Dissertation on the Effect of ULEZ on London's Private Hirer Drivers
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Thesis and Dissertation
AI Summary
This dissertation investigates the effects of London's Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ) on private hirer drivers, focusing on its impact on air pollution and the economic consequences for drivers. The study examines the background and implementation of ULEZ, including its standards, daily charges, and provisions for exemptions. It analyzes both the positive impacts, such as reduced traffic and decreased pollution, and the negative impacts, particularly on private vehicle drivers and potentially on the economy. The research employs primary data collection methods, including interviews with common people, to assess the public's perception and acceptance of ULEZ. The findings suggest that ULEZ has a positive outcome on controlling air pollution, with a majority of people welcoming it for the sake of better health and a better future, while also addressing the challenges faced by private hirer drivers. The dissertation concludes with recommendations for improving the implementation and mitigating the negative impacts of ULEZ.
Running head: EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note
EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note
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1EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
Acknowledgement
I am grateful to everyone who has helped me and encouraged me throughout this study. I would
like to express my heartiest appreciation to my supervisor ……………………. without whose
guidance, support and patience the dissertation would not be successful. My deepest thanks to all
members of the … [Mention your university/college name], both staff and students, whose
continuous and persistent support and guidance have made this study possible.
I would like to thank all the participants who have taken part in the study: students, teachers,
common people and Local Education Authorities, for their valuable time and effort given
throughout. Without their active involvement, this thesis would have been impossible. In this
regard, I must thank all of them, whose previously executed research work has helped me to
carry out this paper well.
Finally, I acknowledge my family and almighty God, for whom I was able to begin and complete
this study. You are always there for me whenever I need you; thank you.
Acknowledgement
I am grateful to everyone who has helped me and encouraged me throughout this study. I would
like to express my heartiest appreciation to my supervisor ……………………. without whose
guidance, support and patience the dissertation would not be successful. My deepest thanks to all
members of the … [Mention your university/college name], both staff and students, whose
continuous and persistent support and guidance have made this study possible.
I would like to thank all the participants who have taken part in the study: students, teachers,
common people and Local Education Authorities, for their valuable time and effort given
throughout. Without their active involvement, this thesis would have been impossible. In this
regard, I must thank all of them, whose previously executed research work has helped me to
carry out this paper well.
Finally, I acknowledge my family and almighty God, for whom I was able to begin and complete
this study. You are always there for me whenever I need you; thank you.
2EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
Abstract
This dissertation study examines the effect of the implementation of ULEZ in central
London on the private hirer drivers. It is well known that air pollution in London has increased at
an alarming rate in the last few years, as a result of which the entire population is suffering
tremendously for it. They are suffering from serious lung diseases, COPD, inhalation problem,
asthma among others. Though previously Government has tried several ways to control it
making various rules and imposing various charges, but ultimately it was not successful. This
implementation of ULEZ is a new plan of the Mayor of London to fight with air pollution. This
ULEZ implementation allows imposing additional daily charges on the drivers of old vehicles
that mainly contribute to the air pollution of the city, indirectly forcing them to switch to new
vehicles having better emission standard.
The researcher in this project throws light on determining and discussing the effect of
such ULEZ implementation on the private hirer drivers of the city whose vehicles do not meet
the current vehicle emission standard. Beside this, through the research, it is also tried to be
achieved the effect of ULEZ on controlling air pollution. The researcher on this project tried to
find out these objectives by using primary data collection method by which researcher has been
able to interview people and gather information from them. Thus based on the results of
interview of the common people, the researcher tries to shed light on the approach of the people
to this new implementation of law by the TfL.
From the data collection method, it can be concluded that the implementation of ULEZ
has positive outcome on controlling air pollution as majority of the people is ready to welcome
and accept it for the sake of better health and better future.
Abstract
This dissertation study examines the effect of the implementation of ULEZ in central
London on the private hirer drivers. It is well known that air pollution in London has increased at
an alarming rate in the last few years, as a result of which the entire population is suffering
tremendously for it. They are suffering from serious lung diseases, COPD, inhalation problem,
asthma among others. Though previously Government has tried several ways to control it
making various rules and imposing various charges, but ultimately it was not successful. This
implementation of ULEZ is a new plan of the Mayor of London to fight with air pollution. This
ULEZ implementation allows imposing additional daily charges on the drivers of old vehicles
that mainly contribute to the air pollution of the city, indirectly forcing them to switch to new
vehicles having better emission standard.
The researcher in this project throws light on determining and discussing the effect of
such ULEZ implementation on the private hirer drivers of the city whose vehicles do not meet
the current vehicle emission standard. Beside this, through the research, it is also tried to be
achieved the effect of ULEZ on controlling air pollution. The researcher on this project tried to
find out these objectives by using primary data collection method by which researcher has been
able to interview people and gather information from them. Thus based on the results of
interview of the common people, the researcher tries to shed light on the approach of the people
to this new implementation of law by the TfL.
From the data collection method, it can be concluded that the implementation of ULEZ
has positive outcome on controlling air pollution as majority of the people is ready to welcome
and accept it for the sake of better health and better future.
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3EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction....................................................................................................................7
1.0 Overview................................................................................................................................7
1.1 Problem Statement.................................................................................................................7
1.2 Research Aim.........................................................................................................................8
1.3 Research objectives...............................................................................................................8
1.4 Research Questions................................................................................................................9
1.5 Rationale of the Research......................................................................................................9
1.6 Structure of Research...........................................................................................................11
1.7 Summary..............................................................................................................................12
Chapter 2: Literature review..........................................................................................................13
2.1 Overview..............................................................................................................................13
2.2 Background of the implementation of ULEZ in London:...................................................13
2.3 Air Pollution in London before ULEZ:...............................................................................14
2.4 ULEZ: About.......................................................................................................................17
2.4.1 Implementation of ULEZ in London:...........................................................................17
2.4.2 The Concept of ULEZ:.................................................................................................18
2.4.3 The ULEZ Standards for EURO 4 and EURO 6:.........................................................18
2.4.4 The Daily Charges:.......................................................................................................20
2.4.5 Increase of Transport Cost:...........................................................................................21
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction....................................................................................................................7
1.0 Overview................................................................................................................................7
1.1 Problem Statement.................................................................................................................7
1.2 Research Aim.........................................................................................................................8
1.3 Research objectives...............................................................................................................8
1.4 Research Questions................................................................................................................9
1.5 Rationale of the Research......................................................................................................9
1.6 Structure of Research...........................................................................................................11
1.7 Summary..............................................................................................................................12
Chapter 2: Literature review..........................................................................................................13
2.1 Overview..............................................................................................................................13
2.2 Background of the implementation of ULEZ in London:...................................................13
2.3 Air Pollution in London before ULEZ:...............................................................................14
2.4 ULEZ: About.......................................................................................................................17
2.4.1 Implementation of ULEZ in London:...........................................................................17
2.4.2 The Concept of ULEZ:.................................................................................................18
2.4.3 The ULEZ Standards for EURO 4 and EURO 6:.........................................................18
2.4.4 The Daily Charges:.......................................................................................................20
2.4.5 Increase of Transport Cost:...........................................................................................21
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4EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
2.4.5 Provisions of discount or exemption in ULEZ:............................................................21
2.4.6 Procedure of Implementation Practically:....................................................................22
2.5.7 Effect of New law of ULEZ:............................................................................................22
2.5.7.1 Lesser Traffic:............................................................................................................22
2.5.7.2 Decrease in Pollution:................................................................................................23
2.6 Effect of T-charge on air quality:........................................................................................25
2.7 Future Research:..................................................................................................................26
2.8 Summary:.............................................................................................................................27
Chapter 3: Research Methodology................................................................................................28
3.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................................28
3.2 Research Philosophy................................................................................................................28
3.3 Research Approach..............................................................................................................29
3.4 Research Design..................................................................................................................30
3.5 Data Collection Methods.....................................................................................................30
3.6 Sampling Methods...............................................................................................................31
3.7 Data Analysis.......................................................................................................................32
3.8 Ethical Consideration...........................................................................................................34
3.9 Summary..............................................................................................................................36
Chapter 4: Results..........................................................................................................................37
4.1 Graphs..................................................................................................................................37
2.4.5 Provisions of discount or exemption in ULEZ:............................................................21
2.4.6 Procedure of Implementation Practically:....................................................................22
2.5.7 Effect of New law of ULEZ:............................................................................................22
2.5.7.1 Lesser Traffic:............................................................................................................22
2.5.7.2 Decrease in Pollution:................................................................................................23
2.6 Effect of T-charge on air quality:........................................................................................25
2.7 Future Research:..................................................................................................................26
2.8 Summary:.............................................................................................................................27
Chapter 3: Research Methodology................................................................................................28
3.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................................28
3.2 Research Philosophy................................................................................................................28
3.3 Research Approach..............................................................................................................29
3.4 Research Design..................................................................................................................30
3.5 Data Collection Methods.....................................................................................................30
3.6 Sampling Methods...............................................................................................................31
3.7 Data Analysis.......................................................................................................................32
3.8 Ethical Consideration...........................................................................................................34
3.9 Summary..............................................................................................................................36
Chapter 4: Results..........................................................................................................................37
4.1 Graphs..................................................................................................................................37
5EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
4.2 Qualitative data....................................................................................................................40
Chapter 5: Discussion and Data Analysis......................................................................................45
5.1 Interview..............................................................................................................................45
5.2 Summary..............................................................................................................................51
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation...............................................................................52
6.0 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................52
6.1 Positive Impact:...................................................................................................................52
6.1.1 Environment:................................................................................................................52
6.1.2 Health and wellbeing:...................................................................................................53
6.1.3 Positive Impact on people:............................................................................................53
6.1.4 Economic:.....................................................................................................................53
6.2 Negative impact:..................................................................................................................54
6.2.1 Private Vehicles Drivers:..............................................................................................54
6.2.2 Environment.................................................................................................................54
6.2.3 Population and Equality:...............................................................................................55
6.2.4 Economy.......................................................................................................................55
6.3 Recommendations for betterment:.......................................................................................55
References......................................................................................................................................57
4.2 Qualitative data....................................................................................................................40
Chapter 5: Discussion and Data Analysis......................................................................................45
5.1 Interview..............................................................................................................................45
5.2 Summary..............................................................................................................................51
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation...............................................................................52
6.0 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................52
6.1 Positive Impact:...................................................................................................................52
6.1.1 Environment:................................................................................................................52
6.1.2 Health and wellbeing:...................................................................................................53
6.1.3 Positive Impact on people:............................................................................................53
6.1.4 Economic:.....................................................................................................................53
6.2 Negative impact:..................................................................................................................54
6.2.1 Private Vehicles Drivers:..............................................................................................54
6.2.2 Environment.................................................................................................................54
6.2.3 Population and Equality:...............................................................................................55
6.2.4 Economy.......................................................................................................................55
6.3 Recommendations for betterment:.......................................................................................55
References......................................................................................................................................57
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6EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
List of Figures
Figure 1: Proposed ULEZ for London 17
Figure 2: ULEZ requirements by vehicle type 19
Figure 3: ULEZ standard for each type of vehicle 20
Figure 4: Air Pollution in London 24
Figure 5: Stations on the Map 24
Figure 6: Air Quality Index 25
List of Figures
Figure 1: Proposed ULEZ for London 17
Figure 2: ULEZ requirements by vehicle type 19
Figure 3: ULEZ standard for each type of vehicle 20
Figure 4: Air Pollution in London 24
Figure 5: Stations on the Map 24
Figure 6: Air Quality Index 25
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7EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.0 Overview
One of the major causes of the global warming in today’s world is air pollution
(D’Amato et al. 2016). Due to the growing consumption of fossil fuels worldwide, the level of
carbon dioxide in the air has increased sharply since 1900, and such rate is accelerating steadily
(Laybourn-Langton, Quilter-Pinner and Ho 2016.). Though many living creatures breathe out
carbon dioxide, this gas is regarded as a pollutant when it is coupled with cars, vehicles, planes,
power plants and other human activities that comprises of burning of those fossil fuels like
gasoline, natural gas among others. Carbon dioxide is the most common greenhouse gases that
hold heat in the atmosphere and result into climate change. Transport is the main source of air
pollution (D’amato et al. 2015). Surface transport accounts for a quarter of the UK emissions of
carbon dioxide which is the major contributor to climate change. Emission from the vehicles
contributes greatly to the air pollution (Zhang et al. 2017). In order to combat this issue by
improving air quality London has employed the Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ). With this,
Transport for London (TFL) plans to reduce the number of polluting cars in the capital city.
1.1 Problem Statement
It was almost 10 years ago in 2008; the first Low Emissions Zone or LEZ was placed in
United Kingdom (Wood et al. 2015.). It was implemented in London and it had impact only on
buses and few commercial vehicles. Passenger cars were not included under the effect of LEZ
(Holman, Harrison and Querol 2015). Poor quality of air was becoming major problem for the
capital city. There was a great need to do something to restrict older and dirtier vehicles that did
not comply with modern regulations. The problem with the old cars and vehicles is that worst
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.0 Overview
One of the major causes of the global warming in today’s world is air pollution
(D’Amato et al. 2016). Due to the growing consumption of fossil fuels worldwide, the level of
carbon dioxide in the air has increased sharply since 1900, and such rate is accelerating steadily
(Laybourn-Langton, Quilter-Pinner and Ho 2016.). Though many living creatures breathe out
carbon dioxide, this gas is regarded as a pollutant when it is coupled with cars, vehicles, planes,
power plants and other human activities that comprises of burning of those fossil fuels like
gasoline, natural gas among others. Carbon dioxide is the most common greenhouse gases that
hold heat in the atmosphere and result into climate change. Transport is the main source of air
pollution (D’amato et al. 2015). Surface transport accounts for a quarter of the UK emissions of
carbon dioxide which is the major contributor to climate change. Emission from the vehicles
contributes greatly to the air pollution (Zhang et al. 2017). In order to combat this issue by
improving air quality London has employed the Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ). With this,
Transport for London (TFL) plans to reduce the number of polluting cars in the capital city.
1.1 Problem Statement
It was almost 10 years ago in 2008; the first Low Emissions Zone or LEZ was placed in
United Kingdom (Wood et al. 2015.). It was implemented in London and it had impact only on
buses and few commercial vehicles. Passenger cars were not included under the effect of LEZ
(Holman, Harrison and Querol 2015). Poor quality of air was becoming major problem for the
capital city. There was a great need to do something to restrict older and dirtier vehicles that did
not comply with modern regulations. The problem with the old cars and vehicles is that worst
8EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
pollutants are emitted with the car exhaust that includes nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon
monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM) and hydrocarbons (HC).
The new ultra ultra- low emission zone (ULEZ) is being introduced in London, with the
aim of reducing harmful traffic emissions and thereby improving air quality (Laybourn-Langton,
Quilter-Pinner and Ho 2016.). The objective behind ULEZ is crystal clear; many people live in
places with pollution levels much above the legal limits prescribed by the European Union (EU).
It will help to address London’s toxic air health crisis that currently results into thousands of
premature deaths annually and increases the risk of asthma, cancer, lung diseases and dementia
(London City Hall, 2019).
1.2 Research Aim
The aim of the research is to investigate and analyze how the London private hirer drivers
will be affected by the implementation of new law for Ultra Low Emission Zone in London.
1.3 Research objectives
The objectives of this study are as follows:
To identify and evaluate the meaning of low emission zone in the capital city of London;
To explore and assess the reason behind the introduction and implementation of Ultra-
Low Emission Zone by the Mayor of London;
To analyze the effect of Ultra Low Emission Zone on the private hirer drivers of
Transport for London(TFL);
To understand whether such implementation of Ultra Low Emission Zone has helped to
reduce the air pollution level in the city.
pollutants are emitted with the car exhaust that includes nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon
monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM) and hydrocarbons (HC).
The new ultra ultra- low emission zone (ULEZ) is being introduced in London, with the
aim of reducing harmful traffic emissions and thereby improving air quality (Laybourn-Langton,
Quilter-Pinner and Ho 2016.). The objective behind ULEZ is crystal clear; many people live in
places with pollution levels much above the legal limits prescribed by the European Union (EU).
It will help to address London’s toxic air health crisis that currently results into thousands of
premature deaths annually and increases the risk of asthma, cancer, lung diseases and dementia
(London City Hall, 2019).
1.2 Research Aim
The aim of the research is to investigate and analyze how the London private hirer drivers
will be affected by the implementation of new law for Ultra Low Emission Zone in London.
1.3 Research objectives
The objectives of this study are as follows:
To identify and evaluate the meaning of low emission zone in the capital city of London;
To explore and assess the reason behind the introduction and implementation of Ultra-
Low Emission Zone by the Mayor of London;
To analyze the effect of Ultra Low Emission Zone on the private hirer drivers of
Transport for London(TFL);
To understand whether such implementation of Ultra Low Emission Zone has helped to
reduce the air pollution level in the city.
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9EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
1.4 Research Questions
The research questions are:
What are the main reasons is the meaning of low emission zone in the city of London?
What is the reason behind introduction and implementation of Ultra Low Emission Zone
by the Mayor of London?
What are the effects of Ultra Low Emission Zone on the private hirer drivers of Transport
for London (TFL)?
Whether the implementation of Ultra Low Emission Zone has helped to reduce the air
pollution level in the city?
1.5 Rationale of the Research
The rationale of this research is to identify the reason behind the increase of air pollution
and also to analyze why the Mayor of United Kingdom on behalf of the Government introduced
Ultra Low Emission Zone in the capital city.
ULEZ is implemented in London to reduce the harmful toxic emissions from the vehicles
and thereby enhance the air quality (Laybourn-Langton, Quilter-Pinner and Ho 2016.). People
who are driving polluting vehicles into London will have to pay a charge of 12.50 pounds daily
for vans, cars and motorcycles, and 100 pounds for coaches, lorries and buses in addition to
existing congestion fee.
The reason behind implementing ULEZ is quite prominent (Beevers et al. 2016). Air
pollution is the most delicate challenge that is faced by London. Several hundreds of deaths per
year are attributed to the air pollution related diseases and it affects the functioning and
development of lungs in children and it increases the chance of strokes and dementia in later life.
1.4 Research Questions
The research questions are:
What are the main reasons is the meaning of low emission zone in the city of London?
What is the reason behind introduction and implementation of Ultra Low Emission Zone
by the Mayor of London?
What are the effects of Ultra Low Emission Zone on the private hirer drivers of Transport
for London (TFL)?
Whether the implementation of Ultra Low Emission Zone has helped to reduce the air
pollution level in the city?
1.5 Rationale of the Research
The rationale of this research is to identify the reason behind the increase of air pollution
and also to analyze why the Mayor of United Kingdom on behalf of the Government introduced
Ultra Low Emission Zone in the capital city.
ULEZ is implemented in London to reduce the harmful toxic emissions from the vehicles
and thereby enhance the air quality (Laybourn-Langton, Quilter-Pinner and Ho 2016.). People
who are driving polluting vehicles into London will have to pay a charge of 12.50 pounds daily
for vans, cars and motorcycles, and 100 pounds for coaches, lorries and buses in addition to
existing congestion fee.
The reason behind implementing ULEZ is quite prominent (Beevers et al. 2016). Air
pollution is the most delicate challenge that is faced by London. Several hundreds of deaths per
year are attributed to the air pollution related diseases and it affects the functioning and
development of lungs in children and it increases the chance of strokes and dementia in later life.
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10EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
It was the pledge of London mayor to improve the quality of air and health of all the
people of London by making the Low Emission Zone (LEZ) stronger and expanding the radius
of ULEZ requirements for the vehicles (Consultations.tfl.gov.uk, 2019). This includes the
introduction of Euro VI emission standard all over London for heavy duty vehicles like buses,
heavy goods vehicles, coaches and other specialized vehicles from October 2020 and enlarging
ULEZ for light duty transport systems like cars, motor cycles and vans such that all vehicles are
subject to the emission standards for the area bounded by the North and South Circular Roads
from October 2021 (Moody and Tate 2017).
However, another important aspect of such introduction of ULEZ is its effect on the
private hirer drivers of London (Quilter-Pinner, Laybourn-Langton and Ho 2016). According to
some, not only these drivers but the entire poorer section will be hit hardest by this
implementation. About 3.5 million people reside in this zone and many more people passes
through it daily. For the residents, every time they turn on the ignition power, they will have to
pay 12.50 pounds which is equivalent to an extra tax burden of 4500 pounds in a
year(Consultations.tfl.gov.uk, 2019). People will not be able to afford to upgrade their vehicles
due to this imposition. Moreover, minicab drivers are against this as they believe that they are
subject to discrimination by the government. In addition to these, the TFL proposals impose
serious threats on London tourism. To some people, it is a stealth tax and has nothing to do with
air pollution (Consultations.tfl.gov.uk, 2019). At this stage, the Government is at a very critical
situation where it has to prove that this introduction of ULEZ has no intention to affect the hirer
drivers but main objective of control of air pollution.
It was the pledge of London mayor to improve the quality of air and health of all the
people of London by making the Low Emission Zone (LEZ) stronger and expanding the radius
of ULEZ requirements for the vehicles (Consultations.tfl.gov.uk, 2019). This includes the
introduction of Euro VI emission standard all over London for heavy duty vehicles like buses,
heavy goods vehicles, coaches and other specialized vehicles from October 2020 and enlarging
ULEZ for light duty transport systems like cars, motor cycles and vans such that all vehicles are
subject to the emission standards for the area bounded by the North and South Circular Roads
from October 2021 (Moody and Tate 2017).
However, another important aspect of such introduction of ULEZ is its effect on the
private hirer drivers of London (Quilter-Pinner, Laybourn-Langton and Ho 2016). According to
some, not only these drivers but the entire poorer section will be hit hardest by this
implementation. About 3.5 million people reside in this zone and many more people passes
through it daily. For the residents, every time they turn on the ignition power, they will have to
pay 12.50 pounds which is equivalent to an extra tax burden of 4500 pounds in a
year(Consultations.tfl.gov.uk, 2019). People will not be able to afford to upgrade their vehicles
due to this imposition. Moreover, minicab drivers are against this as they believe that they are
subject to discrimination by the government. In addition to these, the TFL proposals impose
serious threats on London tourism. To some people, it is a stealth tax and has nothing to do with
air pollution (Consultations.tfl.gov.uk, 2019). At this stage, the Government is at a very critical
situation where it has to prove that this introduction of ULEZ has no intention to affect the hirer
drivers but main objective of control of air pollution.
11EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
1.6 Structure of Research
The entire dissertation paper is categorized into five chapters, which includes
introduction, literature review, research methodology, data analysis, conclusion and
recommendations.
Introduction- The introduction chapter provides a brief discussion about the air pollution
scenario and its effects in United Kingdom, or in London to be more specific. It also emphasizes
the effect of introduction of ULEZ on such air pollution and also on the hirer drivers along with
common people of London. The chapter further provides research aims and objectives, questions
based on which the entire research work has been conducted.
Literature review- This chapter provides a detailed evaluation of the effect of air pollution on
people in the UK. It discusses about the impact of the implementation of ULEZ on the private
hirer drivers. It further provides a detailed explanation of the prevailing and proposed legal
framework including legal statutes and policies that have been developed to exercise a control
over air pollution and minimize its effect on common people including the private hirer drivers.
Research Methodology- In this chapter, the researcher mentions the different types of research
methodologies that can be used for carrying out the research and collecting required relevant data
in a successful manner. Additionally, the chapter further highlights the justification of the
selected research method that has been used to conduct the research successfully.
Data Analysis- This chapter discusses about the analysis of the collected data by using the most
appropriate data analysis tools and techniques.
1.6 Structure of Research
The entire dissertation paper is categorized into five chapters, which includes
introduction, literature review, research methodology, data analysis, conclusion and
recommendations.
Introduction- The introduction chapter provides a brief discussion about the air pollution
scenario and its effects in United Kingdom, or in London to be more specific. It also emphasizes
the effect of introduction of ULEZ on such air pollution and also on the hirer drivers along with
common people of London. The chapter further provides research aims and objectives, questions
based on which the entire research work has been conducted.
Literature review- This chapter provides a detailed evaluation of the effect of air pollution on
people in the UK. It discusses about the impact of the implementation of ULEZ on the private
hirer drivers. It further provides a detailed explanation of the prevailing and proposed legal
framework including legal statutes and policies that have been developed to exercise a control
over air pollution and minimize its effect on common people including the private hirer drivers.
Research Methodology- In this chapter, the researcher mentions the different types of research
methodologies that can be used for carrying out the research and collecting required relevant data
in a successful manner. Additionally, the chapter further highlights the justification of the
selected research method that has been used to conduct the research successfully.
Data Analysis- This chapter discusses about the analysis of the collected data by using the most
appropriate data analysis tools and techniques.
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