Assessment 1: NSC2500 - Type 2 Diabetes Physiology and Pharmacology

This presentation analyzes the pathophysiology and homeostasis of Type 2 Diabetes. It explores how the liver, muscle cells, and fat fail to respond appropriately to insulin, leading to the disease's symptoms. The assignment focuses on Metformin HCl, detailing its mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, route of administration, contraindications, and side effects. The relevance to clinical practice, including the importance of medical nutrition therapy (MNT), is also highlighted. The conclusion emphasizes Metformin as an effective medication and MNT as another effective intervention for managing Type 2 Diabetes. The presentation references key studies in the field, providing a comprehensive overview of the disease and its treatment.

TYPE 2
DIABETES

PHYSIOLOGY AND HOMEOSTASIS
OF TYPE 2 DIABETES
 Diabetes type 2 leads
to heart diseases,
kidney damage, nerve
damage and stroke.
 It also affects our blood
vessels as well as
nerves and therefore
has the potential to
affect any part of
human body (Zaccardi
et al., 2016)
 Diabetes also
possesses the ability to
affect the eyes

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND THE
MECHANISMS LEADING TO THE DISEASE
 In the body of an individual suffering
from type 2diabetes, the liver, muscle
cells and fat do not response
appropriately to insulin.
 blood sugar does not get into these cells
to be stored for energy (Taskinen &
Borén, 2015)
 The body is unable to use the glucose
for energy
 This leads to the symptoms of type 2
diabetes.

CORE PHARMACOLOGY RELATED TO
THE TREATMENT OF THE DISEASE
 Metformin HCl is a white to off-white crystalline compound with a molecular formula
of C4H11N5•HCl and a molecular weight of 165.63
 Mechanism of action: it improves the tolerance of glucose in patients who are
suffering from type 2 diabetes
 Pharmacokinetics: , a single oral dose of 1000 mg, GLUMETZA after a meal, the
time to reach maximum plasma metformin concentration (Tmax) is achieved at
approximately 7 - 8 hours (Rehman & Akash, 2017)
 Route of administration: 500 mg once a day taken with the evening meal
initially
 Contraindications:
 infection
 low blood sugar
 pituitary hormone deficiency
 decreased function of the adrenal gland (Nauck & Meier, 2016)
 inadequate vitamin B12
 Side effects of metformin include:
 physical weakness (asthenia)
 diarrhea.
 gas (flatulence)
 symptoms of weakness, muscle pain (myalgia)
 Precaution: if experienced the above syndrome, it is highly crucial to stop
consumption of the medicine and consult with the physician on an emergency basis

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL
PRACTICE
 Medical nutrition therapy is highly
important for the prevention of diabetes
 . individuals who possess pre-diabetes
or diabetes needs to receive
individualized MNT
 best if provided by a registered dietician
 nutrition counselling should be sensitive
to the personal needs (Chevalier &
Fénichel, 2015)

CONCLUSION
 the pathophysiology as well as
homeostasis of type 2 diabetes has
been analyzed.
 it can be concluded that metformin is
one of the most effective medication
that has the potential to reduce and
eventually eliminate type 2 diabetes
 MNT was found to be another effective
intervention for type 2 diabetes

REFERENCE LIST
Chevalier, N., & Fénichel, P. (2015). Endocrine disruptors: new
players in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes?. Diabetes &
metabolism, 41(2), 107-115.
Nauck, M. A., & Meier, J. J. (2016). The incretin effect in healthy
individuals and those with type 2 diabetes: physiology,
pathophysiology, and response to therapeutic interventions. The
lancet Diabetes & endocrinology, 4(6), 525-536.
Rehman, K., & Akash, M. S. H. (2017). Mechanism of generation of
oxidative stress and pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus:
how are they interlinked?. Journal of cellular
biochemistry, 118(11), 3577-3585.
Taskinen, M. R., & Borén, J. (2015). New insights into the
pathophysiology of dyslipidemia in type 2
diabetes. Atherosclerosis, 239(2), 483-495.
Zaccardi, F., Webb, D. R., Yates, T., & Davies, M. J. (2016).
Pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 90-
year perspective. Postgraduate medical journal, 92(1084), 63-69.