LC561: Exploring Race, Ethnicity, and Migration in the UK Context

This report delves into the intricate relationship between race, ethnicity, and migration, focusing primarily on the UK context. It explores the drivers of immigration, including economic, socio-political, and environmental factors, and analyzes the patterns of human migration flows in relation to the UK and Europe. A significant portion of the report is dedicated to the Windrush case, highlighting the challenges faced by individuals who migrated from Caribbean countries between 1948 and 1971. Furthermore, the report discusses the push and pull factors that influence migration decisions and addresses the controversial aspects of migration, such as its perceived impact on public services and employment. The report concludes by emphasizing the need for effective policies to manage migration and promote social inclusion. Desklib offers a wide array of resources, including past papers and solved assignments, to support students in their academic endeavors.

LC561: RACE ETHNICITY
AND MIGRATION
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INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11
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INTRODUCTION
Migration is defined as a moving of individual or group to different continent, state and
country. There are two types of migration which include internal and external migration. There
are number of caused of migration which led people of group to move (Anderson, 2017). These
elements or factors include job, shelter, economic reasons and more. In this, report the concept of
migration is being discussed along with the causes of significant increase in migration in UK.
Report also discusses the case study evaluation of, The Windrush case along with the reason
behind migration. Report also includes different types of push and pull factors which is playing
major role in migration.
MAIN BODY
Human migration
It has been evaluated that, human migration is mainly defined as permanent change in the
residence by group or an individual. However, it has been underlined that it basically excludes
movements like tourism, nomadism, commuting and migrant labour. In addition to this, it has
been evaluated that migrant basically segregated into different categories that include
international and internal migrant. Furthermore, as per the analysis it has been evaluated that
migrant is mainly a global phenomenon which is basically caused due to social, economic,
health, transportation, environmental, cultural and education factors. Mentioned below there are
some certain forms of divers of immigrations.
Drivers of immigrations
Individuals migrate from their nation of origin for a few reasons, however monetary
conditions at home are believed to be the main single explanation. In a new report, for instance,
it has been evaluated that the economic "push" factors have been behind the distinctions been
observed in the migration flow among EU nations in recent years (Andrews, 2020). These fuse
factors, for instance, work financial circumstances in Eastern Europe countries between the
finish of World War II and the mid-1990s and, even more lately, further degree of joblessness in
Southern Europe countries in the wake of the overall worldwide emergency.
Causes and patterns of human migration flows in relation to the UK, Europe and elsewhere
It has been determined that conventional economic theory mainly stated that that the
significant impact of movement on the labour market is probably going to rely upon various
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components: the abilities blend of the migrant inflows contrasted and that of the local populace;
and the qualities of the have country including the adaptability of both work and capital and the
capacity of the work and item markets to change in the short and longer term. Furthermore, it has
been stated that economic theory basically underlined that immigration surplus coming about
because of the inflow of work, as the "acquire in public pay accumulating to locals because of
movement". At the point when (business related) movement happens, adjusting the abilities
creation of the work market, monetary hypothesis predicts that public pay. This is except if the
stockpile of transients changes the abilities creation to such an extent that it coordinates with the
ability’s creation requested (How immigration became Britain’s most toxic political issue. 2019).
will increment. This ascent in public pay is circulated between migrants (who get wages) and a
few locals (who get higher wages and extra pay from variables of creation, including physical
and human resources). Locals may likewise advantage from a more extensive assortment of
labour and products and lower merchandise costs. In addition to this, it has been evaluated that,
as per the analysis of the reports of, The Migration Advisory Committee (2012) investigation is
both the latest and ostensibly quite possibly the most wide-going investigations of the migration
impact of UK work market results, looking as it does over times of high and low movement,
monetary upswings and slumps, and across both EU and non-EU relocation and for distinctive
expertise gatherings (Castañeda, E. ed., 2017). It probably distinguished a negative and
measurably huge uprooting impact for non-EU migrants somewhere in the range of 1995 and
2010.
Thus, it has been underlined that, The UK has encountered undeniable degrees of net
migration since the last part of the 1990s. In addition to this, it has been evaluated that non-EU
migrants’ inflows rose significantly in the last part of the 1990s, while EU transient inflows rose
pointedly after 2004 after the broadening of the EU. Net movement crested in 2010 and from that
point forward has fallen back, yet remains generally high in chronicled terms.
An issue related to Race and Migration that took place between (1955–2018) try to discuss this
matter within a 5 year period highlighting the major events and landmarks of the issue
The Windrush Case
It has been evaluated that, individuals showing up in the UK somewhere in the range of
1948 and 1971 from Caribbean nations have been named the Windrush age. It alludes to the boat
MV Empire Windrush, which moored in Tilbury on 22 June 1948, bringing laborers from
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Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago and different islands, to assist with filling post-war UK work
deficiencies. However, as per the case study analysis of The Windrush case it has been evaluated
that the number of individuals have a place with the Windrush age, yet they are believed to be in
their thousands. They are among in excess of 500,000 UK occupants who were brought into the
world in a Commonwealth country and showed up before 1971, as indicated by University of
Oxford gauges. The inundation finished with the 1971 Immigration Act, when Commonwealth
residents previously living in the UK were given endless leave to remain. The individuals who
needed records were advised they required proof to keep working, get NHS treatment, or even to
stay in the UK. Changes to migration law by progressive governments left individuals
unfortunate about their status. An audit of recorded cases found that no less than 83 people who
had shown up before 1973 had been taken out from the country. Then, at that point Theresa May
(previous executive) apologized for their treatment. A solicitation was announced and a
compensation scheme set up. The solicitation, which conveyed its report in March 2020, said
that the shame was "unsurprising and avoidable". Its report censured "a culture of uncertainty
and wildness" in the Home Office. Besides, it has been underlined that, around 15,000 cases are
depended upon to be properly logged, worth a normal £200m, before the April 2023 application
cutoff time (De Vries and Guild, 2019). An alternate taskforce was set up to give individuals
right documentation, with more than 12,000 getting it or citizenship since April 2018. Besides, it
has been resolved that, Windrush Day is regarded on 22 June, the first being seen in 2018. The
lead-up to the event is separate with introductions, church get-togethers and social events.
The push and pull factors are part of migration theories that help explain migration patterns.
According to the analysis it has been evaluated that, push factors act as primary reasons
that lead individuals to leave a country. While on the other hand if it is talked about pull factors
these are the reason individuals mainly move to a particular country. There are three major push
and pull factors that are being defined below:
Socio political factors:
It has been evaluated that migration due to individual identity, religion, race,
governmental issues or culture can push individuals to leave their country. A principal thought is
war, battle, government misuse or there being an immense risk of them. Those getting away from
prepared battle, normal opportunities encroachment or misuse will undoubtedly be useful
outsiders. This will impact where they settle as specific countries have more liberal approaches
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to manage philanthropic exiles than others. In the essential model, these individuals are likely
going to move to the nearest ensured country that recognizes cover searchers. Lately, individuals
have been escaping to Europe in enormous numbers from struggle, dread and oppression at
home. Of the 295,800 refuge, searchers allowed assurance status in the EU in 2019, over a
quarter came from war-torn Syria, with Afghanistan and Iraq in second and third spot
individually.
Demographic and economic factors:
As per the analysis it has been evaluated that, demographic changes mainly play essential
role in determining the manner in which individuals migrate and move. A developing or
contracting, maturing or young populace affects monetary development and work open doors in
the nations of beginning or relocation arrangements within the destination nations. In addition to
this, it has been evaluated that, economic as well as demographic is mainly determined as labour
principles, joblessness and the general soundness of a nation's economy. Furthermore, this has
been evaluated that, pull factors incorporate higher wages, better work openings, a better quality
of living and instructive freedoms (Dennison and Geddes, 2019). However, it has been
determined that if economic situations are not favourable and states to be in danger of declining
further, a more noteworthy number of people will presumably move to nations with a superior
standpoint. As indicated by the UN International Labour Organization, transient specialists -
characterized as individuals who relocate with the end goal of being utilized - remained at
around 164 million worldwide in 2017 and addressed almost 66% of global migrants. Practically
70% were found in big league salary nations, 18.6% in upper centre pay nations, 10.1% in lower
centre pay nations and 3.4% in low-pay nations.
Environmental factors:
In terms with environment, it has been evaluated that, it has consistently been key driver of
migration, as individuals escape catastrophic events, like floods, tropical storms and earth
quakes. In any case, environmental change is relied upon to worsen outrageous climate
occasions, which means more individuals could be progressing. As indicated by the International
Organization for Migration, it has been evaluated that, environmental migrants are the
individuals who for reason of unexpected or reformist changes in the environment that
antagonistically influence their daily routines or experiencing conditions, are obliged to leave
their ongoing homes, either for a brief time or forever, and who move either inside their nation or
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abroad." It is difficult to appraise the number of environmental migrants there are around the
world because of variables like populace development, destitution, administration, human
security and struggle, which have an effect. Evaluations fluctuate from 25 million to one billion
continuously 2050.
A discussion of how and why migration/ethnicity/’race’ are regarded as controversial subjects.
It has been evaluated that, there is a significant increase in the scale of migration in
national as well as global context. According to the reports of UN, it has been evaluated that
overall number of individuals has been dramatically increase those who are mainly living outside
of their own country. It has been determined that the migration are mainly regarded as
controversial subjects as it has been determined that migrants basically take out more from the
economy as they actually put in (Ellermann, 2020). Furthermore, it has been evaluated that major
consequences or negative impact of migrations according to some controversy’s states that,
shortage of basic resources for example health care and housing is due to migration. In addition
to this, it has been underlined that, expansions in the size of global relocation have been met by
developing worries about the ramifications for public help arrangement and for the accessibility
of fundamental assets like lodging and medical services. Some have contended that movement is
a danger to the presence of the government assistance state and which is basically
environmentally unsustainable. Along with this, it has been stated that migration is coming up as
controversial subject as it has been determined that economic migrants are drastically making
significant increase in the overall level of unemployment which is leading towards decrease in
the earning of British workers. As, it has been stated that, in the UK also there is some proof that
migration has put descending tension on the wages of the most inadequately paid local laborers,
supporting the requirement for enactment to expand the lowest pay permitted by law levels and
preparing to up-expertise the current labour force. Thus, it has been stated that migration is
having significant impact upon UK which is wide-ranging and complex. Along with this, it is
also affecting cultural, economic and social aspects of life within the United Kingdom. For over
30 years, the UK has been at the front line of a neoliberal financial globalization that liberated
business sectors and pared back the state –developing the worldwide monetary imbalances that
produce work migration. In the UK, neighborhood producing based economies that upheld whole
networks were closed down or dispatched out. Across the worldwide south, primary change
programs forced by the west as credit conditions were falling public economies. When Labor
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came to control in 1997, papers were regularly scaremongering about the fresh introductions:
that year the Daily Mail ran an anecdote about a "surge of counterfeit shelter searchers
overwhelming Dover" while the Independent cautioned: "Vagabonds attack Dover expecting a
freebee." The real numbers were small. There were 32,500 in general shelter claims in 1997,
with 81% rejected haven. In the decade to 2000, the UK acknowledged 1.9% of shelter claims
from Sri Lanka; in France that figure was 73.6%.
Thus, according to the analysis it has been evaluated that, the results of irregular migration
are critical, both for society and for migrants. At the point when it happens on a critical scale,
and gets a lot of media consideration, unpredictable movement can challenge society's social and
monetary frameworks of administration and subvert its lawful request. It likewise sabotages
public trust in movement and shelter arrangements. Irregular migrants themselves might be in
danger of abuse and unfit to utilize their abilities and experience (Heller and Pécoud, 2020). A
few nations have set up regularization programs with an end goal to manage the most noticeably
awful parts of unpredictable movement. Such projects offer legitimate status to sporadic
transients, who have been utilized in a country for huge timeframes. Over the most recent five
years alone, plans in Greece, Spain, Italy, France and Portugal have brought about more than
1,000,000 migrants becoming regularized. However, it has been evaluated that no such form of
scheme has been undertaken by United Kingdom yet.
The theory of citizenship and identity and how migration may be considered a threat to national
identity or how the media may frame it in such a manner
It has been evaluated that; a citizen is mainly defined as a member of political community who
effectively have rights as well as duly assumes duties of membership. The idea of citizenship is
made out of three principal components or measurements. The first is citizenship as lawful
status, characterized by common, political and social rights. Here, the resident is the lawful
individual allowed to act as per the law and reserving the privilege to guarantee the law's
insurance. It need not imply that the resident partakes in the law's definition, nor does it
necessitate those rights be uniform between residents. The second considers citizen explicitly as
political specialists, effectively partaking in a general public's political organizations (Lee-
Browne, 2020). The third alludes to citizenship as enrolment in a political local area that outfits
an unmistakable wellspring of personality. Furthermore, this has been evaluated that, citizenship
for Marshall is a status presented on the individuals who are full individuals from a local area.
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The people who have this status are identical concerning the rights and commitments that go
with it. Moreover, Marshall altogether segments citizenship into three areas that incorporate
common, political and social. In early events, these three segments of citizenship were merged,
due to the foundations being interlaced. Marshall continues to follow the recorded background of
citizenship by thinking of it as a pattern of blend and separation, where the mix was geographical
and segment utilitarian (Wardle and Obermuller, 2018). Marshall expresses that the
improvement of each part to a century-social equity to the eighteenth century, political to the
nineteenth and social to the twentieth century. In this, it has been expressed that, the common
component, is essentially made out of the rights key for particular freedom, like individual
opportunity, the option to talk uninhibitedly of talk, right to guarantee property, chance of
thought, etc the foundations most clearly associated with social freedoms are the authority courts
(Romero, 2017). It similarly consolidates the alternative to work, that is to follow one's favored
control, something that was denied by the two principles and customs. Also, the social equality
were essentially showed up in the eighteenth century. In its formative period, it was a reformist
extension of new rights to a status that by and large existed. With normal citizenship, law and
correspondence were guaranteed to get the opportunity of people, whether or not it was destined
for success to work, right to move uninhibitedly, etc Common citizenship arranged to move
towards political citizenship. The political segment essentially infers the alternative to participate
in the movement of political power, as a person from a body contributed with political position
or as a citizen of the people from such a body., where the contrasting associations are parliament
and boards of trustees of neighbourhood government. The political part displayed in the
nineteenth century when the social correspondence attached to the circumstance with a
promising circumstance was by then at the focal point of a general considered citizenship.
Political citizenship was expected to permit the old rights to new spaces of society. General
tribute signified the beginning of political citizenship to individuals, regardless, Marshall
confirmed that political foundation was not one of the advantages of citizenship but instead
actually a benefit of the confined monetary class. The social segment expects to have the choice
to live in an overall population as a refined being, according to the transcendent rules in the
public eye with money related government help and security aside to share to the full in the
social heritage. The establishments of the informational structure and the social organizations
most immovably connected with it. The social segment of citizenship made entry much later and
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was at first sourced in the enrolment of nearby organizations and reasonable affiliations. This
source was improved by a game plan of pay rule that was comprehensively envisioned and
secretly oversaw. Thus Marshall went into the area of survey citizenship according to the social
class perspective. With the changing thought of free undertaking, the possibility of citizenship
moreover changed, to a more tangled variation. The changing economy carried fresher regions to
control the industrialists were at present more amazing than the property supervisors that savored
the experience of benefit in the crude structure. The new classes that rose to control by and by
mentioned more rights, and subsequently they moved towards democratization to get their
benefit, especially that of social occasion of property along these lines called correspondence.
The as of late created considered citizenship was as of now expected to get people in power, the
normal class whose point was to widen the industrialist market economy and the citizenship
rights ought to move the cooperation. Regardless, the archaic class that as of late liked power
were by and by left abandoned. A couple of rights were yielded to the normal specialists, like
that of political foundation, through various socialist turns of events.
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It has been evaluated that migration can be duly considered as threat to national identity, as
this has been stated that the significant impact of migration on the UK are mind boggling and
wide-going, influencing monetary, social and social parts of life in the UK. This proof does not
duly review any of the social or social perspectives (Rzepnikowska, 2019). It centres barely
around one of the potential financial impacts, the effect on the work of existing UK inhabitants.
In educating government on the probable effect regarding changes to movement strategy on the
business results of UK laborers, government examiners are required to take a view, but one that
mirrors the range of potential effects. Evaluating the effect of relocation on the business results
of UK laborers is a immensely testing scientific issue. It is hard to disconnect the impacts of
relocation from different elements that all the while influence work market results. Regardless of
whether one is sure that the impact of relocation has been segregated, it is difficult no doubt that
what is estimated is a causal gauge of the effect of movement on work market results, and not the
opposite. Besides, evaluating total public effects may veil impacts that change uniquely across
areas. Subsequently, restrictions in information and examination techniques, along with the
probability that the impacts of relocation change across time and location imply that reviews
contrast in their decisions. This builds the test of arriving at an agreement see based on the proof,
there will for the most part be clashing feelings. It has been determined that migration is
negatively impacting United Kingdom employment outcomes (Van Gunsteren, 2018). This is the
major challenging analytical issue which is acting as the major factor of migration which is
causing threat to national identity.
CONCLUSION
According to the above-mentioned report it has been evaluated that there are number of
factors which is causing migration. In this, it is essential to significantly overcome this issue with
the help of effective strategies and schemes, as this report include certain analysis that states that
migration is causing negative impact in number of ways. As per the analysis it has been
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recommended to UK to undertake use of schemes. They are also recommended to promote
stability and make emphasise upon reducing the drivers that force migration.
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