Legal System and Law in the UK for Businesses: Assessment 1

This report, prepared for a Business Law assessment, offers a comprehensive analysis of the UK legal system. It begins by defining law within the UK context and then classifies laws into civil and criminal categories, outlining the characteristics of each. The report further explores the three distinct legal systems in the UK and identifies the hierarchy of principal sources of law, including case law, legislation, and European Union law. It delves into the law-making process, highlighting its impact on commercial organizations, particularly focusing on employment law, including statutory duties of employers. The report also covers the features of contract law and the law of torts, providing a detailed understanding of the legal framework governing businesses in the UK.

BMP4002 Business Law
Assessment 1
Legal System for Business
Law

Table of Contents
Introduction ...............................................................................................................................3
Part 1: The UK Classification of Law...........................................................................................3
(I) Provide a definition of law within UK context.......................................................................3
(II) List and explore the characteristics of the two main classifications of laws in UK..............4
a) Civil Law: ...........................................................................................................................4
b) Criminal Law: .................................................................................................................4
(III) Outline the three different Legal systems in UK................................................................4
PART 2 - The UK Source of law ..................................................................................................5
(I) Identify and briefly explain the hierarchy of the principal sources of laws in the English
Legal System...............................................................................................................................5
(II) Explain the characteristics of the sources of laws identified above giving examples of
each............................................................................................................................................6
...........................................................................................................................................6
PART 3 - Give examples of how the UK law making process have a direct impact on
commercial organizations focusing on ONE of the below :.......................................................6
(I) Explain and give the features of one of the following laws: ................................................7
Employment Law........................................................................................................................7
Contract law...............................................................................................................................8
Law of Torts ...............................................................................................................................9
Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................10
References................................................................................................................................11

Introduction
The Company laws or business laws of united kingdom embodies the set of governing rules
and regulations in regard to the corporations which are formed under the The Companies
Act,2006 of England and Wales, This act is also administer by various other statues, The
Insolvency Act,1986,The Corporate Governance Code of UK , Prescribed Directives of
European Union. Company is paramount legal entity measured for running of a company ,to
manage relations between the employer and the employee, and which preserves the state of
its shareholders. The corporate is governed by the regularities of Governance Directories of
the Department of Business,Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (BERR) and The
Department of Business and Trade(DTI), The authorities constitutes the development area
of the European Union Company Law, this piece of legislation which is passed by the UK
Parliament is for the budding betterment, the combination of the laws associated with the
corporate governance combines with the procedures of The Companies Audits ,
Investigations and Community Enterprise Act,2004(Bai, Fairhurst and Serfling, 2020) .
This template report will integrates the civil, criminal and employment laws of united
kingdom, the hierarchy of courts of law and defining the British legal system, the
importance of case laws and precedents as a source of law , the determined process of
legislation and delegated legislation, the process of employments laws in the United
Kingdom, the prescribes duties of the employers and the employees and bring about the
relationship and harmony between them and the process of the wrongful dismissal and
termination.
Part 1: The UK Classification of Law
(I) Provide a definition of law within UK context
The separation of powers facilitate in British rulings , one of them being judiciary,
secondarily the executive and the third one being the legislation which is the leading
parliament which have the association of the two houses , the constitution of Britain being in
the mixed forms which consists of the democratic , aristocracy and the monarchical values in
it , the book of law has an important and unique feature the laws , statues, traditions,
costumes, the decision provided by the judicial arm and the governance of the country is not
in the codified format,Hence, the constitution is unwritten. The accordant evolution of the
constitution of UK is an ever ending , beginning from the Magna Carta to the Bills of

Rights,1689 and so far the present enactment of The European Union (amendment)Act,2018
within the up to the minute format of Brexit which contained by the arrangement (which
means British exits the trade with the European union). The framework of the conventions is
of cardinal importance for the foundation of a unwritten constitution just like, the monarch
will always present the bill to the Prime Minister for rectify or acceptance of the bill the
powers will be vested in the PM (Chalkidis and Kampas, 2019) . The government of British
have features of having a parliamentarian form of government.
(II) List and explore the characteristics of the two main
classifications of laws in UK
a) Civil Law:
There are three subsequent possible course of action in the civil laws or private laws
of the United Kingdom, civil laws are the on the postulate of the secular laws which is
entirely opposite to the any of the holy or individual religious laws, the refined civil laws as a
part of the judicial system is planted on the ground of code of legal principles which is the
code of Napoleon of France Code in beyond different way then the originally composed the
doctrine of precedent, it is revolving the conception which is contradictory to the common
law system, civil law is adverse towards the criminal law, the various types of civil laws are
mainly : Contract law, Tort law , Company law, Intellectual Property Rights , Land laws etc .
b) Criminal Law:
This statutes is not concerned with the commercial regulations, the disputes which
have crime I nature and have mechanism to provide the suspect a just,fair trail , the innocent
must be acquitted and the convict must be punished with the appropriate punishment within
the purview of the rights and governed laws in the book of law , withstanding on the saying ;
everyone is 'innocent until proven guilty' . Works on the principle of 'mens rea' and 'actus
reus'
(III) Outline the three different Legal systems in UK
United Kingdom, has prescribed its judicial system in three different legal systems,
which is defined as one for each of the division, which apparently shows its reflection of
back in time, the varied different section of judicial system is scattered into England and
Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Stating the fact that Scotland and Northern Ireland

have constituted their legal procedures. The application of justice system is later defined
into branches in the subject matter of distribution of power, the sectors consist of the
legislature (consisting of two houses), the executive and the judiciary.
PART 2 - The UK Source of law
(I) Identify and briefly explain the hierarchy of the principal
sources of laws in the English Legal System
High Court
The described justice system of the United Kingdom and Northern Island is scattered
into four different sections under the distinction of four countries alongside with the separate
jurisdiction they contain, namely as England,Wales,Scotland and Northern Ireland , Working
on stable conventions and traditions UK is a constitutional monarchy (Cowie, 2022) . Being
in charge of the common justice system amalgamating the authorizations of rules and
regulations by the legislation and the formulations of precedents in the court of law , the
governed laws putting in to place with the regulation of the legislation it embodied of the
monarch constitutional, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The high court
judicial system of England and Wales is distinguished in three divisions, The Chancery,
Queen Bench and The Family. The crown court deals with the most heinous of the crimes
providing the trial , the magistrate court deals with nearly trivial nature criminal cases, the
family deals with the civil cases with the much more complicity . In Scotland the High court
is the first court of appeal.
Supreme Court:
The House of Lords was replaced by The Supreme Court, it is also known as the final
decree or appeal court of United Kingdom, the judges were for the mighty apex court of
England and Wales are to be called Justices of The Supreme Court influenced by the
President and the Deputy President (Guerin and Barreiro, 2019) . The Privy Council is
dependent on The Crown and deals with the overseas territory cases of united kingdom , it
shares the same same building as the Supreme Court.

(II) Explain the characteristics of the sources of laws
identified above giving examples of each
The law which are recorded in the act Reporter series of the United Kingdom, which
assist the Judges through the structure of the “Doctrine of Precedent” is known as Case Law.
The doctrine is helpful in the eye of the law as its bound the court to decide the matter on the
basis of the cases which were previously decided by the court but only the similar matters
should be decided with the help of this doctrine or by the case act law. However, the case law
were not to be overruled but only there is being analyses that in Apex court there has a power
to go beyond the case law and also has a power to overruled its own judgment. Before the
case laws there is an act known as and after that when there was a better law reporting and a
established judicial chain then the case laws becomes helpful to decided the matters
(Schofield - Georgeson and Rawling, 2020) . There has been regulation of two types
structured sources of law , Primary sources and Secondary sources of law, The case laws,
European union laws of the court of justice and the Legislation statues are considered to be
primary sources of law. Whereas the Law Journals, The books of laws and regulations, the
West law UK Journals.
PART 3 - Give examples of how the UK law making process have
a direct impact on commercial organizations focusing on ONE
of the below :
Like the other Constitutional States the UK also have 2 House acts in the parliament
I.e House of Lords and the House of Commons and these 2 houses have its own stages to
debate on the law making. But, the law should be made by both the houses any bill which has
to be pass it is examine by both the houses of the parliament (Vavzhenchuk, 2020) . If both
the houses were agree on the bill then the bill have been sent to the monarch for the (Royal
Assent) and then the bill become law.
To pass the bill and making it law it has to be went through some stages;
 The first step was taken in the chamber where the name of the bill was introduced.
 In this step the serious debate was done regarding the act bill of that area where they
found to do some changes.

 After the changes done it would be discussed with all the members of the committee.
The members were look out the bill from starting till end, and the votes of the
members were decide whether the more amendments will like to do in the bill or not.
 Expedite opportunity is given to the members to examine and do changes in the bill.
 And the final times vote will plan to do the amendments in the fifth steps to pass the
bill.
 If any changes has been made by the House of Lords, it has been sent to the House of
Commons to agree on that changes made(Walker,2018). The Commons may accept
the changes or make it own or the commons may reject it. If the House of the
Commons wants any changes the bill has bee sent to the Lords and this process may
repeat.
 At final stage when both the Houses were agree at some point on the bill then the bill
has been sent to the Monarch for the act Royal assent and then the bill becomes Law
or it becomes the “Act of the Parliament”.
The meaning and examples of Delegated Legislation act
There is popular maxim in Latin “Delegata potestas non potest delegari” which means
that “ The powers which got delegated it will not be delegated ahead”. Delegation generally
mean to distribute (Waldron, 2018) . The term was published by the Black's law dictionary
in a meaning that, permit the person to carry out the work on the assistance of that person
who allot the power or to perform as his assistant or his member.
(I) Explain and give the features of one of the following laws:
Employment Law
Statutory Duties of Employers to their employees
There are three main sources of UK employment law;
(1) Common law – it is particularly the law of the contract between the employer and the
employee and the law of tort administer it matter for example; an employer is liable for the
actions of his employee.
(2) Statute – From the late 1970s there is a climatic up gradation in the UK employment act.

(3) European Law – It comes into the existence when the UK domestic law got failed to the
appliance,
Wrongful Dismissal and Unfair Dismissal Actions
The employers must have a valid reason to dismiss the employees on the basis of the
conduct, redundancy, statutory illegality, and some other valid reasons, and the process to
dismiss the employees should be fair and legal. If the proper procedure was not followed then
the employees have the right to claim.
Contract law
(a) The difference between Offer and Invitation to treat.
An offer is determined as a stated desire from one part of the contract who is making a
proposal to another partner, accepting the offer. the contract will be legally binding when the
essential components of the offer will be availed, whereas an invitation to offer is inviting a
person to make an offer. in the regulating clauses of the contract, the partner will be
prescribing the objectives, schedules, and considerations. The terms and other subject matter
will be dictated in the agreement, offer, and acceptance being two sides of a coin are held
together. The impact of this proposition can not be acknowledged whether the condition has
not been fulfilled. for instance, the client requires the partner of the contract will suppose to
have a specific legal binding mechanism. and on the contrary, to it Invitation to treat, id
differed from the offer invites the party to make an offer upfront and it is not necessary to be
legally obligated, auction bidding is the exact example to understand the difference.
(b) Consideration and the respective rules.
It is the cost given in return for the exchange of goods and services under a contract or
a respective promise between the promisee and the promisor, leading to doing or not
to something in that subsequent exchange, the consideration which is determined
provided on the grounds of the agreement is in relation to the monetary manner, the
value which will be given make the contract makes it legally obligatory. on the
account of executory consideration, one party is limited by the agreement by
promising to follow through with something or to avoid something.
Supporting case- Currie v Misa

( c ) Postal Rule in contract law.
It involves the contract made by post, which states An offer that is made by post or
letter will be not considered to be constructive until it is received by the offeree. The
special case for this standard of postal rule, where the post is some sort of mentioning
correspondence between the gatherings or where it is a proper and acknowledged
method for communicating between the contractual parties, the accede will be implied
done after their letter of acceptance.
(d) The impact of Contract Law on Business.
The lawful implementation of the agreements is the crucial mechanism to help in the
making, management, and contractual obligations of the organizations, the contracts
which are made in the division of varied businesses state imperative safeguards that
will be certain in the operating systematic techniques for company’s administration, it
will eventually decrease the threat for breaching of obligation or liabilities which will
arise between employers and employees, stakeholders and directors and funding
authorities and boards of directors.
Law of Torts
(a) Duty of Care in Tort of Negligence
In the recent stipulated laws, for amounting to a claim in negligence or for a breach of
the legal obligation of a contract includes a norm of care to prevail there, The
defendant and the claimant must be in a recognized legal binding relationship with
each other, the duty of care and the afterward the claim will be determined by the
judicial principles by a court of law. Breach of duty is the prerequisite of the law of
negligence, in the authorized affirmative one party that has not fulfilled the duty of
the contract or outraged the terms of the agreement, an act of failing to do something
which eventually results in the breach of contract in which the claimant will suffer the
loss and later reimbursed by damages.
(b) Causation in the Tort of Negligence.

Causation, in the meaning of tort law, prescribes the relationship of cause and effect
between the occurrence of the event or the action of the consequence. an act or the
process of an action that will bring about an effect, in the case of a personal injury
case, there should be an establishment of the cause, the point proving beyond
reasonable doubt that the defendant to be carried out negligent is not enough cause.
The causation of tort law is scattered into two parts; Actual Cause, which is caused in
fact, and Proximate Cause, which is what actually legally foreseeable by the partner
liable for the duty. the fundamental will be facilitated in the evaluation of damages in
the law of torts.
( c ) Vicarious Liability
In the United Kingdom regulations, the postulates of tort that will be an obtruding
vicarious liability, can be take into relation with the employment law, where the
arising of liabilities of the employer. The employer in an individual manner can be
held obligated for their conduct and their omission in the workplace or the
organization, there are three major components that are to be covered to establish
vicarious liability which will contemplate the relationship between the hiring manager
and the hired hand, the act must be done in the course of employment and there must
be confirmed act of negligence under tort law.
Conclusion
So, it is considered that the UK has a constitutional Monarchy which means, that the Head of
the State is the Monarch and not the President. All the bills and the law is passed by the two
houses of the parliament I.e the House of Lords and the House of commons. The members of
the House of Commons are directly elected by the people of the UK and the Prime Minister
of the State is also a member of the House of Commons.

References
Bai, J., Fairhurst, D. and Serfling, M., 2020. Employment protection, investment, and firm
growth. The Review of Financial Studies, 33(2), pp.644-688.
Chalkidis, I. and Kampas, D., 2019. Deep learning in law: early adaptation and legal word
embeddings trained on large corpora. Artificial Intelligence and Law, 27(2), pp.171-
198.
Cowie, G., 2022. The power to make laws for Scotland: The'Treaty Incorporation Bills
Reference'. PUBLIC LAW, (2), pp.189-199.
Guerin, L. and Barreiro, S., 2019. The essential guide to federal employment laws. Nolo.
Schofield-Georgeson, E. and Rawling, M., 2020. Industrial legislation in Australia in
2019. Journal of Industrial Relations, 62(3), pp.425-445.
Vavzhenchuk, S.Y., 2020. To the Issue of Classification of Contracts into Consensual and
Real Contracts. Probs. Legality, 148, p.45.
Waldron, J., 2018. Legislation and moral neutrality. In Liberal neutrality (pp. 69-91).
Routledge.
Walker, C., 2018. 6 Foreign Terrorist Fighters and UK Counter Terrorism Laws. In The Asian
Yearbook of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law (pp. 177-204). Brill Nijhoff.