Report on Health, Illness, and Well-being: Models and Perspectives

This report provides a comprehensive overview of health, illness, and well-being, examining these concepts through various models and perspectives. The report begins by introducing the core concepts of health, illness, and well-being. It then delves into the biomedical model, exploring its focus on physical processes and its implications from the perspectives of patients, society, and health professionals. The report subsequently analyzes the health belief model, detailing its psychological approach to understanding and predicting health-related behaviors, including the constructs of perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy, again considering the perspectives of individuals, society, and health professionals. Finally, the report discusses Smith's model of health and illness, outlining the functionalist, conflict, and interactionist perspectives. The report concludes by emphasizing the importance of physical fitness and exercise for overall wellness. The analysis highlights the significance of considering multiple viewpoints and models in understanding the multifaceted nature of health, illness, and well-being. This report is a valuable resource for students seeking to understand the complexities of health and well-being, and is available on Desklib, a platform offering past papers and solved assignments.

Understanding Health Illness and
Well-being

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
Biomedical Model........................................................................................................................1
Health Professional Perceptive....................................................................................................2
Smith's Model of Health and Illness............................................................................................4
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................5
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................7

INTRODUCTION
The health is the complete state of physical, mental and social well being not only the
absence of disease or infirmity. Health is a dynamic condition which is result of constant changes
in the body as per the response to the stress or change in the environment. Illness is a disease or
period of sickness that is affecting the body and mind. The well being is the experience of health,
prosperity and happiness. The well being is consisted of good mental health and satisfaction.
This report is explaining the three different irrespective of health, illness and well being. Form
the perspective of patient, doctors and the society what is health, illness and well being. To
explain tow different models are used in the report.
MAIN BODY
Biomedical Model
According to the biomedical model health make the person free form disease, pain and
defect. This make the human body healthy. This model doesn't care about the different social and
individual person, the focus of this model is the physical processes of the human body. This
model focuses on the purely biological factors (Deacon and McKay, 2015). The aspects like
psychological, environmental and social factors are not considered in this model. This way is
considered as the leading modern method of diagnose and treat a health related problem. This
model only promotes the physical health of the human beings and ignores the other problems
related to the psychological and social factors. This model promotes the research on the different
physical problem and the focus of the research is only physical problem or disorder.
Individual Perceptive
The perspective of individual patient through the biomedical model is more based on the
physical condition of the individual person. The different physical problems are priorities to treat
to make a person healthy. The patients are treated for the particular disease, body pain and any
disorder in the body. The psychological, social and mental factors are ignored. The only purpose
of the model is to make the person free from all physical problems. Because the patient are only
treated for the physical problem then the social and emotional factors will remain unsolved (Kim
and Yoon, 2015).
Society Perceptive
The perceptive of the society through this model is, if the person is treated only for the
physical condition and the psychological and social issues of the patient are ignored the person
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will not be able to connect to the society and remain alone. This can lead to the other mental
problems like depression and distress. The physical treatment can only cure the physical problem
not the psychological. This can harm the social values of the person and this can harm the person
more physically and mentally. In the society a person with mental depression and distress is not
accepted. In this type of problem the person can't survive in the society (TH, Sahu and Anand,
2015).
Health Professional Perceptive
From the perceptive of the health professional, the approach of the doctors and specialist
is only to address the physical condition of the patient. The disability of the person is removed by
using the different kind of medical process and surgeries. But others issues other than the
physical problem not treated by the health professional. This can reduce the effectiveness of the
treatment provided by the doctor. This can damage the image of the doctor and specialist. The
person who is treated for particular health problem can come back for the re ocurrence of the for
more sever problem (Wang and et.al., 2018). If the person is treated for the only physical
problem and the emotional perceptive is ignored this can reduce the effectiveness of the
treatment provided by the health professional. It encourages the research into illness. The high
level of knowledge the can help the person to avoid the illness. Different kind of treatment can
be developed for the different physical problems. Disadvantages of Biomedical Model This
model ignores the social and emotional issues which are related to health and illness. It focuses
the physical health and ignores the social factors which leads to the re occurrence of the physical
problem or disease. This focuses more on treatment not on the prevention. It provides too much
power to medical professional. Lactrogenesis can be used for damaging and the healer will be the
reason of the disease (Dodel and Mesch, 2017).
Cues to Action
Health belief model was developed in the 1950s by scientists and researchers to know the
reason behind the failure of prevention strategies which are adopted by people. This model refers
to psychological changes that are observed in health of people. This models helps people to
detect early stage of disease that are occurring in people. Behavioral changes are observed under
this model which predicts the sign of disease. This theory is derived on the basis of behavioral
and physiological theory. Two components are analyzed in this theory which are:
 People desire to avoid disease and in back soon recovered.
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 Believe on health action that will prevent disease to take place.
In addition to this, there are six constructs are proposed under this they which are helpful in
prediction of health diseased by observing changes in behavior and attitude.
Perceived susceptibility:
This refers to a person perception of having risk of getting a disease. Consequences are
analyzed by people in their body by having changes in their attitude and behavior. People who
have low perceived susceptibility avoid these consequences and do not accept that they are at
risk of getting an illness problem.
Perceived severity:
This refers to process of getting serious about the symptoms that are making changes in
behavior. It has been analyzed that people who take seriousness about these risks are more
engaged to such diseases and on the other hand people who avoid such risks and intuitions are
mostly free from illness.
Perceived benefits:
This refers to evaluate the effectiveness of actions that are taken into consideration to not
to get ill. Persons are more obliged to take actions to have prevention against diseases. One
person recommend actions to other person if they are getting benefits from that action (Othman
and et.al., 2019).
Perceived barriers:
This construct refers to person feelings behind recommended health action. Some
obstacles are analyzed in between to adopt health actions. Negativity makes mind in negative
sense and persons are not using recommend actions. It can be related to cost factor.
Cue to action:
This construct refers to the strategy to activate the readiness. This cues can be internal or
external. The physical symptoms can be taken as the internal cues for example. The external
signs can be given by the information collected from close people, media, health care provider.
The examples of clues of action can the postcard from the dentist or the illness of family member
or a friend.
Self- efficacy:
The four components of the health belief model are joined together in year 1988 and this
component are perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits and barriers. The self efficiency is a
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thinking of individual to know their capability. To explain the individual differences in the better
way the self efficiency is connected to the health belief model. This model is developed to
explain the information related to one time health related issues and behaviour for the disease
like the cancer. Then the focus of the health belief model is changed to the long term behaviour
like diet control and exercise and smoking. The developer accepted that the ability to effect
change in the results of the key component of behaviour change (Willis, 2018).
Individual Perception
The model is a psychological model used to explain and predict the health related
behaviour of human being. This prediction is based on the individual views and beliefs. The
individual problems related to the health and emotions are treated with the psychological
methods. The prevention of the different disease can be done with the change in the individual
behaviour related to their health and diet plan. By using the long term planning to prevent the
disease like cancer and this long term planning is starts form developing the self awareness to
stop smoking.
Society Perceptive
The social perceptive of the health belief model is to develop the awareness in the society
related to the health consciousness. This can improve the lifestyle of the society which can
reduces the cases of the disease in the society. This can help to make healthy society. The
individual health alongside the social health can be improved (Sharda, Daniel and White, 2019).
Health Professional Perceptive
The health professional perceptive in this model, the focus of the health professional is
prevention of the disease by developing awareness in the people. This can be done by
promotions through poster and public gatherings. These posters and public gathering are more
effective. The role of the health professional is more important in these campaigns. Their
knowledge and experience can motivate the individual persons to change their behaviour and get
more conscious related to the health issues.
Smith's Model of Health and Illness
Health, can be defined as the ability of the body to function in a normal way. This can be
termed as the ability of the human body to deal with physical, biological, psychological and
social stress which affects the behaviour of the individual. Health and illness and well-being is
one of the most important consideration in the society which helps in understanding the basic
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health needs which prevents the people from disease. The World Health organization (WHO)
defines the health as a state of complete mental, social and social well-being. This is consistent
with the biopsychosocial model of health which considers various Psychological and social
factor between the health and illness. There are mainly three main perspective which includes
The functionalist perspective, conflict and interactionist perspective. Impacts of the disease may
changes according to the age, and health diet of an individual. Lack of nutrients and energy
based supplements to the human body may result in poor health of the people which need to be
properly taken care of. If health and medication needs are not fulfilled on time then it may cause
the person towards the death. These challenges within the human body can be overcome by
proper measures and medication facilities provided by the health care professional. There are
various different number of factors which influence the health status of the people which
includes background, lifestyle, economic, social conditions and spirituality. Such factors are also
be considered as the determinants which effects the human health (Baumann and Ylinen, 2017).
In addition to this, systematic activities to prevent or cure the health problems of the
people and this is undertaken by the health care professionals within the society. So the different
perspectives which determine the health, illness and well-being of the individual within the
society are as follows:
Patient Perceptive
The patient perceptive of the patient is to make them more aware of the health related
problems and get them out of the pain and suffering.
Society Perceptive
In this information is given to the society members to develop the behaviour of self
awareness in them to prevent and reduce the health related issues.
Health professional Perceptive
The health profession perceptive is to provide the information to people to develop the
self awareness in them which can help them to develop the healthy living. The information and
knowledge can make the delivery of the information more effective (Chiang, 2017).
CONCLUSION
From the above study, it can be concluded that Health, illness and well being of the
person creates the happy and positive surrounding for the people. It has been also been
concluded that physical exercise and physical fitness is one of the main aspect which maintains
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the overall wellness of the people. So it is recommended to strengthen the cardiovascular system
and muscular system by regular exercise and fitness props. Also this article has made clear
understanding about the psychological and social factors that effects the social and well being of
the society.
In addition to this, this report has also explored three different perspective of health,
illness and well being of the individual. It has been discussed that various diseases are been
prevented by proper medication and healthcare treatment which is provided by the healthcare
professionals. In this study, various factors or determinants has also been described which
influence the health of the human beings. Also this document has clearly justified the health
status, and well being of the people by applications of different models.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Deacon, B.J. and McKay, D., 2015. The biomedical model of psychological problems: A call for
critical dialogue. Lancet. 16. pp.2-3.
Kim, S. and Yoon, J., 2015. Link-topic model for biomedical abbreviation
disambiguation. Journal of biomedical informatics. 53. pp.367-380.
TH, M., Sahu, S. and Anand, A., 2015. Evaluating distributed word representations for capturing
semantics of biomedical concepts. Proceedings of BioNLP 15. pp.158-163.
Wang, X. and et.al., 2018. Cross-type biomedical named entity recognition with deep multi-task
learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:1801.09851.
Dodel, M. and Mesch, G., 2017. Cyber-victimization preventive behavior: A health belief model
approach. Computers in Human behavior. 68. pp.359-367.
Othman, H. and et.al., 2019. Applying health belief model for the assessment of community
knowledge, attitude and prevention practices following a dengue epidemic in a township in
Selangor, Malaysia. International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public
Health. 6(3). pp.958-970.
Willis, E., 2018. Applying the Health Belief Model to Medication Adherence: The Role of
Online Health Communities and Peer Reviews. Journal of health communication. 23(8).
pp.743-750.
Sharda, N., Daniel, K. and White, H., 2019. The Principles of Disease and Disability Prevention
and Health Promotion with Increasing Age. In Healthy Aging (pp. 15-22). Springer, Cham.
Baumann, L.C. and Ylinen, A., 2017. Prevention: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary. Encyclopedia of
Behavioral Medicine. pp.1-3.
Chiang, T.L., 2017. The distinction between public health and preventive medicine: a historical
perspective. Taiwan Gong Gong Wei Sheng Za Zhi. 36(5). pp.423-426.
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