Report on UK Law: Classifications, Sources, and Contract Law Analysis

This report provides a comprehensive overview of the UK legal system, beginning with a classification of law into civil and criminal categories, and defining the respective legal systems in the UK. It outlines the role of courts, including the High Court, Supreme Court, and Court of Appeal. The report then discusses the sources of law, explaining case law and the process of legislation, including delegated legislation. Finally, it delves into UK law-making processes, focusing on contract law, differentiating between offers and invitations to treat, explaining consideration and its rules, detailing the postal rule, and analyzing the impact of contract law on businesses. The report concludes by emphasizing the importance of contract law in business for outlining expectations and protecting parties from conflicts.

Individual Written Report

TABLE OF CONTENT
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
PART 1: Classification of Law........................................................................................................3
Defining laws and respective legal system in UK.......................................................................3
Explaining with examples civil and criminal law........................................................................3
Role of the courts in the English Legal system............................................................................4
PART 2: Source of law....................................................................................................................4
Explaining case law as source of law..........................................................................................4
Explaining process of making Legislation...................................................................................4
Meaning and examples of Delegated Legislation........................................................................5
PART 3: UK law making process ...................................................................................................5
1. Contract law.............................................................................................................................5
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
Business laws are the body of rules that are made by the parliament of the country. This
report will outline the classification of law in the part one. In the another part it will discuss the
source of law. In the last part the report will outline the UK process of making the laws which
will be based on the contract law.
PART 1: Classification of Law
Defining laws and respective legal system in UK
The laws are the rules which are made by the government which states that how the
people in the country behave in the businesses or in the society. If the people do not follow and
obey the laws they will be given punishments (Kooshshkar and Ghasemi Ahde, 2019). These are
basically the rues or the body of rules that are made by the legislature.
The UK has the four legal systems, each system used to derive from its particular location
and having the variety of reasons. The country has English Laws, Scot Laws, Northern Ireland
Laws and purely Welsh Law. English and Wales law are the common law system which used to
combine the legislation and have the creation of the precedents by having case laws.
Explaining with examples civil and criminal law
a) Civil Law: Civil law is the legal system that is originated in the mainland Europe and
now it is adopted in much of the globe. This law is basically the part of the set laws of the
country which are concerned with the private affairs of the people. This law helps the country to
settle the disputes among the citizens of the country. For example, defamation cases, breach of
contract, injury or death, contract related to property, etc.
Criminal law: Criminal law used to set the definition of the criminal things and offences
done by the people and it also defines the rules and procedures that helps the police in order to
investigate the case (Partington, 2021). This law fixes the plenaries and the different mode of
treatment in order to protect the accused person. For example, criminal damage done by the
person, sexual assault, murder, fraud, drug dealing, etc.

Role of the courts in the English Legal system
a) High court: The role of high court is to interpret and apply the laws of Australia in order to
decide the cases of special federal significance. The high court deals with the civil cases and
have decision on the appeal made in the lower court.
b) Supreme court: This court is the main court in the UK which used to make the decision on the
criminal and civil matters in the England, Wales and in the Northern Ireland (Guth and Hervey,
2018). The role of supreme court is to make and hear the cases of the public or the cases related
to the constitutional changes which affects the whole population.
c) Court of appeal: The role of court of appeal is to exercise the appellate jurisdiction by having
the power in order to determine the appeal in the cases related to civil and criminal matters.
PART 2: Source of law
Explaining case law as source of law
Case laws are defined as the laws which includes the legal rules announced by the
appellate judges when the same case was filed in the court. These are the decisions of the judges
that were made before in the same case filed in the court. Case laws are the collection of the
precedents and the authority that are set by the previous judges in the particular case or issue
filed. It makes the work easier of the judges in order to make the decisions on the cases filed in
the court (Huang, 2018). There are some examples of case laws in which the same decision are
taken which are personal injury, battery, defamation cases, fraud, medical malpractice, etc. The
case laws are important in order to make the fast decisions in the cases filed in the court.
Explaining process of making Legislation
Legislation is the set of laws that have been passes by the authority or by the parliament
of the United Kingdom. The legislation is prepared by having the following process:
1. Introduction: Only the single person of the house or the senate have responsibility
to introduce the bill foe the consideration.
2. Committee action: The committee used to consider that bill in detail and refer that
bill to the sub committee. In this stage bill is examined and read carefully.
3. Subcommittee Review: The committee sends the bills to the sub committee in
order to have the further study on that bill.
4. Mark- up: After having the hearings on the bill, the sub- committee can have and
make changes in the bills and give back to the committee for taking approval.

5. Committee action: By having the recommendation from the sub- committee the
committee must have the further review by having the public hearings.
6. Publications of committee: Once the bill is made the several publications are done
on that bill.
7. The bill goes to president: After having the approval of both the houses the bill is
sent to the president foe final approval.
8. Overriding veto: If the president not approved on the bill, then congress may
attempt to have overridden on the forbid done.
Meaning and examples of Delegated Legislation
The delegated legislation is the best way to meet the situation or to meet the emergencies.
Delegation legislation is the law that is not passed by the act of the Parliament but is passed by
the government minister, who is the delegated person in the United Kingdom. The person is
given the special power in order to make the laws in the country (Dev and Murphy, 2021). This
legislation allows the government of the UK to make the amendments without changing the
whole law of the parliament. The examples of this legislation is regulations, standards, by- laws
and ordinances. The function of delegation is very necessary as it makes the government to have
some changes in the law without waiting foe the new law passed by the Act of parliament. This
helps the legislation to have the changes like changing the sanctions in the statute.
PART 3: UK law making process
1. Contract law
a) Difference between offer and invitation to treat
Basis of comparison Offer Invitation to treat
Definition It is defined as when the one
person used to express his will
to the other person do or not to
do something by taking the
approval is called as offer
(Khan and et.al., 2019).
It is defined as when the one
person express something to
the other person, by inviting
the other person to make an
offer, is called invitation to
treat.
Objective The objective to make an offer
is to enter into the contact.
In this the person receive the
offers from many and

negotiate with them in order to
make and create the offer.
Important to make an
agreement
In order to make an offer it is
important to make na
agreement firstly.
Thee is no agreement required
in order to have the invitation
to treat.
Consequences The offer used to become an
agreement when it is accepted
by the person.
An invitation to treat become
an offer when the other party
has responded in favour.
Example X tells Z, “I want to sell my
car to you at 200000, will you
purchase it?
Menu card of hotel which
shows the prices of food.
b) Consideration and respective rules
Consideration is defined as the price that the person used to pay in order to exchange the
goods and services by having the contract between them. It is basically something that the person
used to pay in Oder to have the promise by making the contract. The consideration is mostly in
the terms of money, but it is not necessary it will be money as it can be anything which has
value. The given consideration is consisted of rights, profits, interest, benefits, detriment, etc.
The consideration is basically of two types that is executed and executory.
In the executory consideration, the one person is bounded by having the contract by
promising to do or not to do something (QC and Saintier, 2021). The consideration given by the
one party to another must be sufficient and adequate according to the contract done. It should nor
illegal as the person will be penalized for giving the illegal consideration.
For example, If the organization has done the contract with any employee or with any
shareholder the party must pay the good consideration to the person with whom the contract is
done.
Rules of the consideration are as follows:
1. Part or half payment is not considered as consideration.
2. The amount of consideration must flow from the promisee to the promiser.
3. The consideration should be sufficient but not needed to be adequate.

4. Illusory consideration is not taken as consideration.
5. Consideration given is pas is not considered as the good consideration.
6. It must always in terms of value as moral confederation is not a consideration.
c) Postal rule in Contract Law
In this legal rule it is expected that the offer will give by the post and the offer will be
formed at the time and place when the offer is posted for the another party. It is assumed that the
contract have been formed at that time and place only when it is accepted by the post. It is
defined as that when the letter is properly stamped and addressed by the one party and posted the
acceptance is done at that time only when the letter is posted in the letter box. When the offer
letter is posted it cannot be revoked as once the acceptance is given it cannot be taken back by
the person. The postal rule is applied when it is necessary to use it.
This rule is very important to be followed as it used to dissolve the conflicts and
problems by having the contract acceptance and the communication done. This rule is not
outdated as it is still applied n the UK in order to have better communication and acceptance
while making the contract.
d) Impact of Contract law on Businesses
In order to do the business the contracts are very important because it used to outline the
expectations of the both the parties. By having the contact law in the business it used to protect
the expectations of both the parties and in return they used to pay consideration to the another
party. It is very important for the business to follow the contract law as it will protect them from
nay problem and conflicts arises while making the contract.
The contract law used top affect the businesses as all business has to do contract in order
to do transactions for purchasing the raw materials, etc. For example, the organization of UK that
si Tesco has not followed the laws by making the contract, it will not protect the organization if
their any problem and conflicts arises between the parties.
It is very important to have and follow the contract law as it helps the parties in order to
avoid the misunderstandings, provide the derails of the contract and it acts as the record of the
business that contract is done with which party (Djurovic and Janssen, 2018). As it is concluded
that the employer and employee must have the contract in order to do or not to do something. It
safeguards the commitments between the employers and employee and the business must
understory the importance of having the contract law.

CONCLUSION
From the above report it is revaluated about the classification of law. Further, in the
second part it is described about the source of law. At the end, this report has evaluated about the
UK process of making the laws which is based on the contract law.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Dey, P. and Murphy, J. R., 2021. Pandemic Parliamentary Oversight of Delegated Legislation:
Comparing the Performance of Westminster Systems. ICL Journal. 15(4). pp.465-486.
Djurovic, M. and Janssen, A., 2018. The formation of blockchain-based smart contracts in the
light of contract law. European Review of Private Law. 26(6).
Guth, J. and Hervey, T., 2018. Threats to internationalised legal education in the twenty-first
century UK. The Law Teacher. 52(3). pp.350-370.
Huang, L., 2018. From benign unconstitutionality to delegated legislation: Analysis on the ways
for legal reform of China rural collective construction land circulation. Habitat
international. 74. pp.36-47.
Khan, M. and et.al., 2019. Good faith principles in Islamic contract law: a comparative study
with Western contract law. Journal of International Trade & Commerce. 15(6). pp.143-
159.
Kooshshkar, R. and Ghasemi Ahde, V., 2019. methods in Iran and UK legal system have been
comparatively investigated. Journal of Civil Law Knowledge. 8(1). pp.42-57.
Partington, M., 2021. Introduction to the English legal system. Oxford University Press.
QC, R. M. and Saintier, S., 2021. Poole's Casebook on Contract Law. Oxford University Press.