During nineteenth century, US
prostitution was tremendous growth and industrialization spread.
Prostitution, sexual slavery it becomes women’s subversive because of sexual access without
encumbrance. Legendary wealthy of masters and industrial revolution to contribute abuse of
working sexual service. The existence of prostitution is a trade of money for a service, it is
simply a business transection, but it takes a sizable cut of their income by pimp or madam.
However, it is a head of all hypocrisy rears in hallmark of capitalism. Most countries remain
prostitution can trace the taint of ethics that ethically and morally wrong because it tends to
involve coercion. Trafficking in women for sexual exploitation is lured and tricked into
prostitution that constitutes a particular form of violence. Scientific knowledge reviews that
prostitution is violence by physical, sexual and threats of male power. Many people and
conservative review that prostitution occurs sever symptoms by post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD). Furthermore, health officials note that regulating prostitution spreads sexually
transmitted diseases(STDs) as HIV/AIDS that is high risk factor. Also, feminists believe
prostitution the sign of society’s moral decay because it is patriarchal constructions of gender
and male power. Two of these models that people might agree on little but these both hold,
strong argument. Regardless of beliefs, medical attention of STDs is a group of bacteria that
prostitution spreads growth of yeasts and virus. This group reviews prostitution should not be
legal, they should impose mandatory regular health checks. Other people opinions, stunning
finding legal prostitution reduces incidents of rape, sex violence and sex crimes. Because
once legalised, sex workers empower to access a police, if they are in danger or having a
problem with their clients and pimps. Furthermore, it is benefit that legalization of
prostitution to lead government tax revenue.

International Connections
The reality of human trafficking as prostitution is the destination point for sex trafficking.
Traditionally, targeting criminal gangs intend for top of making money through their
involvement in crime. Criminal enterprise is existed around world but are most brutal active
in China as triads. In the eighteenth century, foreign traders bring opium to China when Hung
society and secret societies were operated by nineteenth century. Synonymous with the
powerful leading of triad societies is Chinese organized crime that involves controlling
extortion, drug trafficking and prostitution. Thriving criminal gang of triad had been the long
match to revolution by three decades 1920, 1930 and 1940 in Shanghai-based Green Gang.
Triad refers to as the Chinese mafia in Hong Kong that has been active in since its inception.
But triad’s familial ties and a rigid pyramidal hierarchy are loose affiliations in the extreme in
comparison with another mafia. Triad is world’s largest organised crime gangs and their
purpose becomes a threat to social stability and the economy. Conversely, flags and banners
of secret societies in Hong Kong has three symbol elements of heaven, earth, and man during
17th century. Triad gangs become known colloquially as the Chinese mafia because members
expect to each other blood brothers. The best is known that heroin and opium by brother in
crime of triad that aims for diversified multinational conglomerate. The most notorious
criminal activities of triad have involved in organized crime 1.5 million and has membership
of 55 to 60,000 members. Dragon heads is Triads leader, who towards transnational
organized crime and threaten territories of domestic criminal groups. Triad members are
more freedom to engage in a criminal activity this means without permission from the head
of triad before committing crime. Triad has developed secret forms of identification and
communication towards topple the ruling elements. Wide range of criminal activities of triad
is associated with strong sense of secrecy and clear hierarchical structure within the group.
International scope of triads spread out with members in nearly every country worldwide.

The largest triads operating in Hong Kong, Sun Yee On is the most prominent gangs and
dominates government of Guangodng province on the mainland with 25,000 members.
Second largest group of 14K, its most powerful triads internationally by using guerrilla
tactics. Their main business are money laundering, trafficking, prostitution and extortion
towards producing and earnings all over the world. The result comes the prevalence of
criminal activity of triad to corrupt Chinese authorities and widespread poverty in China.
Alarming black societies of triad has become a growing concern in China even though triad
tends to be made underworld group.
Chinese mafia in Japan, triads hold increasing aggressive threat to move many of prostitutes
and sex worker who work for triads gangs. Furthermore, triad allows to people to win prizes
at pachinko parlours by forging passport and making fake magnetic strip cards.
Consequently, triad criminalized tongs are thriving in Japan. Top triad, United Bamboo is
largest members which operate second and third generation in Taiwan. Code of Ethics on
United Bamboo tends to be harmony its priority for connection of good social and personal
relationship. Illegal activities triad aims for monetary gain by gambling and prostitution such
as restaurants and night clubs. Also, triad Taiwanese involve in politics that had ties with
organized crime and criminal record.
Structure
Triads has been occupied extremely long time and its negative label. The origin of the
Chinese triad is quake in fear which originate mature support and offer unacquainted people
the kind of protection. Triad is still very active infraction to intentional harm broadly for their
business.
Criminal gangs are present throughout he China but their presence is mostly active in
Shanghai, Shenyang, Tianjin, Guangzhou and in Hong Kong as well. People involved in

organized crime has increased from 1,00,000 in 1986 to approximately 1.5 million in 2000.
These gangs are mainly known as black societies.
As per the judicial interpretation of supreme court, organization can have criminalistics
characteristics if they are involved in pursuing high amount of benefits by conducting illegal
activities and also possess economic strength to some extent. There criminal activities can
harm the economic and social order of the country. It has been analysed by the US
government that more than 100,000 people are smuggled in United States annually by the
triads. There are various people who are involved as undocumented workers, work with triad
to pay off their debts. Not only adults but it has been assessed that children below the age of
18 also get involved in this process. In 2013, 63 people, amongst them 16 were the school
children with the age of 13 were arrested in US for undercover triads bust (Jones and Vagg,
2017). Triads in the countries are interconnected to each other and have greater impact has
been felt by the countries residing besides, China, Taiwan and Hong Kong.
The triad gang from North Korea counterfeit $100 US bills with the aim to circulate the same
to triad gangs. This resulted in redesigning the $100 bill by the US government. It has been
analysed that there is a change in structure of triads due to adequate amount of
socioeconomic and political changes in Hong Kong. It also moved towards China where its
conduction of risk is bit higher. It has been assessed that 3% of the total crime present in
Hong Kong is represented by triad crimes in the country (Chui and Lo, 2016).
The hierarchical structure of triads consists of red poles who is the leader of the group, then
comes 49, who are the members of these groups and then the blue lanterns who are
considered to be the new recruiters to the gang. It is only the oral agreements between the
parties and nothing is conducted in written format so that the risk to the activity can be
reduced to the minimum. Between the period of 1994 to 2004, police have estimated that 3 to

4% of the registered criminal cases with them have direct relation to triads. Common types of
triads present in China and Hong Kong are in the form of, pornography, prostitution, cigarette
and fuel smuggling, etc (Wong and et.al., 2016). They tend to use violence as a measure
which helps them in gaining large amount of revenue from illegal market practices.
Around $73 billion is spent on prostitution in China with having 5 Million women who are
involved in prostitution in the country. Trafficking in persons report of 2014 stated that
internal migrants’ population is majorly involved in this activity, where the number has been
estimated to exceed 236 million people. There are currently 50 triad societies functioning in
Hong Kong, out of which 15 societies are quite active in their activities. Approximately,
80000 number of triad members are there in the societies. Further, some triads have
approximately 100 members only. However, the largest triad running in Hong Kong have at
least 25000 members in it (Davis, 2015). The report of New South Wales Crime Commission
stated that the origin of the largest import has been China and South-East Asia. Moreover,
80% of the total supply of heroin in seized in Australia can be sourced from golden triangle.
The area in golden triangle is covered by Thailand, Burma and Laos meet.
Australian Perspective
Prostitutes are imported and smuggled without their will over geographical borders which
ultimately initiates illegal gambling and laundering internationally. As per the reports by an
Australian publication, organized crime in Australia can have different enablers, such as,
money laundering, advanced technology and digital infrastructure, professional facilitators,
identity crime, corruption within public sector and violence and intimidation (Walton, 2016).
In comparison to other countries, there is adequate surmise in organized crime activities in
Australia. It is limited to fraud, smuggling, illicit diamond trade, etc. however, a requirement
has arisen with respect to development of environment where environment related to

organized crime can be thrived (Organised Crime in Australia, 2017). The government has
kept its utmost attention on certain type of organized crime while enforcing any law. These
are, illegal prostitution, extortion, immigration malpractices, money laundering, illegal
gambling, drug importation and distribution etc.
The law in Australia regarding prostitution is quite liberal in comparison to the other
countries. In order to get registered as a sex worker in Australia, one must be of 18 years of
age with no prior criminal records. However, activities such as, street prostitution, unlicensed
brothel and out calls from licenced brothel are still illegal in the country. There are certain
critics regarding legalizing sex trade as it gives rise to illegal sex trafficking as well. Women
are forced to get involved in prostitution which make go through abuse and trauma. However,
women in Queensland appear to have good occupational health and safe from violence,
harassment and intimidation as well.
One of the organized crime which is quite prevalent in the country is related to money
laundering. Division 400 of the criminal code act 1995 consists of the principles of criminal
offences in the country. There are currently registered 19 different offences under this aspect.
Further, the same has been classified into two. The first is, those who are linked to the
proceeds of crime and other who have linkage to instruments of crime. It has been assessed
that Australia have been affected to organized crime due to its upsurge in China and Hong
Kong (Grainger and et.al., 2015).
Prostitution is also quite common in the country where women are traded with or without
their will to other countries. A significant increase in activities have been noticed in Australia
where triads are involved for the same. All the provision regarding this act has been set by
Australian government. There are around 300 to 1000 trafficked women notices in the
country every year. However, government has taken adequate steps in the country where

health and safety regulations and peer education are upsurged among women involved in
prostitution. They are also transferred enough knowledge of Sexually transmitted infection in
them. Moreover, measures regarding prevention from Sexually Transmitted Infection is also
taught to them. In Australia, it is not illegal to get involved in prostitution activities (Marks
and Mooi-Reci, 2016). However, laws have been formed to criminalise certain form of
prostitution. For instance, in South Wales, street prostitution is illegal. Hence, it can be
inferred that adequate amount of laws are present to reduce the incidence of triads in the
country.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Chui, E. W. H. and Lo, T. W. eds., 2016. Understanding criminal justice in Hong Kong.
Taylor & Francis.
Davis, M. C., 2015. The Basic Law, universal suffrage and the rule of law in Hong Kong.
Grainger, P. and et.al., 2015. Working in triads: A case study of a peer review
process. Journal of University Teaching & Learning Practice. 12(1). p.3.
Jones, C. and Vagg, J., 2017. Criminal Justice in Hong Kong. Taylor & Francis.
Marks, G. N. and Mooi-Reci, I., 2016. The declining influence of family background on
educational attainment in Australia: The role of measured and unmeasured
influences. Social science research. 55. pp.171-185.
Walton, D., 2016. Juggling triads: Australian foreign policy towards Japan and
China. Toward a More Amicable Asia-Pacific Region: Japan's Roles, pp.93-106.
Wong, D. F. and et.al., 2016. A Preliminary Study on Cognitive–Behavior Interventions for
Hong Kong Chinese Delinquent Youth. Research on Social Work Practice,
p.1049731516682596.
Online
Organised Crime in Australia. 2017. [Online]. Available through <
https://www.acic.gov.au/publications/intelligence-products/organised-crime-
australia>.