Transport Planning: Demand Assessment, Options, Model Choice, Issues

This report delves into the intricacies of transport planning, commencing with an examination of methods for assessing and quantifying travel demand. It explores various measures, including the evaluation of transportation activities and the use of Transportation Demand Management (TDM) strategies, to understand travel patterns and needs. The report then transitions to the identification of options to meet the identified transportation needs, particularly focusing on the city of Exeter, and assesses these options. Furthermore, the report addresses critical issues concerning model choice and behavior within the context of transport planning, and examines the links between transport planning and the practical provision and operation of both passenger and freight transport systems. The report highlights how transport planning influences air quality, congestion management, and economic development, emphasizing the need for effective policies to address these issues and ensure sustainable transport solutions.

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................... 3
TASK 1 ...................................................................................................................................... 3
1.01 Discuss measures for assessing and measuring demand for travel....................................3
1.02 Identify options to meet the identified needs and understand how these are assessed and
appraised.................................................................................................................................. 6
1.03 Understand issues concerning model choice and behavior................................................8
1.04 Understand the links between the transport planning and the provision and operation of
passenger and good transport ................................................................................................ 11
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................... 14

INTRODUCTION
Transport planning refers to policies, goals and investments to move the people and
goods from different regions, state and community to meet their demands. It signifies the
highway systems and traffic operations and facilities to make it more efficient and effective.
Thus transportation plays vital role now days to fulfill the desires of the people by moving from
one place to another for the search of jobs, or spend some leisure time with the family on
vacations. This facility also helped the person to take best treatment in the specialized hospitals
which are not available in their own city or region. The needs in transport have been assessed in
detailed version through this report. Based upon this detailed assessment framing of policies for
ensuring safe carrying of operations in road, rail & sea routes have been discussed within report
(Taniguchi and Thompson, 2014). It also explains the model to understand various issues related
to transport which signifies its importance. Thus, this process requires the in depth research and
study to analyze the current and future travel demand of the people and meet those demands
keeping in mind the environmental factors and traffic demands too.
TASK 1
1.01 Discuss measures for assessing and measuring demand for travel
Transportation planning plays the vital role to safeguard the future of people of state,
community and region. It refers all the strategies require to ensure the effective functioning of
the transport and its objective to facilitate the people to meet their demands. Transportation
planning requires the in depth research regarding the regional vision and goals. Regional vision
and goals refers to the people travelling habits and their working habits too. For example people
who work on daily wages in the local community itself do not need much transport facility
(Huth and Lohre, 2014). The demand can be measured by evaluating shift in demand curve or
by analyzing increase in bookings of taxi, buses, etc. Further, travel demand can be measured by
evaluating continuous travel of vehicles from one location to another via artificial intelligence.
Transportation demand management (TDM) can be used in order to measure the demand of
transportation. This will discourage the unnecessary use of private vehicles and will promote

more environmentally modes of transport. It will help to reduce the congestion of traffic and will
decrease the prices to develop and maintain new road system,The consumers can also be able to
save transportation cost.
If they are satisfied with the basic facilities present in their community regarding
hospitals, grocery, etc then they do not prefer to expand their high earned money on
transportation. They mainly use this facility to overcome the conditions which are not
controllable like severe health problems whose treatment is not possible in the region itself. But
now days transportation facility is not limited to just fulfill the basic requirements it serves the
people in many other ways too. It helps the daily workers to earn more by moving from one
region to another as every region has its own specific daily wages rate. Transportation has
narrowed the walking distance between two regions which have facilitate the people and saved
their time too.
Farmers are the backbone of the every country as they are responsible for the providing
grains, fruits and vegetables without which none of the person can survive. In the highly
populated countries like India and China farmers do not have much big lands for cultivation.
Thus these short lands are the only surviving hand for them (Gonzalez-Feliu, Semet and
Routhier, 2014). There is a need for transportation in areas where the services and products
need to be supplied or given in a less amount of time. In this case the demand for the
transportation will be high. Transportation demand will be high when the cities grows beyond
the walking distance. The demand can be measured by using TDM so as to increase the travel
options and to enhance the individual to modify their travel behavior.
These farmers just have the basic objective to cultivate as much as they require fulfilling
their basic needs i.e. food, shelter and clothing. So they prefer to sell the crops to the regional
middle man and avoid the transportation expenses and daily up down from their regions to other
regions where vegetable markets are highly competitive market. So they like to avoid such
conditions but these middle men earn high by buying the crops and selling it in high rate in
market. Thus, transportation facilitate the farmers to earn high by selling their crops directly in
the vegetable market by mere searching the areas to sell which is now easy through the social
media platform. Social media platform allows the farmers to widen their scope by selling their,

fruits, vegetables and crops on orders to other parts of the community. Thus, these platforms
have raised the need of transportation.
Transportation facility has flourished now days due to the developed technologies too.
Few years ago, farmers used to avoid transportation not just because they are expensive but also
they scare of their goods to get spoiled due to any unwanted calamity as their fruits and
vegetables are perishable in nature and thus have limited shelf time if they are not refrigerated.
Transportation facility allows them to sell their goods to different regions but if these goods are
not reached on time to the market due to any damage of vehicles or traffic or damaged roads,
farmers lose their hard earn money (Fernie and Sparks, 2014).
Thus, farmers preferred selling their goods to the middle men for this reason too. But as
the technology developed it gave rise to the cold storage van which saves the perishable goods
for long time in the refrigerators within the van itself. This has encouraged farmers to use the
transportation facility now and thus the transportation facility is also flourishing in rural areas
too. There are various measures for assessing and measuring demand for travel which are as
follows:
 Evaluation of transportation activities can assist in measuring travel demand for specific
purposes.
 Average people occupancy method is helps in monitoring transportation as it conducts
the calculation of number of individuals traveling on the personal vehicles.
 Monitoring over mobility can help the communities in measuring demand for travel
because it focuses over accessing movement of individuals towards the desired activity or
goals but it does not include the small portions of transportation.
For instance, in the case of farmers the authorities should set different criteria over transportation
like, less cost for specific purpose or only of food transportation in order to support the
livelihood of farmers.
 Accessibility can assist in measuring demand for travel as it includes both factors which
are, proper land use and mobility.
Measuring density is also helpful in measuring travel demand as it focus on evaluating job per
unit of land area which assist in determining common destination and routes of the individuals.

In the developing countries, there are many backward sections in the society who are
restricted to their villages and do not prefer moving from one place to another for the search of
jobs. These people are mainly restricted to the daily wages work nearby. But now days
government is taking effective steps for their upliftment by encouraging them to sold their
traditional handicrafts prepared by them in the fairs to earn high. This has also encouraged the
transportation facility to uplift the backward section by selling their beautiful art and crafts in
various parts of the country and even world through social media platform.
The flourishing transport facilities have also gave birth to various environment problems
which ultimately gave rise to transport policies in the country. Now days transportation have
direct impact on the area’s economic health and quality of life (McKinnon and et.al, 2010).
The performance of the system affects public policy concerns like air quality,
environmental resource consumption, social equity, land use, urban growth, economic
development, safety, and security. These are the following reasons which gave rise to need of
transport policy:
Air Quality: Developing transportation directly influences the region’s air quality.
Therefore, the estimated emission of pollutants from motor vehicles is the one of the basic
reason that gave rise to the transport policies. Now the government has made various strict
norms to ensure that emissions from transportation investments areas per the levels set forth in
state air quality plans. Therefore, Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO), state Department
of Transportation (state DOT), and transit operators need to have a clear understanding of the air
quality-related transportation planning requirements. The term air pollution refers to emission of
the pollutants like ozone and its precursors hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx),
carbon monoxides (CO) etc which directly damaging the ozone layer (Arefyev, 2012).
Ozone layer saves the earth from the harmful ultra violet rays that can cause severe
destruction on earth’s quality of life.
Congestion Management Process: A CMP is required in metropolitan areas with a
population greater than 200,000 as well as in urbanized areas to identify congested locations and
determine the cause of the congestion which give rise to the pollution. This process helps the

government to take effective steps to reduce the congestion through migration in the
metropolitan cities and analyze its impact on the overall environment.
1.02 Identify options to meet the identified needs and understand how these are assessed and
appraised.
Exeter is a city of England in UK which is governed and guided by the Devon county
council. Transport is a major factor which contributes towards the climatic change by use of the
fossil fuels. It is a very compact city.
If focus is laid upon the aspect of quantity, there has been a substantial increase in the
provision of public-transport within the Exeter. It has a well-established network of cycles since
many of the people prefer cycle to go from one place to another.
Considering the current situation of UK, the main issue being dealt with is the low
investment done upon the transport sector. Since the past half century, a policy of 'predict-&-
approach' was adopted. In that policy if the use of car was found out to be growing then,
accordingly roads would be provided. But since then, demand regarding the space for roads has
not been managed properly in Exeter. Also, the claim that the travel needs of people would be
met by increasing use of cars was also not taken as challenge carefully. Henceforth, there has
been a sharp decline in the investment over public transport.
Another major issue experienced by the city of Exeter in England is the experiencing of
congestion on some major routes that too the entire day. This is particularly being experienced at
the roads of Topsham, Heavitree and Alphington roads. This has led an adverse impact upon the
quality of air at Exeter. This has further led to the fact that majority of 22% of CO2 emissions is
because of the current transport system of Exeter. However, it is important for the government to
focus on reducing congestion which is the biggest problems of society. However, congestion can
be managed by reducing traffic at one time by diverting routes. This the best precaution which
will assist in reducing traffic as well as accidents. Usually this congestion occurs in peak time
periods of either 8-9 AM or 5-6 PM and can cause other issues such as wastage of tome for
individuals and businesses and other more accidents. In order to reduce the harmful effects of
congestion,tidal flow can be used as it will allow a road in which traffic can travel in either way

depending upon circumstances such as congestion. It may reduce the impact of accident and will
save time for people.
Moreover, traffic Congestion leads to traffic jam even on longer routes which leads to wastage of
time, accidents, pollution etc. therefore it is the major problem which can be reduced by regular
monitoring over traffic. Traffic police should be always available on such routes in order to manage the
transportation. Further the congestion is also caused by parking vehicles on the road therefore the traffic
authorities can make signboards at every possible location, also the communities should have the toeing
and penalty policy in order to make this offense punishable.
For instance, tidal Flow is the best and effective method of managing congestion caused due to
traffic. Implementation of this method limit the speed of vehicles, turn the movement of barriers,
establish road marking and majorly focuses on innovating one way street to improving traffic
management.
Furthermore, because of poor connectivity and lower investment, people usually face
problems in reaching to hospitals in case of emergency, on time. This has also led to increase in
the missed appointment number in hospital. Also, the people in context to work-related areas are
not able to reach their offices on time. Despite the increase of car use, problems have been
consistently faced by people of Exeter since the demand for road space has not been met in
proper way. The fewer amounts of roads have led to increase in traffic jams which are overall
causing pollution.
So, in order to know the needs of people considering the transportation in Exeter a
survey was conducted and also the main aim of this survey was to have an idea about any
necessary recommendations regarding the requirements. In this survey the primary size is of
1500 individuals in which 800 are female travelers and 700 are male travelers. Further, among
800 females 600 are of age group 18 to 28 while left 200 are of 28 to 40 years. Whereas, among
700 males 550 are of age group 18 to 28 while 150 are of 28 to 50 years.
The data was collected through primary source that is mailing questionnaires to the
people on emails.
This survey was conducted recently on 11th January 2017

Survey
The sample for the current questionnaire survey is 1500 people of Exeter city of England
including individuals from sectors of hospitals, corporate world, localities.
Date:23 August 2017
Name : __________
Age : __________
Gender : ___________
Occupation : ____________
Social Origins: ____________
Location: ____________
This survey was conducted recently on 11th January 2017
1. Are the transport connections effective enough to reach out to your destination on time? Yes No
2. Is the amount of roads at present able to meet the current increase in use of vehicles
specially cars? Yes No
3. Is the Government initiating some measures or improvements in the transport network of
Exeter? Yes

 No
4. Are the bus routes and train-routes effective enough for daily travel? Yes
 No
According to survey 900 individuals among 1500 the government should focus on making
effective transport connections which connects every link of the city.
Yes No
0
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1000
Number of candidates
Illustration 1: Is transport connections effective through enough to reach out to your
destination on time

Yes No
640
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700
Number of candidates
Ill
ustration 2: Is amount of roads at present able to meet the current increase in special
care
In accordance,to survey it is evaluated that 800 individuals among 1500 thinks that
there is a need to make specialized road specifically for cars.

According to survey 900 individuals among 1500 the government should focus on making
effective transport connections which connects every link of the city.
yes no
0
100
200
300
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700
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1000
number of candidates
Illustration 3: Is the government initiating some measures or improvements in the
transport network of Exeter