Health and Disease in Communities: An Epidemiological Analysis

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CONTENTS
CONTENTS...................................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................1
TASK 1.........................................................................................................................................................2
1.1 Explain the roles of different agencies in identifying levels of health and disease in
communities...........................................................................................................................................2
1.2 Explain, using statistical data, the epidemiology of one infectious and one non-infectious disease
that is widespread in their own country................................................................................................3
1.3 Evaluate the effectiveness of different approaches and strategies to control the incidence of
disease in communities..........................................................................................................................6
TASK 2.........................................................................................................................................................7
2.1 Use relevant research to determine current priorities and approaches to the provision of
services for people with disease or illness.............................................................................................7
2.2 Explain the relationship between the prevalence of disease and requirements of services to
support individuals within the health and social care service provision...............................................8
2.3 Analyze the impact of current lifestyle choices on future needs for health and social care
services....................................................................................................................................................9
TASK 3.......................................................................................................................................................10
3.1 Assess the health and wellbeing priorities for individuals in a particular health or social care
setting....................................................................................................................................................10
3.2 Evaluate the effectiveness of strategies, systems and policies in a health or social care setting. 11
3.3 Discuss changes that could be made to improve the health and wellbeing of individuals in a
health or social care setting..................................................................................................................12
3.4 Evaluate an activity that has been implemented to encourage behavior change for maximizing
health for individuals in a health or social care setting........................................................................12
CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................................14
INTRODUCTION
Public health is defined by (Acheson,1988) as a discipline procedure that address
health at a population level, in this assignment I would focus on three different
agencies, approaches, and strategies that is used to measure, monitor and control
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health within the health care global. I would be addressing the factors that
influencing health and welling of individuals within the health and social care
setting. This assignment focusses on the role of public health in the health and
social care sector. It also helps in analyzing the different strategies and legislations
available and also helps in thinking effective ways of elevating the standard of
healthcare in health and social care field.
TASK 1
Role of agencies in identifying disease in a community
Multiple agencies work to identify disease so that proper action can be taken to prevent the disease
from spreading. There are 3 main agencies that help in identifying and preventing diseases by
spreading awareness about the disease among people and communities. The first organisation is
world health organisation which works internationally protecting people and preventing disease
worldwide. The second agencies are at national level which aims to identify and prevent disease and
make their nation free of harmful disease. The third category includes local authorities that support
the aim of national authorities by managing diseases at local level and thus preventing people from
harmful disease by spreading awareness of disease at local level.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION (WHO): it is an international organisation
for health established on April 7 1948. The aim of the organisation is to set
guidelines and norms for the national authorities all across the world to be
followed to improve health of every person in this world. Example, every
substance that has some harmful effect on health is being sold with tags on
packets reminding of its harmful effects like in the case of tobacco, this norm is
to be implemented everywhere in world as it is the right of every person to be
informed, and the step by WHO gives them the right and to choose health. It
helps to set rules and guidelines of every nation that is to be followed to respect
rights of every individual in this world.
Public health England (P H E): it is a national level agency in England which
helps to provide effective services and sets guidelines to be followed by every
local hospital to maintain health in the nation.it helps to promote health and
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wellbeing in nation by reducing spread of harmful diseases. This is done by
collecting data of different population and analysing the prevalence rate of
different diseases in different communities. This helps the agency to set a goal
to eradicate disease from a community by spreading awareness, asking people
to take preventive measures, by providing health services to every individual.
This helps the agency to bring down prevalence rate and protect people of the
nation from harmful diseases and promote health.
LOCAL AUTHORITIES: these authorities work at local level like the local
hospitals and health centres, they work following the guidelines given by
national authority. Their work is also regulated by national authorities who help
to improve services at local level. Their work is to provide effective services to
the patients and also spread awareness through broachers and charts at
hospitals and through service providers. They are also required to motivate
people to take preventive measures against harmful diseases and help them to
promote health (Gov. UK, 2018).
1.2 epidemiology of infectious and non-infectious diseases
Epidemiology of disease refers to description of rates of prevalence of disease in a particular area or
community. It collects data from different communities which is analysed to see prevalence rate and
causes of disease. It allows identification of community where a particular disease prevails and thus
making it easier for national and local authorities to take appropriate measures to resolve the issue.
Epidemiology of both infectious and non-infectious diseases is done to eradicate or reduce their
incidences in a community.
Infectious diseases: these are the diseases that are caused due to transfer
of microbes or other pathogens resulting in rapid spread of the disease.
Different infectious diseases are transferred in different ways like droplet
infection, through body fluids, by sharing towels, clothes etc. They can also be
transferred through different organisms like insects, worms etc. (Mayo Clinic
2018).
Side effects and signs relying upon the life form causing the disease. It is
exceptionally normal the individual feels fever and exhaustion, gentle
contamination may react with home cures and rest, others disease may
require hospitalization. Numerous contamination sicknesses can be avoided
by antibodies and careful hand-washing can likewise shield from most
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irresistible maladies. A portion of that irresistible infection are HIV, MRSA et
cetera
Non-infectious disease is an infection that are not infectious, because they
cannot be passed from individual to individual. Be that as it may, ailment can
be caused by different components, for example, way of life practices,
hereditary qualities and condition, which keep going for extensive stretches of
time and advancement gradually (Study.com 2003-2018). Some of non-
irresistible illness are: tumor, diabetes, et cetera.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), is a retrovirus that happens as two
sorts: HIV-1 and HIV-2. Both compose are transmitted through direct contact
with HIV-contaminated body liquids, for example, genital discharges, semen, a
HIV-tainted mother to her child within pregnancy, blood, birth or breastfeeding
through bosom drain (N I H 2018). 36.7 million individuals live with HIV/AIDS
far and wide toward the finish of 2016, 2.1 million were.
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Incidence rates are defined as the sum of the person-time of the at-risk
population, it is also known as the incidence density rate or person-time incidence
rate. Using person-time rather than just time handles situations where the amount
of observation time differs between people, or when the population at risk varies
with time. As it is show above the diagram from 1982 to 1986 the incidence rate of
3000(Investopedia 2018).
Mortality rate defined by Collins (2018)” Is the number of deaths during a
particular period amour a particular type or group of people”. As it is show above
the diagram from 1982 to 2010 the mortality rate of 1000.
Prevalence rate is defined as the total number of cases of a disease existing in a
population of people who live with a disease (Department of health 2018), As it is
show in the diagram above from 1982 to 2010 the prevalence rate of 2000.
According to Avert (1986-2017) In the UK 2016, 96% of people diagnosed with H I V
were receiving injection drug ART antiretroviral treatment.
Diabetes compose type two is an ailment non-infectious, that happens in the
body that reason blood glucose or likewise called glucose, is the point at
which the levels turn out to be too high. This happened claiming the pancreas
can't make enough Insulin, to enable glucose to persuade into cells to be
utilized for vitality (British diabetic association 2018). A cording to World
Health Organization (WHO) The quantity of individuals with diabetes in all
locales of the world is 422 million grown-ups (or 8.5% of the populace)
(Nations, 2018). Just about 3.8 million individuals have been determined to
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have diabetes in England, matured more than 16 had diabetes in 2015,
around 9% the grown-up's populace, roughly 90% of the cases are type 2
(GOV.UK, 2018).
Men's are more typical to create diabetes (9.6% contrasted and 7.6% ladies)
(GOV, 2018). There are a few reasons for sort 2 diabetes, can be hereditary
qualities and additionally way of life.
Prevalence 2016 - 2017
England 3,116,399
Northern Ireland 92,480
Scotland 289,040
Wales 191,590
UK 3,689,509
1.3 Evaluate the effectiveness of different approaches and
strategies to control the incidence of disease in communities
Define Surveillance -Ongoing systematise collection analysis and interpretation
health data essential to the planning, implementation and evaluation of public
health practice closely integrated with the timely dissemination of their data to
those who need to know (London school of medicine 2009)
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Screening is the process of identifying healthy people who may have any
increased chance of a disease or condition, it provide the information that can
lead to further tests or treatment (OGL v3.0 2013-2018)
Immunisation is the process when by a person is made immune or resistant to
an infectious disease it is a proven tool to controlling and eliminating life
threatening infectious diseases, (2018 W H O)
TASK 2
2.1 Use relevant research to determine current priorities and
approaches to the provision of services for people with disease
or illness
There are some diseases which should be prioritize over others. Simple reason behind this is that those
diseases are more harmful than the other ones. Some of the diseases that should be prioritize are
diabetes, cancer, CVC, etc. To control the spread of these diseases and to prevent harm, these should be
prioritized over others. The prevention of these can be done in the following steps: -
Primary Prevention: - prevention that is taken as the first step against the disease is called primary
prevention. By educating the population about the disease and how it is harmful and its causes. Two
programs aiming towards prevention of HIV in the UK are CHAPS and NAHIP. NAHIP was introduced for
the African people living in England. It promoted the use of contraceptives and safe sex among the
African communities (Brown et al, 2013). The main HIV prevention program specifically for gays was
CHAPS. The program focused on measures that can be used while having intercourse.
Secondary Prevention: - the screening and detection of the pathogens that are carrying the disease is
done in this second step. For example, if a woman is carrying HIV virus, she will be treated so that the
baby she bears does not have the disease. Some diseases like HIV can only be treated over the lifetime
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of the person. In the United Kingdom, post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is used to treat HIV within 72hrs
of infection (Prost et al, 2008). This medication technique is provided by many genitourinary clinics.
Tertiary Prevention: - patients who are suffering from chronic diseases are taken care of in this third step
of prevention. Patients with chronic diseases don’t just need medical attention but also emotional
support and not just the patient but also the family. This is called Palliative care. In this third step, the
patient is given medical and emotional care along with the family. Though emotional care does not cure
the disease, it just gives the patient strength to fight the disease. It also provides relief from the illness.
In UK the government organization NHS has put in a lot of investment in training and development of
the palliative care centers so that the service can be provides to a lot of people and the service that is
provided is up to the mark.
2.2 Explain the relationship between the prevalence of disease
and requirements of services to support individuals within the
health and social care service provision
Prevalence of a disease gives us the proportion of people that are suffering from the disease as
compared to all those who were taken into study. This proportion gives us the information as to how
deep the disease has penetrated in the population. All this information can then be used to map out the
plan to tackle the problem. Prevalence rates help individuals in health and care settings to identify the
health needs of people. Individuals with the help of tools can then develop programs that can be used
for the prevention of the disease. Other epidemiological tools provide data regarding the reach of the
disease in a particular area. This information about the reach of the disease can then be used to
formulate a preventive measure for the future for that region (Oleske, D. ed., 2001). Data regarding the
spread of the disease should also be collected as it helps to identify the starting point of it. People can
then be informed about how a particular disease spreads and therefore how the population should take
care of it. This can prevent them from getting the disease. Already collected data can also be very useful.
Prior knowledge of the cause and effect of the disease can help in allocation of resources. Tasks and
resources can then be prioritized accordingly. The data previously available will help identify population
which is at higher risk of getting the disease. This data can then be used to relocate resources from a
region with less risk to a region with more risk. For example, if a particular region is found to be more
vulnerable to a disease which spreads at contact, then more resources can be supplied to that particular
region for the early prevention of that disease. The root causes of the disease can also be identified from
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the data. This will help an individual working with health and social care service to prepare a program
that can help fight the root cause of the disease. For example, if an area does not get clean water and
the kids there are suffering from a water related disease, then proper filtration equipment should be
provided in households so that there is clean drinking water for everybody. The data about the
prevalence can also to use to find out if there are any patterns. These patterns should also be studied to
prepare a prevention program.
2.3 Analyze the impact of current lifestyle choices on future
needs for health and social care services
Prevention in diseases is the action to prevent the introduction of a disease into
areas where it does not already exist and improve the resistance of the infection
spreading when the diseases already exist in the population (CITE 2007).
Primary Prevention is aims to forestall injury and disease before it ever happens by
preventing any hazards that can prompt damage lead to disease and injury by
taking step and measures in conditions, cultural, social behavioral, environment and
the stilly of living. Educating about safe propensities and healthy life immunization
against irresistible diseases, legislation put in place in an organization to control the
use of hazardous product or healthy practices. Primary prevention can help
emphatically way with those contamination disease, it can help to prevent those
disease that can be pass by sexual transmission ,educations people particularly
youngsters additionally immunization to avoid infections that can be destructive to
health and prompt the advancement of other sickness, However this can’t help
non-infectious diseases, since they are illnesses that cannot be passed from
individual to another and are infected by different factors for example, genetics and
qualities way of life practice.
Secondary Prevention aims to reduce the impact of disease or injury that has
already occurred. This is done by detecting and treating the disease as soon as
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possible to halt or slow its progress encouraging personal strategies to prevent or
recurrence and implementing programs to return people to their original health, to
prevent long-term problems by regular exams and screening to detect disease, (I W
H,2015). People with non-infection diseases can be favorable specially ,one with
genetic disease can be, because help to get them a satisficed treatment ,also it
identify if their kids can be a risk from the same disease, this additionally applies to
those ladies who has cancer history from the family and can get a mammograms to
detect any irregularities ,However this is an disadvantage for the individuals who
has an infection disease, because it does not make an prevention action to avoid
basic viruses since they help phases of chronic disease in its first stage.
Tertiary Prevention aims to reduce the impact of an ongoing disease that has
lasting effects, if people with the disease improve they life stilly the symptoms of
the disease can reduce, (I W H,2015). This is to improve as much as possible, their
life stilly expectancy those with complex disease like diabetes. Additionally, there is
support group to share procedures for living well and rehabilitation program to
assist them with recovering, however much as possible to retrain workers for new
jobs, this applies to non-infection disease, because help individuals who already
have the disease in order to get support programs and to incorporate them to the
society in order to live a good quality of life without segregation.
TASK 3
3.1 Assess the health and wellbeing priorities for individuals in
a particular health or social care setting
The health and wellbeing of the individuals in health and social care setting is very important. The health
of clients in health and social care sector is the most important thing. There are many agencies which
prescribes many legislations to safeguard the patients in health and social care settings. These agencies
aid the patients in many ways by safeguarding their rights and helping in their treatment. Wellbeing of a
person is not only the physical wellbeing but it also refers to the overall wellbeing of the person. Overall
health and wellbeing of a person should be the priority of the health and social care organizations as
well as the individuals themselves. The overall health of a person comprises of:
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Physical health: physical health of an individual is very necessary to lead a good life. To achieve good
physical health, a person must make certain lifestyle changes which allows them to be a physically
healthier version of themselves. These lifestyle changes include less smoking and drinking as smoking
and drinking can be fatal to an individual. Smoking and drinking can damage the internal organs of an
individual and it is a habit that is deadly to diabetic patients or patients with cardiovascular diseases.
Apart from these toxic habits, one should exercise and always keep their body active as this would help
the body strengthen and thus promote an individual towards good physical health. An individual should
also go for regular checkups regarding multiple diseases as early detection of any disease can aid the
person in their treatment. There are many check- up camps set up by the governmental agencies that
promote the individuals towards going for check- ups, which has reduced the number of deaths by
particular diseases.
Mental health: apart from physical health, a person must be mentally stable and healthy too. A
psychologically fit person can motivate themselves to achieve overall wellbeing. To boost the
psychological health of individuals and to remove the stigma over mental health issues, the
organizations in health and social care sector should hire counsellors and therapists to aid the
individuals in their treatment (Phelan et al, 2001). A person who undergoes treatment for various
diseases tend to go under depression and lose hope. This unmotivated and depressive state can also
hinder the physical treatment of the patient and their will to live. However, motivation and support
from other people can aid a person and thus increase the chances of success in their treatment.
Social health: mental and physical health are two important sectors for health of an individual. However,
without social health, the total wellbeing of an individual is incomplete. Social health of a person
involves the wellbeing or health of a person in their social life (Wilkinson et al, 2003). The people around
an individual are a source of major support for them and thus aid from them can help a person achieve
overall wellbeing and health.
3.2 Evaluate the effectiveness of strategies, systems and
policies in a health or social care setting
There are many external as well as internal agencies in UK which lays down various strategies and
legislations which effectively upgrades the quality of health care provided to individuals in health and
social care organizations. The strategies that are implemented by these agencies help the individuals
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achieve good quality of healthcare. The social care services in UK work for the benefit of the people
providing the information regarding seeking of healthcare as well as provide facilities for the individuals.
Healthcare facilities that are free of cost has also upgraded the quality of life in UK as more people are
aware of certain diseases and are seeking treatment for them. The care homes in UK are one of the
most efficient health and social care organizations (Hockley et al, 2010). They help the patients in normal
chores apart from the treatment offered for their conditions. The policies of the care home are in
accordance with the patients and thus this ensures the delivery of patient centered care to the
individuals. The policies of the care homes aid the patient achieve the care that they need and desire
and thus elevates the standard of healthcare in the country. The quality of healthcare is also kept in
check regularly. There are many agencies like CQC which conducts regular inspections of health and
social care organizations and thus ensures that the quality of healthcare that is provided to the people is
up to the standards set up by the external agencies like NHS, NICE etc. There are also various legislations
and acts that work towards patient empowerment and lowers the risks of patient in the field of health
and social care. The acts such as data protection act and equality act strengthens the position of the
patients in the field of health and social care (Act, E., 2010). These acts and the easier and efficient
procedures regarding registering a complaint, makes healthcare in UK an ideal center for achieving total
wellbeing.
3.3 Discuss changes that could be made to improve the health
and wellbeing of individuals in a health or social care setting
The strategies and legislations implemented by the bodies in health and social care setting elevates the
standard of healthcare provided but it also needs rectification and modification from time to time. The
changes that are made in the legislations should be in accordance with the demand of the people
seeking treatment. The complaints and suggestions of the service users should be taken under review
and the changes in the strategies should be aimed at patient satisfaction (Beardwood et al, 1999). The
wellbeing of the patients depends on the staff members and hence policies that increases the
enthusiasm and motivation of the staff members should be released. The staff that is hired should also
be well qualified and trained so that they can handle the patients effectively. The staff members should
also work as a team and promote a healthy and friendly environment for the clients. A significant
change in the improvement of wellbeing can be the introduction of awareness programs for various
diseases. The awareness programs would help people recognize the symptoms of the disease, which
might lead to an early detection.
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