Type 2 Diabetes: Anatomy, Physiology, NHS Burden, and Global Trends

This report provides a comprehensive overview of Type 2 diabetes, focusing on its anatomical and physiological aspects, its burden on the NHS, and its global trends. It discusses the pathophysiology of the disease, highlighting the roles of insulin production and resistance. The report also examines the impact of diabetes on various organs and systems, including the eyes, heart, nerves, feet, and kidneys. Furthermore, it delves into risk factors, preventive measures, and the importance of lifestyle modifications. The essay also addresses the role of legislation and policies in reducing diabetes cases, emphasizing the importance of health and safety legislations and the Care Act. The NHS's strategies for managing diabetes and reducing associated complexities are also discussed, along with the global burden of the disease and the NICE approach to care.

Anatomy and Physiology

INTRODUCTION
Type 2 diabetes is defined as a chronic disease which is showing impairment in such a way
where body regulates and uses the sugar which is work as glucose as fuel. The long-term chronic
condition results in too much that is circulation in the bloodstream. Therefore, the high blood
sugar level leads to making the disorder in the circulation, nervous and immune system
(American Diabetes Association, 2019). In this report, the major discussion is based on the
variables which may show anatomy and physiology. The discussion focused on the information
regarding the NHS and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes which is act as the burden of disease
and many factors related to the analysis of cost that is related to the NHS. Therefore, NHS
usually shows type 2 diabetes as the burden of disease, and about 45 percent of the older people
usually face the situation. In addition, NHS spends approx. 1 billion dollars to manage the issue
of type 2 diabetes. In addition, it is well focused on the contrast that provides the knowledge of
complexities in the different organs of the body due to the issue of type 2 diabetes (Bajaj, 2018).
MAIN BODY
In type 2 diabetes, there are mainly two consistent issues that are based on the work. In
addition, the pancreas does not produce enough insulin which is well related to the concept of
hormone that shows the factor which is based on the regulation of the movement of the sugar
into the body. The cell is usually showing a response that is well related to the insulin and takes
less sugar. Type 2 diabetes which is showing the context that provides adult-onset diabetes. But
they also show the issue which is well related to type 1 and type 2 diabetes. In addition, it is
usually beginning in childhood and end in adulthood. Diabetes which is additionally shared in
the older grownups but also enhances the term of some children with obesity is well related to
the context of type 2 diabetes in the young people (Frias et. al., 2018).
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is defined as the most shared metabolic disorder universal and
show the growth which is chiefly produced by the mixture which is well related to the 2 main
factors faulty insulin emission by the term of pancreatic B cell and the incapability of the insulin
which is well-related insulin sensitive to respond to insulin. Therefore, the insulin announcement
and act have to exactly encounter the request of the context of metabolism. The molecular
mechanism which is well related to the term of involvement synthesis and release of the term of
insulin as well insulin response in the term of tissue must be tightly regulated (Gkouskou, Lazou,
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Skoufas, and Eliopoulos, 2021). The pathophysiology or the anatomy of type 2 diabetes is well
focused on the molecular mechanism and the pathways which are implicated in the term of
insulin metabolism and the association with the context of type 2 diabetes and the cardiovascular
pathophysiology. The global trends of type 2 diabetes play a role which is showing the
consequence of the factor which may be related to obesity, lifestyle change, genetic
predisposition, and many more. The proper factor is well related to the physiological and
molecular mechanisms which lead to make the cause of the type 2 diabetes and show their
complication (Harsch, and Konturek, 2018).
Once the diabetes is gets out of control, the sugar level in the blood rises. This condition is
called hyperglycaemia which is discussed above. The organ and systems are also affected due to
diabetes i.e. eyes, heart, nerves, feet, and kidney. Due to the diabetes, high level of sugar is
accumulated in the blood for a prolong time that potentially harm blood vessels of the eyes that
impact the vision and show the occurrence of blindness among the diabetic patient. Moreover,
the heart is also affected due to diabetes, the complexities occur due to the high blood sugar
which harms the larger blood vessel in the body that supply the oxygen to the brain and heart. In
this, fat is also built up in the blood vessel as well which can lead to cause the issue of heart
attack and stroke. In addition, the nerve is also affected due to diabetes. It is well known as the
nerve have function that they carrying a message between the brain and other parts of body. In
addition, when the sugar in the blood is accumulated for number of years that damage the blood
vessel that holds the oxygen. This situation may generate the issue of hypoxia that restrict the
function of nerve. Diabetes affects the feet in two ways. It can damage the body's nerves.
Moreover, nerve damage numbs the pain. The other way that diabetes causes the issue to the feet
is poor circulation. The poor blood flow makes the situation hard for the sore of infection and
takes a longer time to heal the wound. In addition, there are organ and system which is also
affected due to diabetes which as kidney, and so on.
In the context of anatomy and physiology, it is well defined as type 2 diabetes is primarily
focused on the context which is well related to the two unified issues. Cell in power, fat and the
liver develop which is hardy in terms of insulin. Some of the aspects do not interrelate in the
usual way by the insulin which does not make sufficient sugar for the body. Therefore, the
pancreas is usually showing the process it is unable to manage but being heavy and sedentary are
the key causative factor. The insulin is defined as the hormone which usually originates from the
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gland which shows the located in behindhand and it shows the context that is well related to the
stomach. Insulin usually regulates the body that generally uses the following ways. In this, the
sugar in the context with the blood flow usually initiates the pancreas which helps to stow the
insulin. Therefore, the amount of the sugar is usually showing its presence in the term of
bloodstream droplets. In the context of the response to the drop, the pancreas usually releases the
fewer insulin. The anatomy also configures glucose which is defined as sugar which is act as the
main source of the energy for the cell and helps to make up the strengths and additional issues.
The role of glucose is majorly included in some of the following. Therefore, glucose is derived
from the main source which is food and the liver (House et. al., 2018). Signs and symptoms are
defined as diabetes which frequently develops gradually. In addition, it can be alive with the
context of diabetes for the context of ages and they even don’t know it. In addition, there are
some signs and symptoms which may show the value that derives from the context. The
enhanced thirst, recurrent urination, enlarged hunger, unintentional heaviness loss, exhaustion,
and many more. The weight is a major risk that is seen within the type 2 diabetes such as being
heavy or the obsess is the main factor. The fat circulation is also an impact that is mainly related
to the distribution which is associated with the region of the abdomen rather than the hips and
thigh which may indicate a higher risk where the type 2 diabetes rises when the waist
circumference is above the 40 inches that is about 101.6 centimeter or the women with the
measurement above 35 inches that is 88.9 centimeter (McRae, 2018).
The inactivity shows a higher risk for complications with people. The lack of physical
activity is usually helpful in order to control the heaviness, usages up glucose as the liveliness,
and make the cell more delicate to the term of insulin. In addition, the factor which contributes to
diabetes is usually enhanced when the family history of the family is determined with diabetes
(Tchero et. al., 2019). Therefore, the other risk factor which may contribute to the blood lipid
level shows the increased risk of the associated low level of the high-density lipoprotein which is
defined as the good cholesterol, and high level of triglyceride. As per the further discussion
above, the chosen disease or the condition for the report will state that diabetes usually enhances
the risk of various issue that is well related to the cardiovascular issue, that includes coronary
artery disease with the impact of chest pain that is also called as angina, heart attack, stroke and
the narrowing of the arteries which is also defined the issue of atherosclerosis. In the context of
diabetes, it is more likely to happen to have an issue that is related to the issue of stroke or the
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damage to nerves. Therefore, it also impacts the individual's health and daily life. The issue
which may foster the condition of the patient such as the risk of obesity, and cardiovascular
disease is generally influence the condition which may impact negatively on the health of the
patient. The factor usually affects the physiological health, sociological health, and psychological
health of the patient. In addition, such factor may affect the health of the patient and their daily
lives (Nevo-Shenker, Phillip, Nimri, and Shalitin, 2020).
There are some of the preventive aspects are used are taken into the analysis which is useful
in order to make the change with the help of lifestyle modification. A healthy lifestyle choice is
associated with type 2 diabetes. The modification in the context of the lifestyle modification
shows their response the slow or stop the progression of diabetes. Some aspects may contribute
to a healthy lifestyle which includes eating healthy food lower in fat and calories which is higher
in terms of fiber. Therefore, getting active the exercise is well related to brisk walking bicycle,
running, and swimming. In addition, losing divisional weight and delaying the progression of the
prediabetes factor show the context of type 2 diabetes. For the prediabetes patient, metformin
and the other oral drug are used to provide the context of medication that is well prescribed
within the risk of type 2 diabetes. It is usually showing the context which is well related to the
situation which is best suitable for the older adult who is usually obese and unable to lower the
blood vessels with the sugar level with the lifestyle changes (Oguntibeju, 2019).
In this essay, the legislation and policies are discussed which are essential to reduce the
cases of diabetes. Health and Safety legislations are defined as the major considerations which
needs to be implemented for increasing the awareness and education associated with the
diabetes. It is also helpful to define the ways which the patients can maintain and promote their
optimum heath, reduce the negative or adverse consequences as well as develop a preventive
barrier for tackling the diabetes related issues. The Care Act signifies and depicts the necessity of
care among population dynamics who are diagnosed with diabetes by creating the educational
aspect with facilitating collaboration with the ACA service that further includes Type 2 diabetes
screening, diet counselling and blood pressure screening. The Care Act assists to identify and
evaluate the individuals who are suffering from diabetes in order to provide them with the
preventive information with an aim to reduce the diabetes associated complexities. According to
the NHS England, the policies are implemented with the aim to reduce the complexities faced by
diabetic patient. The identified issues are hypertension, cardiovascular disease mainly stroke and
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heart attack. NHS plans campaign and health related camps for the population to understand the
need of care for the patient’s health issue. With this, they formulate care plan activities for
diabetes to improve the condition of people living with diabetes. In addition, the global burden
of disease follows the context of fact that present diabetic rate within UK is marked as the lowest
rate around the globe (Diabetes, 2022). Moreover, NICE approach is considered as a preventive
term for the diabetes among the population as it recommends the level of glucose target which is
average for the individuals and marks the worse sugar level which can lead to adverse
implication for an individual. Therefore, they provide suggestion to adapt to a healthy lifestyle
that act as main measure for the prevention of diabetes. In addition, it also provides diet charts
and nutrition plan which is effective to manage the condition of diabetes (Type 2 diabetes in
adults: management, 2022).
CONCLUSION
As per the above discussion, it is well concluded that diabetes is a chronic disease as per the
progression. It is also analysed that diabetes usually develops a condition that is related to the
complexities that may affect the organ and systems of the body. It includes the eye, kidney,
heart, and many more. The policies are also used to reduce the complication of diabetes with the
help of legislation and policies such as the health and safety, care act, and so on. In addition,
policies and legislation promote healthy aspect by educating and promoting the behaviour which
is related with the quality of health.
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Diabetes, 2022 [Online] Available through: https://www.england.nhs.uk/diabetes/
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Type 2 diabetes in adults: management, 2022 [Online] Available through:
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng28
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