Two Child Policy: A Comparative Analysis of India and China

This essay provides a comprehensive overview of India's two-child policy, examining its origins, implementation, and consequences. The introduction highlights India's population growth and the challenges it poses, emphasizing the need for population control measures. The essay then delves into the policy's discussion, comparing it with China's one-child policy and analyzing its impact on family planning. It explores the judicial views, the economic effects of overpopulation, and the steps taken to control the population. The essay also addresses criticisms of the policy, including discrimination and negative population growth consequences. The analysis incorporates population facts and data from census reports, offering a balanced perspective on the policy's successes and shortcomings. The conclusion summarizes the main points, highlighting the complexities and ongoing debates surrounding the two-child policy in India and its implications for the country's future. This essay is available on Desklib, a platform offering past papers and solved assignments for students.

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Two Child Policy
Table of Contents
Introduction...........................................................................................................................................3
Population facts.....................................................................................................................................4
Two Child Policy: Discussion..................................................................................................................4
Family Planning and India’s Two-Child Policy........................................................................................5
Two Child Policy in other countries like China.......................................................................................6
The situation of Two Child Policy in India..............................................................................................7
India policy of two children versus China’s policy of single child...........................................................8
Judicial View regarding the Two Child Policy.........................................................................................9
Overpopulation leads to a shortage of resources..................................................................................9
Steps to control the population...........................................................................................................10
If a third child born..............................................................................................................................11
Criticisms.............................................................................................................................................12
Consequences of Negative Population Growth...................................................................................13
Discrimination of Women....................................................................................................................13
The Bottom Line..................................................................................................................................14
Conclusion...........................................................................................................................................14
References...........................................................................................................................................16

Two Child Policy
Introduction
India is the country whose economy is rapidly increasing in the world and it confronted many
challenges such as the unemployment, loss of the resources and the poverty. It is pertinent to
mention here that the reason for these problems is the increase in the Indian Population. As
per 1951 census reports the population of India was about 361 million. India was one of the
countries to innovate a population control plan in the year 1952 but in spite of many family
planning issues and schemes, the population of India is growing day by day(Zeng, Zhang &
Liu, 2017). It is not wrong to say that within a period of 60 years the population of India had
drastically raised from 361 million to 1.21 billion resultantly led to the loss of the sources. By
seeing the present situation, it is expected that by 2028, India will overtake China and
become the most populous country. This population growth might also lead to financial
problems in India. The population control has always been the biggest problem for India as
India from the beginning is the society dominated by males and due to the many cultural and
religious beliefs(Hvistendahl, 2015). It is relevant to mention here that all country formulate
the policies and rules planning of family according to their partialities in demographics. The
policy of two children in the planning of family as per the same, the parentages are required
to have only two children. It might decrease the rate of birth and it may stabilize the growing
number of the people, leading to the financial benefits no doubts which might be impacted
negatively. As India is among the countries that are developing, facing diverse issues such as
the determination of pre-natal sex, gender favoritism, poorness etc(Quin, 2017). It is most
important to mention here that the nation information of this policy that would damage the
condition more which excused to intrude the propagative liberties of an individual. Moreover,
the countries like China who also followed this policy had with dealt with the uncertain
sequel of changes like the unarranged ratio of sex and the abortions because of gender

Two Child Policy
characterization. Besides that, India is not much developed relative to China and also with the
low rate of literacy, is more disposed to these consequences (Zeng, Zhang & Liu, 2017).
Population facts
As per the census report of 2011, the population of India stood at 1210.2 million, which is the
17.7% increase over the 1028.70 million in 2001. The 17.7% increase in the population in the
decade of 2001-11 is lower than 21.5% increase witnessed the decade before(Dodge, 2011).
The Indian government had set up the Family Planning Associations in the year 1949
whereby initially the government of India had aimed at birth control but thereafter they
expanded their view to include the women and children welfare and for their health and
nutrition. Indian government adopted a two-child policy and the general public was
encouraged by way of may government benefits to restrain them for the family size to four
only which includes two children(Lu & Zheng, 2017). It is most important to mention here
that no doubt the success was achieved during different periods since early 50’s this matter
has been debated at a high level by the experts who hold the opinion that the family planning
measures as planned by the Government of India had failed to check the increase in
population in India.
Two Child Policy: Discussion
The policy of two children is formulated by the government of the concerned country
whereby the limit of two children was imposed upon one family. On the other hand, it can
also be said that the benefits of the government will only be limit to first two children per
family only. In today’s era, many countries have adopted this two-child policy such as China,
Hong Kong, Iran, United Kingdom (London). It is relevant to mention here that in some of
the countries it was working good but in some of the countries it was not proved as better
policy(The Lancet, 2013). No doubt it is the way to control the increasing population of the

Two Child Policy
country but it also gives rise to many other problems which as to be faced by the concerned
government. This policy has many demerits also such as reductions in the birth rates and
some sex-based solutions(Yan, 2018).
Family Planning and India’s Two-Child Policy
After the independence, the government of India became aware of the fact that there is need
to control the population growth and also to set up the family planning associations. In view
of this, the Indian government had set up the Family Planning Associations in the year 1949
whereby initially the government of India had aimed at birth control but thereafter they
expanded their view to include the women and children welfare and for their health and
nutrition. Indian government adopted a two-child policy and the general public was
encouraged by way of may government benefits to restrain them for the family size to four
only which includes two children(Lu & Zheng, 2017). It is most important to mention here
that no doubt the success was achieved during the different periods since early 50’s this
matter has been debated at the high level by the experts who hold the opinion that the family
planning measures as planned by the Government of India had failed to check the increase in
population in India. It is pertinent to mention here that during the emergency from 1975 to
1977, the Congress when in power had faced much criticism for using the coercive methods
for family planning and birth control measures, which results that people of India had voted
out the Congress party in 1977. In India nowadays also some of the states have passed the
two child policy(Gong, Xu & Caine, 2016). As till 2014, 11 states of India had passed the law
to stop the Indian Citizen for having only two children. According to this strategy of two
children, some Indian States, the people contesting in the Panchayat elections could be
treated as not qualified if they have not adopted the two-child policy. It is pertinent to
mention here that the approach for the integration of this policy is that common people

Two Child Policy
should idealize the native representatives and should take them as an example for the
planning of the family (Feng, 2014).
That it is submitted that some of the administrations have gone to a foot ahead as there are
policies in some of the states which forms the difficulty for persons who are not politicians
for having more than two children(van Hooren & Becker, 2011). Examples of these
difficulties includes rejection of administration liberties for children more than two, refusal
of care to females and babies, refusal of nutritive enhancements for females who are pregnant
for more than two children, imprisonment and punishment for fathers, a normal decrease in
societal facilities for big families, and retaining the position of government, selection and
advancement (Lin, 2017).
Two Child Policy in other countries like China
In the year 1970, the citizens of China were determined to have only one baby(Chan, 2011).
As the youngest generation of China i.e. who took birth under the policy of single child, have
become the first need for the couples mostly in the year 1979 which came for making of the
generations of the future, but the only left child will take care of his parents and the
precursors. The pursuance of this problem, in the year 2009 all of the states had allowed the
person to have two children as if both couples were only children themselves(O'Connell
Davidson, 2011). After the change in the policy of the government of China in the year 2013,
the most of the Chinese families in 2014, further tranquilized the policy by permitting the
families to have more than one child. The government of China, on October 29, 2015, made
the amendment in the prevailing law of two children policy, by making the declaration from
the Collectivist Party of China. This amended policy allowed the families for having two
children for addressing the issue of aging in China (Yarrow, 2011). Thereafter, a law was
conceded in the conference of the National People's Congress Standing Committee on 27th

Two Child Policy
December 2015, which governed the laws of the country and on 1st January 2016, these laws
were established.
After the establishment of this law reform in the year 2018, China is facing issues with the
policy of two children. However, the analysis of the policy of single child, 90 million female
has become able to have a second child. The modified policy of having two children might
have undesirable impacts on the roles of gender, with some assumptions made by the women
for having more children and have to leave their vocations.
After the amendments established in China, it is observed a transitory lift in the growth rate
for the year 2016. Chinese women had conceived to produce 17.2 million children in 2016,
out of which 3.5% were rejected in 2017. Males still have martial rule and thus the rate of
fertility is increased on the women. The aggressiveness of relations and the quantity of the
resources each parent should back up to them for the struggle of ascendancy. These resources
include the availability of finance and assurance of health. Ascendancy means that who as the
ultimate give or take in pregnancy, who will quit their vocation for maternal/parental consent.
Though, women have been observed for having the second baby if the first child did not have
the desired sex (Hvistendahl, 2015).
The situation of Two Child Policy in India
If we compare the growth rates between 1991 to 2001 and 2001 to 2011, the growth in the
population in percentage terms actually declined from 21.5% seen during the 90s to 17.7%
seen during 2001-2011. Presently, India has become the largest state with the population
having the higher rate of children in the world and it could be the benefit for the country if
committed appropriately. The policy of two children is formulated by the government of the
concerned country whereby the limit of two children was imposed upon one family. The two
child policy seems to be working in the favor of India but the economic development and the

Two Child Policy
agricultural growth has not grown accordingly. That it is submitted that some of the
administrations have gone to a foot ahead as there are policies in some of the states which
forms the difficulty for persons who are not politicians for having more than two children.
Furthermore, the two-child policy has varied responses from the different sections of the
people. In the urban areas, there has been the greater acceptance of the two child policy
whereas in the rural areas it has not been widely practiced. The reason regarding this is
economic but also it is only due to the fact that the infant mortality is much higher amongst
the poorer sections which reside mostly in the rural areas. From the economically weaker
sections, many children would mean them as the working hands to support their family such
as to support the father in the field or to mother in the home. On the other side, in the urban
areas, the lack of the space and highest cost of living forced people to restrict the family size
to four. It is relevant to mention here that amongst the tribunal communities the largest live
off the land and the basic subsistence is not impacted with the additional children and the
family planning policy of the government is not really welcomed or adopted amongst these
communities. Generally, it is seen that in the most of the tribal areas we can see the families
with more than two children even today (Mehendale, 2004).
India policy of two children versus China’s policy of single child
The growing population is the most common issue in front of both the countries and it is not
in dispute that both the countries are doing their level best to overcome this problem. It is
submitted that communist China worked under the guidance of Mao Zedong who believed
that the public plays a major role in building the nation and it also encouraged the population
of the country to have more and more children. The results of which from the time of
communist China i.e. from 1949 is that the population of China grew very fast. It was only in
the year 1978 when the Chinese government officially started to recognize the problems of
the uncontrolled birth and thereafter introduced the single child policy. As per the one-child

Two Child Policy
policy of the China government, it was necessary for the 53% of the population but some
minority groups kept out of the policy. There was the strong bitterness against the
government of China as the government started interfering in the personal life and liberty of
the common public through the people do not have any other option except to adopt the
policy. The basic structure of the policy was that the additional child is given away and raised
by the other family members or be given to the childless couples which cause many problems
(Chaudhri & Jha, 2011). It is relevant to mention here that the long-term effect of the policy
of single child in China, was that China suffers the huge demographic imbalances. The ratio
of male-female had enlarged with the male findings and made it difficult to find the suitable
and better female partner (Chatterjee, 2005). The government of India perhaps encouraged
the single child policy of China, which formed the regulations, changing from region to
region, that empowers the legislators to have only two children for marking it as an example.
The regulations are profoundly censured both in India and in other countries, to circumvent
the undesirable impacts resulting from single child policy of China, which are till now
observed as challenging and biased.
On the other side, India had adopted the policy which was more voluntarily and highest
encouraged by way of self-imposed measures of birth control because it was supported by the
cash and many other incentives. The long-term impingement could be seen in the fact that
the population growth rate is slowing in India and at present India has become the largest
pool of the young population, which would hold to boost the development of India by going
forward (Lal & Khare, 2009).
Judicial View regarding the Two Child Policy
That the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India while rejecting the Public Interest Litigation
observed that it was the policy matter and not for the courts to interfere in them

Two Child Policy
(Mukhopadhaya, Bhattacharya & MacMillan, 2012). While arguing the PIL many points
were discussed such as the issue of increase of population, steps to control the population and
many others which are discussed as under:
Overpopulation leads to a shortage of resources
It is the matter of great concern that the overpopulation often leads to the shortage of
resources. If discussed in simple language, it seems to be simple mathematics that the portion
of bread shared by two people would be bigger then if shared the same bread with four
people. It is assumed that the size of the bread is required to be fixed and the portion of the
bread will always be shared equally among the number of people whatever will be the
number. It is most important to discuss here that the said assumption had contradicted by
history because the world has come through the theory of doomsday, which was promulgated
by Thomas Malthus more than 200 years ago. The population does not increase interminably
on its own and it is greatly reliant on social influences. The deceptiveness of another
hypothesis becomes apparent just by inspecting the authenticities of the world socially. A
larger portion of resources is overtaken by the population of inconsequential share i.e. the
person who resides in the settled states and the people living in emergent states (Badami,
2004).
Steps to control the population
It is the undisputed fact that the Indian Population is growing and it will also increase the
number of decades. As compared to the past, the proportion of the people who are in the age
of marriage would conceive children that the lives of the people get extended (Nakray, 2015).
The rates of births are decreasing also. It is observed that the typical rate of children that a
lady is probable to bear in her period of delivery is called the total rate of fertility and this
rate of fertility is measured as 2.1 of the level of fertility replacement and if the same was

Two Child Policy
acquainted, it would extend the period of the life of the people. According to the allocation of
a survey by National Family Health, the country-level TFR in India is 2.23, which is not
much above the required level of 2.1 (Nisbett, Wach, Haddad & El Arifeen, 2015).
The government of India, or the states with a higher total fertility rate, must concentrate
socially on the overall progress despite intimidating inhabitants with measures to control.
They must deliver an environment to empower the people for making a decision and feel safe
around by the planning their size of family (Nakray, 2015).
If a third child born
It was discussed at length that if the couple goes for the third child then the government
should stop all the benefits and other incentives of the family which also include the free and
necessary edification to the third child and the coverage of the third child under the publicly
funded health insurance scheme should not be given (Hvistendahl, 2015). It is submitted that
some of the administrations have gone to a foot ahead as there are policies in some of the
states which forms the difficulty for persons who are not politicians for having more than two
children It was also discussed that the guilty parents must also be disciplined by not giving
them the chance to make integrations for the purpose of jobs (Malik, 2013). It is furthermore
relevant to mention here that the measures which were suggested in the PILs are contrary to
the rights of the constitution including the right of education under amendments conducted in
the constitution of India and the same is also contrary to the Article 21 i.e. liberties of life and
the derivations of the laws of the children. As per the measures proposed in the petitions, it
forms the two parts of the citizens which are also contrary to the Right to equality (Rajaram
& Sunil, 2003). The research directed in the five states evidence that the policy related to two
children was answerable for the biggest number of prohibited applicants in the determinations
of the resident administration. It is important to mention here that India participated in the

Two Child Policy
International Conference on People and their progress, 1994 and also the participant to the
alleged programme. As a result of which India had extracted the approach of family planning
in the year 1996. The National Colloquium on Population Policies (2003) which was
conducted by the National Human Rights Commission revised the policy of the two children,
as deteriorating and breach of the selection of self-conversant, the rights of the people and the
children. The monetary review of the year 2016 indicated that the high work age population
as the financial benefit over the countries like the China whereby the coercive control of
growth by taking some measures would direct to a senescent population.
Development is the best contraception:
China might be successful in decreasing the growth rate of the population but there were
some social costs that were incurred which posed threats to the financial status of the country
which results into the removal of the single child policy of China in the year 2016. On the
other side, the states of India like Kerala and Tamilnadu had the fertility trajectories which is
comparable to China but deprived of any of the coercive strategy (Nisbett, 2017). The
minister of health of India 40 years ago at the conference of world population indicated that
the development is the greatest contraception which requires a composed method to control
the population.
Criticisms
It is the undisputed fact that the Indian Population is growing and it will also increase the
number of decades. In India nowadays also some of the states have passed the two child
policy(Gong, Xu & Caine, 2016). As per the two child policy of some Indian States, the
people contesting in the Panchayat elections could be treated as not qualified if they have not
adopted the two-child policy. Initially, these plans have been interrogated. People of India
are fast to point out that the state with a levitation in technology i.e. the country which

Two Child Policy
depends on its youth. It is demonstrated that in the minds of the Indians there is one fear that
by fixing the growth level of children that could be congenital then there would not be a
sufficient number of educated people in the coming generation to transmit the innovatory
technology in India (Lin, 2017).
Some of the critics had also argued that the rate of population in India will decrease certainly
as the country becomes educated and financially strong. There are now some observed
difficulties with China policy of single child including the characterization of gender,
consequential after a strong partiality for males and numerous undocumented kids who were
innated by the parents already having a child. These risk complications are being pretended in
India with the execution of the policy of two children.
Consequences of Negative Population Growth
With the interference of rate of birth, India is observing an imminent with an undesirable
development, which is an important issue that most of the established states are making
approaches to get rid of. The negative growth of the population, the majority of aged people
receiving the services socially by the young taxpayers for these social services. In the
contemporary case, taxes should be augmented and youngsters should contribute the risk
more than they would get in the future (Li, 2005). Moreover, another negative impact of the
two child policy would be that if the couple goes for the third child then the government
should stop all the benefits and other incentives of the family (Hvistendahl, 2015). In China,
this problematic issue is called as the 4-2-1 delinquent which includes the grandparents,
parents and a child in the demonstrated ration respectively. This said problem indicated a
burden on the baby to help his paternities and also to the grandparents by every way and so
the efforts are made by China to restain the tactics by permitting some of the families to have

Two Child Policy
more children. India demonstrated that they will consider the same thing in the (Nisbett,
2017).
Discrimination of Women
A final criticism of India’s two-child policy is that the laws are anti-women. Human rights
activists argue that not only does the law discriminate against women right from birth
(through abortion or infanticide of female fetuses and babies), but divorce and familial
abandonment are at risk of increasing if a man with a large family wants to run for political
office. In addition, women in India are, by and large, uneducated and illiterate and, as such,
are often unaware of the two-child policy. There have been cases where women with many
children try and run for political office only to be turned away because of a law they didn’t
know existed.
The Bottom Line
The Indian government, perhaps inspired by China’s one-child policy, has created a set of
laws, varying from state to state, that force politicians to have a maximum of two children to
lead by example. The laws are heavily criticized both in India and abroad and, while
modified to avoid the negative consequences resulting from China's one-child policy, are still
considered problematic and discriminatory.
Conclusion
The two child policy is the policy formed by the government of the concerned country
whereby the limit of two children was imposed upon one family. On the other hand, it can
also be said that the benefits of the government will only be limit to first two children per
family only. In today’s era, many countries have adopted this two-child policy such as China,
Hong Kong, Iran, United Kingdom (London). It is relevant to mention here that in some of
the countries it was working good but in some of the countries it was not proved as better

Two Child Policy
policy(The Lancet, 2013). No doubt it is the way to control the increasing population of the
country but it also gives rise to many other problems which as to be faced by the concerned
government. This policy has many demerits also such as reductions in the birth rates and
some sex-based solutions. India is the country whose economy is rapidly increasing in the
world and it confronted many challenges such as the unemployment, loss of the resources and
the poverty. It is pertinent to mention here that the reason for these problems is the increase in
the Indian Population. As per 1951 census reports the population of India was about 361
million. India was one of the countries to innovate a population control plan in the year 1952
but in spite of many family planning issues and schemes, the population of India is growing
day by day(Zeng, Zhang & Liu, 2017). It is not wrong to say that within a period of 60 years
the population of India had drastically raised from 361 million to 1.21 billion resultantly led
to the loss of the sources. By seeing the present situation, it is expected that by 2028, India
will overtake China and become the most populous country. This population growth might
also lead to financial problems in India. The population control has always been the biggest
problem for India as India from the beginning is the society dominated by males and due to
the many cultural and religious beliefs(Hvistendahl, 2015). It is relevant to mention here that
all country formulate the policies and rules planning of family according to their partialities
in demographics. The policy of two children in the planning of family as per the same, the
parentages are required to have only two children. It might decrease the rate of birth and it
may stabilize the growing number of the people, leading to the financial benefits no doubts
which might be impacted negatively. As India is among the countries that are developing,
facing diverse issues such as the determination of pre-natal sex, gender favoritism, poorness
etc(Quin, 2017). It is most important to mention here that the nation information of this
policy that would damage the condition more which excused to intrude the propagative
liberties of an individual. Moreover, the countries like China who also followed this policy

Two Child Policy
had with dealt with the uncertain sequel of changes like the unarranged ratio of sex and the
abortions because of gender characterization. Besides that, India is not much developed
relative to China and also with the low rate of literacy, is more disposed to these
consequences (Zeng, Zhang & Liu, 2017).
But it is also can not be denied that the growing population is the most common issue in front
of both the countries and it is not in dispute that both the countries are doing their level best
to overcome from this problem. It is the undisputed fact that the Indian Population is growing
and it will also increase the number of decades. As compared to the past, the proportion of
the people who are in the age of marriage would conceive children that the lives of the
people. In that circumstances it is submitted that communist China worked under the
guidance of Mao Zedong who believed that the public plays a major role in building the
nation and it also encouraged the population of the country to have more and more children.
The results of which from the time of communist China i.e. from 1949 is that the population
of China grew very fast. It was only in the year 1978 when the Chinese government officially
started to recognize the problems of the uncontrolled birth and thereafter introduced the
policy of single child. As per the one-child policy of the China government, it was necessary
for the 53% of the population but some minority groups kept out of the policy. There was the
strong bitterness against the government of China as the government started interfering in the
personal life and liberty of the common public through the people don't have any other option
except to adopt the policy. The basic structure of the policy was that the additional child is
given away and raised by the other family members or be given to the childless couples
which cause many problems. It is relevant to mention here that the long-term effect of the
single child policy of China, was that it suffered from the huge demographic imbalances. The

Two Child Policy
ratio of male-female had enlarged with the male findings and made it difficult to find the
suitable and better female partner.
On the other side, India had adopted the policy which was more voluntarily and highest
encouraged by way of self-imposed measures of birth control because it was supported by the
cash and many other incentives (Hvistendahl, 2015). The long-term impingement could be
seen in the fact that the population growth rate is slowing in India and at present India has
become the largest pool of the young population, which would hold to boost the development
of India by going forward. It is the matter of great concern that the overpopulation often leads
to the shortage of resources. It is assumed that the size of the bread is required to be fixed and
the portion of the bread will always be shared equally among the number of people whatever
will be the number.
People with little income in India are more likely to be affected by the policy of 2 kids, as this
policy holds several negative impacts, in my point of view, so this shouldn't be adopted in
India. The ratio for altered sex is another among the main barriers to adopt the strategy,
preferring sex for another kid might elevate the ratio of feticide for women and longer span
effects might elevate the ratio of population aging. Therefore in the case to cut down the rate
of birth, strategies for birth planning should advocate. This can be done through some other
possible ways like discussions and counseling related to the subject and methods which will
facilitate to control growth population. Some other methods may include discussions with
adult kids and future upcoming couples in form of awareness.

Two Child Policy

Two Child Policy
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