Diabetes Essay: Case Study of Mark Ward's Type 2 Diabetes Management

This essay provides a comprehensive analysis of a type 2 diabetes case study, focusing on a patient named Mark Ward. It delves into the causes of his condition, including family history, age, and lifestyle factors, and examines both microvascular and macrovascular implications. The essay discusses various treatment options, including lifestyle adjustments such as diet and exercise, as well as pharmacological interventions like Metformin. Furthermore, it outlines a management plan for Mark, emphasizing the roles of healthcare workers and the patient in effectively managing the disease. The essay highlights the importance of regular check-ups, counseling, and adherence to treatment plans to mitigate the impact of diabetes and improve the patient's overall health and well-being.

Diabetes

ESSAY
Diabetes is a life ling disease that affects the way by which human body handles glucose,
a kind of sugar in your body. Overweight, obesity and lack of insulin are the major reasons
behind this health issue. Along with this heredity is also one of the major cause of diabetes. The
current essay is based on case of diabetes (Chalishajar and Stanford, 2014). Case study has
provided information about the current medication, blood results and annual review of patient,
etc. The present essay will describe different reasons behind the given results of marks. Further,
it will also describe microvascular and macrovascular implications for Mark’s long term health.
Along with this, essay will recommend lifestyle advice and pharmacological treatment options
for resolving health issues of Mark. In addition, management plan for mark is also describing in
the following paragraphs of the report (Schaupp and et.al, 2015).
As per the given case study Mark Ward is a patient of type 2 diabetes and diagnosed 3
years ago. According to his family history his mother and sisters both have the same problem. He
is following a proper medication and regular tests for resolving this issue and reducing its effect
on body. This consultation can take forward by different ways such as regular check-up,
counselling and medical treatment, etc (Causes of Diabetes, 2016). Consultant will provide high
level specialist clinical input to Mark’s for providing appropriate care. Multidisciplinary care is
also one of the important way to forward all these procedures for resolving issue of Mark. Health
and social care workers needs to conduct regular blood test for checking level of cholesterol and
sugar, etc. Along with this, proper counselling is also one of the appropriate way to take the
given consultant forward. Because, it will help in improving communication between patient and
counsellor which help in providing appropriate treatment for diabetes (Suksripaisan, 2015).
There are number of reasons behind the Mark’s results which needs to be taking into
account by health and social care workers at the time of providing appropriate treatment. These
include physical, psychological and social factors which can increase the chances of type 2
diabetes. As per the given case study major physical factors of the type 2 diabetes of Mark are
blood pressure, family history, age and impaired glucose tolerance, etc. All these are the major
risk factors which can raise the chances of diabetes (Hayes and et.al, 2013).
High blood pressure means BP level is higher than 140/90. As per the given case study
blood pressure of Mark is 146/80mm/Hg. So, it has reflected that blood pressure of Mark is also
very high so, it is also one of the major physical factor which can create risk of type 2 Diabetes.
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All those person whose parents and siblings have diabetes can also suffer from this health issue
and as per the given case study Mark’s mother and sister were also facing the issue of type 2
diabetes. So, family history or heredity was also considered as physical factor which can increase
the risk of this type of diabetes (Singh, 2015). Case study has given information that Marks is 55
years old so, it is also one of the major stage in which he can suffer from types 2 diabetes.
Overall given case study has described all the physical factors which can affect the health
condition of Mark.
Along with this, there are number of psychological factors which can also affect the
diabetes of Mark (Evans and et.al, 2013). Stress is one of the major psychological factor which
increases the blood pressure of an individual and high blood pressure of Mark has reflected that
stress was also one of the major reason behind this issue. So, it is one of the psychological factor
which raise the risk of type 2 diabetes.
Changing lifestyle and external; environment are also considered as major causes of the
type 2 diabetes (Buijsse and et.al. 2011). Unhealthful food, barriers to physical activities, stress,
social isolation, chemical pollution are also known as major social factors which can increase the
chances if different types of diabetes. As per the given case study Mark is 55 years old so, there
are number of physical barriers because of them Marks cannot do appropriate physical activities
which increases the chances of diabetes for Mark. Along with this, unhealthy food and
inappropriate eating habits such as large quantities of refined carbohydrates, sweets, breads,
pasts, etc. affect the digestion problem for individuals. So, unhealthful food can also be
considered as major reason behind the type 2 diabetes with Mark. Stress due to the social
isolation is also major reason behind the increment in glucose level, blood pressure, etc
(Armstrong, Harskamp and Armstrong, 2013). Therefore, all these physical, psychological and
social factors are known as major causes behind the type 2 diabetes.
Microvascular and Microvascular implication
Macro-vascular complications are developed when a person has encountered autoimmune
disorder of diabetes. Generally these complications are likely to affect the large blood vessels
which are present in the body (Aschner, Horton and Skyler, 2010). Various types of factors are
responsible for developing macro-vascular diseases in patients who have encountered diabetes
for a very long period of time. One of the main reason which cause damage to large blood
vessels is that fat and blood clots get deposited in to the vessel walls which leads to fatigue and
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tiredness. The common macro-vascular diseases are coronary heart diseases such as heart
attacks, strokes in brain, Cerebrovascular disease and peripheral vascular disease which affects
limbs and arms of a person who is suffering from diabetes (Boström and et.al, 2014). Patients
who have type 2 diabetes are at greater risk of developing macro-vascular disease as compared to
person who is suffering from type 1 diabetes.
On other hand micro-vascular complications can also be referred as long term effects on
Mark's health. It is generally defined as complications which affects the small blood vessels
which are present in the body (Buijsse and et.al, 2011). Mainly there are many types of micro-
vascular complications which can be produced in a patient who has diabetes but some of the
common diseases are diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy and diabetic neuropathy.
Retinopathy can be defined as detachment of retina which results in dysfunctionality of eyes in a
person who is suffering from diabetes. In many cases optic nerves are also affected which can
lead to blindness in most of the cases. Nephropathy is determined by examining the presence of
protein in urine. If protein is detected in urine than it is confirmed that a person is suffering from
nephropathy. Last is diabetic neuropathy in which nerves of brain do not perform any function
(Carnethon and et.al, 2012).
As per the given case study and above discussion there are number of physical,
psychological and social factors which can increase the risk of type 2 diabetes. So, changes in
lifestyle can resolve all these causes and provide appropriate treatment to Mark. For reducing the
effects of diabetes Mark should focus on physical exercise or activities on regular basis. It will
help in improving level of blood pressure, glucose, etc. so, Mark should make physical activity
as a part of daily routine (Diabetes Health Center, 2016). Along with this, Mark should improve
his eating habits and needs to reduce the consumption of carbohydrate. Along with this, needs to
eat healthy food for daily basis such as no sweets, sugar free food items, salad, etc. In addition,
Mark should take appropriate training and education to understand the sign and symptoms of
type 2 diabetes and its effects on physical and mental health. It will help in taking precaution for
negative effects of this disease (Asija, 2014). Along with this, it will also help in medical
treatment. Diabetes may leave prone to more serious gums infection to Mark. So, Mark should
take care of his teeth and brush them twice in a day and take regular dentist check-up. Along
with this, eating healthy food and exercise will keep blood pressure and cholesterol of Mark
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under control. Therefore, Mark should change all these lifestyles in his routine (Type 1 and Type
2 Diabetes, 2016).
Pharmacological treatment
There are various pharmacological treatments available in diabetes. The 1st line drug
which is used to control the levels of diabetes in Metformin (Aschner, Horton and Skyler, 2010).
It was initially introduced in late 19th century. It is reported to decrease the hepatic glucose
production in the body which may improve the condition of peripheral glucose disposal. When
the peripheral disposal of glucose is improved then the resistance to insulin is automatically
decreased. After mechanism and action of Metformin it is excreted through the body without
breaking down into its by-products or po products (Boström and et.al, 2014). Metformin is
generally used to treat diabetes because it is reported that it can lower down the levels of hbA1c
which is responsible for disrupting glycaemic control system in the body. It is expected to
decrease the levels by 10.60mmol/mol which is equivalent to 1%.
Apart from pharmacological treatment there are many types of adverse effects which are
caused due to the intake of Metformin. Common side effects include gastrointestinal problems
because not all individuals who are on this medicine can tolerate the dose to maximum (Buijsse
and et.al, 2011). Metallic taste of the medicine is also one of the side effects which prevents a
person from ingesting the drug with ease. In many cases it is reported that hypoglycaemia may
occur but the reasons are still unknown. Metformin also leads to decreased absorption of vitamin
B12 of a person is not on proper diet. The deficiency of vitamin B12 in patients suffering from
diabetes is likely to cause megaloblastic anaemia but exact reason for the same has not been
identified (Carnethon and et.al, 2012). As compare to other drugs Metformin is likely to produce
more positive results in managing diabetes as compared to any other drugs. Due to this reason it
is referred as 1st line order drug for the treatment of diabetes.
As per the above discussion there are number of diagnosis which can improve the
physical and mental health of Mark. But these have some positive and negative impacts on Mark
also. For managing these Mark needs to use appropriate management plan. This management
plan includes number of activities which help in managing all these impacts in effective manner.
Firstly, Mark will decide appropriate diagnosis method for resolving issue of type 2 diabetes.
Afterwards Mark will do research on its impact on his physical health. Along with this, Mark
will also research on side effects of these methods because by which he can take appropriate
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precaution to resolve these issues (Psychosocial Aspects of Diabetes in Adult Populations, 2016).
Along with this, Mark will prepare himself for different tests such as bold and urine tests, etc. It
will help in taking appropriate medical treatment as well as also help in reducing the side effects
of these diagnosis.
A health and social care worker involves in providing appropriate treatment to Mark.
Along with this, worker also involve in communication such as communicating all information
to mark which have provided by doctor (Armstrong, Harskamp and Armstrong, 2013). Along
with this, providing appropriate treatment and medicines will also be major responsibility of
health and social care worker. In addition, health and social care worker is responsible for
providing all information of different test results of Mark to each team member who is involved
in the medical treatment of Mark. In contrast, involvement of Mark is also important for
resolving this issue. Mark needs to provide all information about the health issue to doctors.
Along with this, marks needs to follow each and every instruction of doctors on time. Therefore,
involvement of health and social care works and Mark will reduce the issue of type 2 diabetes
(Evans and et.al, 2013).
CONCLUSION
The overall essay was based on diabetes which is resultant of lack of physical activity
and family history. Different issues and topics associated with diabetes were explored in the
essay.
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REFERENCES
Books and journals
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Aschner, P., Horton, E., and Skyler, J. S., 2010. Practical steps to improving the management of
type 1 diabetes: recommendations from the Global Partnership for Effective Diabetes
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Asija, R., 2014. Herbal plants used in treatment of diabeties mellitus: an updated review. Journal
of drug discovery and therapeutics. 2(24).
Boström, E. and et.al., 2014. Interaction between diabetes specialist nurses and patients during
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Buijsse, B. and et.al., 2011. Risk assessment tools for identifying individuals at risk of
developing type 2 diabetes. Am J Epidemiol. 33. Pp.46–62.
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Carnethon, M. R. and et.al. 2012. Association of weight status with mortality in adults with
incident diabetes. JAMA. 308. Pp.581–90.
Chalishajar, D.D. and Stanford, C.A.C., 2014. Mathematical Analysis of Insulin-Glucose
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Chary, C., Greiner, M., Bowers, C. and Rohloff, P., 2012. Determining adult type 2 diabetes-
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Schaupp, L. and et.al., 2015. Taking a closer look—continuous glucose monitoring in non-
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therapy. Diabetes technology & therapeutics. 17(9). pp.611-618.
SINGH, U., 2015. General status and effect of bael and nutrition intervention on sign, symptoms
and physical activity of type 2 diabeties patient. Food Science Research Journal. 6(2).
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Suksripaisan, P., 2015. Screening for Diabetic Retinopathy in Diabetic Patients by Non mydriatic
Fundus Camera in Ayutthaya Province.Thammasat Thai Journal of Ophthalmology. 5(2).
pp.31-38.
Online
Causes of Diabetes. 2016. [Online]. Available through: <http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-
information/health-topics/Diabetes/causes-diabetes/Pages/index.aspx>. [Accessed on 2nd
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Psychosocial Aspects of Diabetes in Adult Populations. 2016. [Online]. Available through: <
http://www.niddk.nih.gov/about-niddk/strategic-plans-reports/Documents/Diabetes%20in
%20America%202nd%20Edition/chapter24.pdf>. [Accessed on 2nd June 2016].
Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes. 2016. [Online]. Available through: <
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