Comparative Analysis of the UK Healthcare System and its Issues

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the UK healthcare system, focusing on the eight-factor model for assessing true access. It delves into the historical context, structure, financing, interventional, preventive, resource allocation, major health issues, and health disparities within the UK system. The report identifies significant challenges, including unmanageable workloads, Brexit uncertainties, an aging population, lack of investment in technology, and a culture of blame. Furthermore, it examines the importance of addressing costs, consumer experience, data analytics, and delivery system transformation to improve holistic individual health. A comparative analysis with other countries is also conducted, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of the UK's healthcare model. The report concludes with recommendations for enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of the UK healthcare system, emphasizing the need for national standards of care and the adoption of innovative technologies. The analysis aims to strengthen the UK's healthcare system by addressing inequalities and promoting better care among all age groups.

Comparative
Healthcare Systems

Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.............................................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................4
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................4
The EIGHT FACTOR model for providing TRUE ACCESS....................................................4
Major health issues of healthcare system in UK.........................................................................7
Importance of health care system including effective model....................................................10
Critical analysis of health care system of UK...........................................................................12
Comparative analysis of UK health system with other country................................................14
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................17
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................19

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Healthcare systems can be described as a complex approach including various aspects
such as patient care, insurance, health care professionals, legal issues and types of hospital
systems. It includes several aspects which consist kinds of patient care, systems of various care
organisations and public health programs. However, it involves the various innovative resources
and equipments including advanced technology. The health care system of United Kingdom of
Great Britain is discussed here with explanation of various major issues that are required to
solved. It is necessary to focus on problems occurring in current health care system in order to
overcome with them. Meanwhile, the different recommendations including utilisation of national
standards of care and innovative technology for increasing efficiency of health system of given
country.

INTRODUCTION
Health care system refers to an effective method through which healthcare of a nation is
financed, organised and delivered to the citizens. It consist various aspects of health care stem
which are required to be improved for enhancing effectiveness of clinical practices which
facilitate to gain better patient outcomes. However, it is necessary to focus on facilities and
techniques used in health care system in terms of determining relevant problems to remove them
accordingly. It consist the requirements of considering human rights and different effective laws
by care professionals which is favourable to avoid clinical mistakes or errors (Alloubani,
Abdelhafiz and Saleh, 2016). Meanwhile, healthcare system also involves various factors such as
access to medical facilities, expenditures and resources which are important for improving its
effectiveness. It is necessary to identify relevant components which are required to be eliminated
which helps to deliver appropriate care services for welfare of citizens. Moreover, innovations
and different technologies should be use in health system for improving its efficiency but
elimination of threats also impacts positively. It involves the efforts of medical practitioners and
government to increase the effectiveness of health system of country which impact positively in
various aspects including growth, productivity, income etc.
In context of this report, it is based on the healthcare system of UK which is a sovereign
country located off the north-western coast of the European mainland. It is consider as United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland which is commonly known as Britain or United
Kingdom (UK). This assignment will focus on eight factor model to define true access to health
systems and relevant major issue in selected nation. It will also includes the critical analysis of
specific healthcare system along with comparative evaluation. The effective recommendations to
solve various threats and issue of particular health care system in terms of delivering better care
services to population are given below.
MAIN BODY
The EIGHT FACTOR model for providing TRUE ACCESS
The eight factor model is used to find out the true access of health care system which is
providing to everyone (Soril and et. al., 2016). The true access means by being capable and have
the ability to getting your needs by paying for the services according to the needs when the
patient once enter in the health system. So this true access develop a framework in UK to assess

the strengthening and weakness of exclusive health care systems so this framework is occur in
the form of “The Eight Factor Model”. The comparison between the health care systems of the
UK is occur from use of this eight factor model.
The eight factor represented by the eight model and they are below.
Historical:- This is the first factor in the eight factor model which is considered first. It
describes the health of the country. It express the health and access to health services which is
defined historically in the UK. It also describe the role of emergency departments, healthcare
providing clinics, the emerge of health care system and of the health centres which are
community- based (Parveen, Maimani and Kassim, 2017). They also determine the barriers of
health care systems which can be occur in the health care system. So by determining the barriers
the health care systems can predict the cause of illness.
Structure:- This is the second factor in the eight factor model. It is use to determine the
structure of health care delivery which is provide by health care systems in UK. It includes all
the structures of a system which includes national healthcare systems, roles and responsibilities
of interdisciplinary, patter and needs of staff members (Nielsen and et. al., 2016). It also consider
the infrastructure if health system, health policies, advance practice nurses & physician, other
health professionals and related outcomes. This model also determines the barriers that prevent
the access to care and could considered the structures to facilitate care and services. In this, the
services location, procedures of UK government are also include.
Financing:- This is the most difficult third factor in the model. As it is difficult in the
discussing the true access is occur on a nation's ability to fund the health care system. This factor
is used to find out the responsibilities and financing priorities of the nation (Baeten and
Vanhercke, 2017). This factor is help in determining benefit of the budget of healthcare to the
healthcare service users. This factor particularly applied in the technology, maternal child care,
research, old adult care on a long-term basis in the UK. The role of government in administering
and beholding the health care are examined.
Interventional:- This factor focuses on deliver of health on primary care and intense care
in relation to outcomes. The effectiveness of conserving health and preventing illness is depend
on the structure of system in UK. In primary healthcare system, the services are community
based because the services can effectively spread to everyone instead of hospital based. The
primary care focuses on early intervention of cure & care, prevention of disease, promotion of

health. It is use to measure the outcome of good services provided to patients and staff
satisfaction. In this the needs are considered of patient and families which are met and unmeet.
Preventive:- This factor supply the assessment of preventive measures. It consider the
system of UK in health care that the maintaining and preserve of the social, physical and mental
of their people. The important consideration of this factor are adult and old adult care, women
health, traditional health practices, family and religion (Guerra and et. al., 2016). It also includes
the health and safety of environment, long-term care, adolescent health. The purpose of this
factor is to prevent these consideration to promote the better healthcare in the system and in
communities and to provide the healthcare on a long term basis to the all age of group.
Resources:- This factor does not include the fiscal resources (these are those type of
resources which are purchase and obtain the supplies of services to provide programs for
individuals who have disabilities). Basically, it evaluates the sufficiency and availability of social
& spiritual resources and human resources. This factor is used to consider the type of resources
are providing in each and every health care systems (Honigsbaum, 2018). It includes the trained
and untrained workers, long and nuclear families, authorised and unauthorized professionals,
community and other systems. They also consider unpaid volunteers of any healthcare system.
Major health issues:- The factor seven consider major health issues which evaluate the
specific determinants of social like poverty, race, gender, illiteracy, culture. It is used to describe
the opening of challenges in public health, disease nature, the treating strategy in between the
different organisation of UK. It includes the tendencies of genetically illness, the daily activities
of people, chronic illnesses, prevalence of disease in compromising population. This factor is
also used to describe the main disease that are causing in majority among to the UK population.
Health disparities:- This is the last factor for measuring the true access of health
systems. It concentrate on the unequal treatment or welfare disparities. It documented the top
disease which affected the particular population of the UK which is based on the age, income
and social. As the result of some disease can cause the death which is the poor outcome of
income, age, etc. In this, to prevent the injury and disease which are versed by discriminate of
social people (Browne and et. al., 2016).
It has been analysed that this “EIGHT FACTOR MODEL” is consider and great chance
for assessing the true care to the population of UK. By this model, the initiative to changing in
country who are searching for new approaches to increases inequalities in their healthcare

system. It can also use to strengthen and weakness of care providing system. It has been
conclude that this mode is not only use to determine the true health care but also to extent the
access. Their aim is to develop the better and equal care among all age group of communities.
Major health issues of healthcare system in UK
A healthcare system is determined in UK as the method in which health care is organized,
financed, delivered to accumulation of people. It consider issues and problems of accession for
which services and for whom, resources and expenditure like their facilities and employees. The
components might be oriented as a tangled made up of three interconnected constituents such as
healthcare consumers in this people need services of wellness care (Swami and et. al., 2017). As
well as practitioners and professionals deliver their services regarding welfare attention or
provide systematic attention. The purpose of UK healthcare system is to increase attribute of life
to raising health and wellness. It should focus on developing social group benefit to fulfil
commitment to society.
The major issues in UK of healthcare system are mention as long working hours, lack of
healthcare workers, people are living longer, extreme costs for advanced degrees, less of care
practitioners, more people need them, relationships, end of life issues, patient privacy and
confidentiality. The protective covering of private patient arrangement on of the most crucial
legal and honourable issues in the field of welfare.
They facing some major problems including as-
 Unmanageable workloads, leading to stress and burnout or a recruitment crisis.
 Uncertainty from Brexit.
 An ageing population and steep increase in demand for health services (Stevens and et.
al., 2017).
 Lack of investment an training in new technology.
 Nearly a decade of understanding.
 Deficiency of clarity surrounding transformation models, such accountable care systems.
 Culture of blame that discourages openness and learning.
There are some issues which is facing by UK in healthcare system are as follows-
Costs and transparency- Tactics and utilize schemes to address maturation of
pharmaceutical and medical prices or effects to evaluate the quality of care.

Consumer Experience- addressing, understanding and assuring whole fundamental
interaction of consumers and their resultant are easily, timely, convenient, cohesive, streamlines
so that health fits by nature into flow of life of every person of UK family and community daily
activeness.
Data and analytics- there are new sources of disparate as well as investing progressive
calculus, non standard, highly variable data, unstructured ( labs, history, Rx, m health, sensors,
Socio-economic, genomic, demographic, geographic, lifestyle behaviours etc.). so that they
could better health outcomes, cut down administrative load and support passage from bulk to
value and assuage person, payer, provider effectualness (Rossen and et. al., 2016).
Delivery system transformation- Scaling in-coordination and operations or transfer
scheme alteration of non- medical and medical services via collaborations and partnerships
between ownership based or healthcare administrations in UK to get over obstruction regarding
social determinative of health to impact their better termination.
Holistic Individual Health- Improving, addressing, identifying the social unit, member
and patients to all medical, socio-economic, cultural, behavioural, educational, financial,
geographic, environmental well- being, lifestyle for a resistance and attached healthcare
education (Alexandru, Ianculescu and Coardos, 2017).
Consumer/interoperability data access- Improving and group action the dealings,
exchange of groups or members, patient, payer, workflows, supplier data to take value of
aggregated systems and data that is admin, clinical, financial etc. on a cost effectual foundation
in UK to all stakeholders inequitably and near real time.
Accessibility / Physical Reach- In this healthcare adeptness which is having an patient
department for common nutriment or an restive department for hospitalisation (Tan, 2019).
These installation may either be state-supported or backstage in nature from the place of
residency or work.
Low government Spending- UK has a low level of government disbursement on
healthcare. Business reminder international prognosis which healthcare financial loss in country
will enhance in billions in past years.
Healthcare endangered middlemen- The buyer of Healthcare should daily re-evaluate
contracts with diligence middlemen. They also demand greater transparent or precedence models

supported on termination, which actuation of finer governance of clinical not merely seek best
cost by mass.
Securing the internet of things- The reputation and financial price of a breach affecting
patient health can far exceed the lost revenue from business disruption. While some provider
enforcement trusts their organisation is protected against cyber safety operation and some less
percent have evaluate direction plan of action is just low percentile have cyber legal document
investigation process by report (Shanmugam and Singh, 2017).
Precision medicine- The idea of handling patients supported on their individual biota
may track to the improvement of one-shot remedy for definite diseases, which would prove
improbably helpful in possibly treating those status for good. Nevertheless, the uses of
medication of genetic would also reward to a lack of receipts under the fee- for company
manner. As made-to-order care would get rid of the need for patient to visit physicians
aggregated times for any determination they may have.
Economic challenges in healthcare system- This type of issues are also being alleviated
by unite between supply of all level. These incorporate companies can take profits from
economic science of measure and other cost asset such and ability and compact healthcare
position. One problem with these integrate is that bigger firm become more tolerable to modify
in an commercial enterprise noticeable by changeless change and invention.
Big Data- When patients control protection plans or healthcare render, most medical
pattern believe on patients self coverage to speculate their records and data (Khorgami and et. al.,
2016). As result not all content and message is conveyance properly and its very ambitious to
harness the power of data and create faithful visual percept.
Effective payment model discovery and implementation- This trouble by non-
profitable medical subordinate system. Health states that to lessening price and gain service
quality, see and helper instituted new payment models (Tushnet, 2017). New issues facing by
scheme are bundled, global payments, pay out to patient- oriented care providers, shared savings.
Continual themes in management- Common recurring themes across in UK continue to
be self-addressed by managers at all levels, listed below recurring themes are:
 Access to care- Longer way times, higher costs, willingness to travel longer distances.
 Behavioural health- Renewed emphasis on billing and treatment
 Cultural diversity- Changing demographics

 Mobile care- Increaser accessibility through mobile devices
 Population health management- Accenting community and person care options
 Technology- Health information science overtaking every aspect of industry
 Mergers- Integrating, accountable care organisations.
Importance of health care system including effective model
Healthcare system is required to be construct that has several main purposes including
maintaining health of population, deliver facilities to wounded or sick individuals and helps curb
the cost of expensive medical bills. It includes several healthcare components including nurses,
patients, doctors, clinics, hospitals, medicines, relevant equipments and so on (Helm and Küng,
2016). However, it has been analysed that healthcare system has an input of physicians, money,
nursing staff and outputs consist vaccines, healthy individuals, available jobs etc. in addition to
this, it is observed that effective health system facilitate to gain improve economic growth of the
whole nation. It includes the fact that more healthy people are much capable to increase their
regular performance and productivity at work places which results into increased profitability. It
will provide support to boost up economy of the country which is beneficial for overall citizens.
Meanwhile, it is essential for government of UK to put funds and other efforts for maintaining as
effective as well as efficient healthcare system by considering innovative technology.
On the other hand, it has been evaluated that the utilisation of innovative technologies
and health models are much sufficient to improve the clinical outcomes. It consist the use of
various theories and laws, ethics and codes of practices that facilitate staff into correct direction
in relate to provide benefits of desired individuals. There are several legislations that should be
consider such as Health & social care Act 2012, Equality Act 2010, Social value Act 2012, Care
& support regulations 2018, Children act 2004, Mental health act 2007 and many more.
However, it is important to follow ethical principles including justice, autonomy, beneficence.
maleficence and confidentiality which is beneficial to carry out clinical procedures in correct
manner (Sarkar and et. al., 2016). It is necessary for care professionals to follow health models
and frameworks to deal with various tasks properly. It includes National health insurance model,
out of pocket framework, Beveridge model, Bismarck model and health belief model that can be
used used to deliver appropriate care services to improve health status of entire population of
UK. Thus one of such model is explained here.

Health belief model: This model was developed in 1950 by social psychologists. It is a
theoretical model which can be use for assisting health promotion as well as disease resistance
programs. It could be utilize for prediction and explanation of individual behaviours. However, it
is one of the most used models in order to understand health behaviours. Key elements of this
model mainly emphasise on individuals own beliefs on health conditions that can predict
individual health regarding behaviours. Health belief model could be use for designing short and
long terms interventions (Fervers, Oser and Picot, 2016). It is a kind of analytical tool use by
researchers for predicting health behaviour of individuals. One of the best thing about this model
is it frame individuals behaviour in realistic manner. Model is based on a theory about
individuals willingness for changing their health behaviour may be due to several factors such as:
 Perceived susceptibility: It refers to analysing a risk of developing a particular health
problem. The respective model predict that individuals who realize that they could be
susceptible to a particular health problem will be engage in behaviour of reducing
chances of risks for developing such problem. However, individuals who believe that
they are not at any kind of risks are more likely to engage in unhealthy behaviours.
 Perceived severity: It is the probability of an individual to change his behaviour in order
to avoid or ignore a consequence which is depend on how severe he or she is considering
the consequence or result to be.
 Perceived benefits: It is an action of individual's own assessment for taking measures for
reducing the risks of diseases. Health regarding behaviours are also impacted by
perceived benefits of undertaking actions. It is the perception of individual that some
specific actions can help in to reduce the risk and seriousness of diseases. Individual will
more likely to engage in behaviour of their own perspectives rather than considering facts
and figures.
 Perceived barriers: It is an obstacle for individuals for changing health related
behaviours. It is the perception of some individuals that it is going to be hard for them for
taking actions regarding change of health related behaviours. It can be result of physical
as well as social difficulty (Blin and et. al., 2019). Changing health behaviours can be
costly to time taking.
 Modifying variables: Psychosocial, demographic and structural variables are the
individual's characteristics which can effect the perspectives of health related behaviours.

Demographic variable are age, gender, ethnicity, education and so on. Psychosocial
variables are personality, peer pressure or social class weather, structural variables
include information or knowledge about particular disease. Health belief model suggest
that such modifying variables may effect health related behaviours of individuals in
indirect way.
Critical analysis of health care system of UK
In healthcare system UK is the best example of the Universal Health Care system in the
world. In fact, many companies around the universe are in reality settled upon this one. It gives
employment to be delivered to grouping to bring to their health verbalized in definite settings,
such as homes, hospitals, clinics, institutions, workplaces, educational etc. This believe attempt
to causing determinants of health as well as more direct health rising activities (Naumann, 2018).
The critical analysis of health care systems refer some negative and positive points to
check the system. Possibly the large pros is the realness that everybody has approach to precisely
the same healthcare for free. It doesn't thing who are they, people can residual harmless in the
cognition that will be proofed in precisely the identical way by the doctors.
The cons is all the same it is the fact that they are going to need to pay excess funds in
taxes a lot. The tax rate in UK comprehensive of healthcare system with nations that do not
really regarding with welfare care modular. The UK system necessarily to work for the profit of
all. This agency that what it does in reality needs to be cost effectual. The cons is that electronic
health records need to be kept completely secure.
One of the largest pros of healthcare system in UK is the idea that content on patients is
mutual between medical organization. This comes in the form of electronic healthcare evidence.
Now it is valuable non that not all medical centre has wholly digitized their data at the point in
time, although it will most liable occur inside the next years (Sevick and et. al., 2017). The
performance here is that no concern where they go, doctors, nurses and care workers are going to
have evaluate their number. This is going to make it substantially easier to examine and treat
them.
As they can understand, there are more cons and pros when it comes to the this system in
the UK. It is certain that there are some problems and issues with a scheme of this nature, but at
least it assurance admittance to welfare care perfectly everybody.