Leading Change: M&S Organizational Strategies and Operations Report

This report delves into the understanding and leading of organizational change, using Marks & Spencer (M&S) as a primary case study. It begins by comparing M&S with NEXT plc, analyzing how both companies adapt their strategies and operations in response to environmental and technological changes. The report then identifies and analyzes both internal and external drivers of change, such as resources, capabilities, government regulations, and customer demands, and their impact on individual, team, and leadership behaviors. It defines ways these drivers affect leadership and the behaviors of individuals and teams. The report further explores measures for minimizing negative impacts of changes, evaluating organizational responses through theories and models, and justifying recommendations for change planning. Different barriers of change and their influences on leadership decision-making are examined, along with the application of force field analysis. Finally, the report applies different leadership approaches to deal with organizational changes, examines these approaches using models and theories, and critically evaluates the effectiveness of leadership approaches and models of change management, offering a comprehensive view of change leadership within an organization.

Understanding and
Leading Change

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P1 Compare two organisation which impacts on the change on organisational strategies and
operations...............................................................................................................................1
M1 Analyse the change drivers..............................................................................................4
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................5
P2 Define the ways through which internal and external change drivers affect leadership,
individual and team behaviours..............................................................................................5
Impact of internal and external factors on team, individual and leadership:........................10
P3 Explain measures for minimising the negative impacts of changes on organisational
behaviour..............................................................................................................................10
M2 Evaluate how an organisation responds to change by applying theories and models.. .12
D1 Justify conclusion and recommendations for change planning......................................12
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................12
P4 Different barriers of change and its influences on leadership decision making..............12
M3 Apply force field analysis in order to analyse the driving forces..................................13
D2 Critically evaluate the use of force field analysis in relation to the meeting organisational
objectives..............................................................................................................................14
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................14
P5 Apply different leadership approaches to deal with the organisational changes............14
M4 Examine the approaches of leadership by using models and theories...........................15
D3 Critically evaluate the effectiveness of leadership approaches and models of change
management..........................................................................................................................16
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................18
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................19

INTRODUCTION
The understanding and leading change defined as a process of taking initiatives by
implementing the organisational changes effectively which helps in solving problems of
businesses. Changes are occurred by the internal and external influences and it totally depends
on the resolution of issues. Whereas, leading a change termed as a leadership skill which helps
an organisation for taking change initiatives and moves the company's growth and success
towards the high rate of growth and success for the long term sustainability. In this report, Marks
& Spencer is taken into consideration which is a top British multinational company that deals in
retail industry with the headquartered in London, United Kingdom. The company was
established in 1884 and selling better quality of food, clothes and home products. Under this
report discuss about the changes which occurs in an organisation and their impacts as well as
analyse the drivers of changes. Also, examine barriers of change which may face by the
company as well as apply some specific range of leadership approaches and theories that helps in
minimising the impacts of changes and managed the alterations in an effective way.
TASK 1
P1 Compare two organisation which impacts on the change on organisational strategies and
operations.
Business operation refers to the day to day activities and functions of an organisation
which creates some unique values as well as accomplish objectives effectively. Whereas,
organisational strategies defined as a sets of actions that helps in accomplishing the long term
objectives of company (Akpoviroro, 2018). Both will aid in formulating a strategic plan that
utilised for gaining the competitive edge over their competitors. Occurrence of changes relates
with the various aspects that allow M&S to make appropriate strategies by giving a clear
guidelines and direction for increasing profitability. In this report, two organisations i.e. Marks &
Spencer and NEXT plc is taken into consideration to know about the changes in their operations
and strategies. It can be considered as follows:
Basis Marks & Spencer NEXT plc
Environmental
change
As the environment of businesses are
corrupting at a fast rate so the people
NEXT plc also a retail company the
influenced by the environmental

requires to puts more concerns towards
them. Due to the environmental
influences the company Marks &
Spencer has implements changes in
their operations as well as strategies in
order to minimise the harmful
substances and impacts from nature.
Impact on operations:
The company plans to minimise
wastages which are not man-made for
this a company has been capable to
reduce emission of carbon-dioxide by
approximate 40%. also, to adopts eco-
friendly as well as go green concept
company authorised with the minimise
leaks of gases, applied waste
management techniques and efficiently
use energy for increasing level of
efficiency and effectiveness and solve
environmental issues appropriately.
Impact on strategies:
For adopting changes in a positive
manner a company brings
modifications in their existing
strategies. For minimising the
deforestation a company has brings
cashless method of payment as well as
strictly prohibited the use of plastic
bags for reducing the usage of non-
redeemable things.
aspects at a large extent. Many
companies are suffering from the
huge pressure from the governmental
body regarding to addressing
environmental challenges and issues.
In order to get societal advantages
NEXT plc requires to responds
effectively on that factors as the
company brings strategical changes
in their operations and strategies.
Impact on operations:
The NEXT plc restricted to use
renewable sources so that they
minimise carbon footmarks 50% till
2020 and use 100% of electrical
energy by 2030. In order to assemble
discarded plastic bags from users to
recycle them and adopt fuel saving
mechanisms for more efficiency and
effective operations of company.
Impact on strategies:
The company NEXT plc increase
their base of customers by making
own websites for online shopping
such as next.com. It emphasised on
the assemblage of unwanted plastics
in order to recycle them for making
environment safe and clean and gets
societal advantages (Bligh, 2018).
Technological Technologies plays a major role in The demand of online shopping is

change retail industries and it impacts on them
at a great extent as company M&S was
facing issues regarding digital
transformation that leads in declining
the profits and revenue of organisation.
For this purpose, company focused on
adopting strategical and operational
changes by making five year plan.
Impact on operations:
The company changes their operations
by implementing “Customer are omni-
channel in nature” technique.
Supermarket chain helps in developing
businesses through effective changes
and facilitate better services to their
customers who give preference online
shopping. Also, to become efficient
technological advancement company
has plan to develop websites by making
partnership deed with digital firms that
named TCS.
Impact on strategies:
In order to gain optimistic results a
company M&S has executed some kind
of changes in their strategies as they
was thinking to boost digital
transformation plan and increase
financial performance. As they also
focused on retailing methods through
internet and e-shopping.
rapidly increasing which highly
impacts on the company's strategies
and operations. So that the company
has been investing in the
development of their websites as
well as operational delivery along
with the better experience of
customers.
Impact on operations:
As the company brings changes in
their operations by closing approx 21
stores in order to get benefits of cost
reduction and take initiatives in retail
sectors. By minimising the rental
cost company invest those money in
online shopping mechanism.
Impact on strategies:
The company NEXT plc adopts to
make developments in their own
websites and conduct operational
delivery for responding towards the
trends of online shopping and
consider these changes as an
opportunity to grow and expands
(Nelson‐Brantley, 2017).

M1 Analyse the change drivers.
Mainly two types of change drivers that are internal and external which assist in
alteration of strategies, policies, plans, designs as well as structures (Burnes, 2018). Internal drivers of change: It includes changes in the company's capabilities, rules,
legislations and culture as well that are complex changes but business have huge control
over them.
 External drivers of change: It involves the governmental rules, customers, competitors
as well as technologies that are not initiate and implement in a easy manner.
Types of organisational change: Transitional change: It will occurs while a business organisation needs to brings a new
change or required to adopt completely new methods or processes. As Marks & Spencer
can destroy their excess workers so that the finance can be used effectively in the
implementation of new plans and processes (Cameron, 2019).
 Developmental change: It is associated with the requirement of improvements in the
existing procedure and situation of company. As M&S can develop new or innovative
software in order to sale them online through internet as well as e-shopping mode to
achieve the better efficiency.
Impact of change on individual, team and leadership:
In businesses, changes are positively and negatively impacted on business strategies
and operations which will impact on the team, individual as well as leadership. It can be
considered as follows:
Individual Team Leadership
Positive
impact
Due to the environment
and technological changes
individual is able to work
smartly and work
effectively in order to get
huge trust of customers
and make them loyal
Changes helps in making
effective team as various
ideas and opinions are
available towards the change
solutions and on the behalf of
these individual's make
appropriate decision and
Due to the changes in
technological and
environmental factors the
leader of company need
to brings changes in their
leadership approaches for
leading a team in

(Jiang, 2018). formulate strategies. effective manner towards
changes (Jyoti, 2015) .
Negative
impact
Changes adversly impacts
on the individual's
behaviour and
performance because they
are unable to accept
changes immediately so
they fails to perform taks
appropriately.
Leading changes in an
organisation may lead
conflicts and disputes among
all members as all individual
have different thoughts that
are not possible to considered
in a single situation.
Changes in leadership
style may also effect
negatively as sometimes
leaders face difficulty in
influencing the behaviour
of their followers
(Alagaraja, 2015).
TASK 2
P2 Define the ways through which internal and external change drivers affect leadership,
individual and team behaviours.
Several types of drivers are presents which occurs changes in an organisation like
resources, capabilities, customers, technology as well as government policies (Dick, 2018). As
all these are deal in two categories i.e. internal and external so that the company M&S analysed
ways to reduce the impacts of that from leadership and the behaviour of individual as well as
team. These are as follows:
Internal drivers of change: Resources: It refers to the several resources such as financial, human and technological
as well which are necessary for the all businesses (Estrada, 2018). As in the context of
Marks & Spencer, while the company is unable to provide required resources then the
employees fails to perform tasks effectively which impacts on the performance of
individual as well as team work. As these are not able to perform organisational
operations smoothly that leads to the decrease in productivity and performance. Also,
leadership approach of a leader is effected as they are unable to use their skills in order to
direct and guide to workers for increasing the level of performance.
 Capabilities: Individual is capable to adopt the changes in a successful manner so the
company Marks & Spencer requires to recruit skilful and desired persons who are

capable to perform better either individually or in a team and gives appropriate results.
This will assist in meeting the organisational objectives effectively as well as efficiently
(Lozano, 2015). Whereas, leaders are crucial for managing changes appropriately and
successfully as they requires to have capabilities to adopts and manage changes by using
effective styles of leadership.
External drivers of change: Government regulations: The political changes can directly impacts on the
organisational policies, rules, practices as well as regulations. With respects of Marks &
Spencer, if company can neglects these changes or regulations which is imposed by
government then they face heavy amount of taxes and penalties. Huge charges may
impacts on the behaviour of persons as well as skills of leaders that will result in
declining their performance and they feel dissatisfied while taking the responsibilities
towards their works.
 Customers: These are closely related to the heart of an organisation and considered as a
king of the market. As the market is totally depends on the customers expectations and
demands so the company needs to focus on trends and conditions of market to satisfy
their needs on time (Hayes, 2018). Within the context of Marks & Spencer, individual's
and teams focused on offering several range of goods and services that highly satisfied
the needs of customers as per the market requirements. Whereas, leaders also require to
adopt effective approaches and styles in order to accept changes and manage them in an
appropriate manner.
Internal drivers of change:
Employees: These are the internal capability of businesses that helps in leading as well as
managing the changes appropriately. With regards of NEXT plc, employees are highly skilled as
well as trained that provides strengths to the company and manage or accomplish changes
effectively (Friedrich, 2017). Whereas, leaders plays an important role in managing employees
of the organisation by using appropriate leadership style that results in better understanding and
managing changes.
Organisational structure: Due to this internal elements of NEXT plc, changes are
manage easily as company may use flat organisational structure at a time of leading changes
because it helps in reducing the management layers and lead the direct communication among all

level of people or managers. Also, with the effective organisational structure, leaders may able to
adopt best approach for managing the changes of organisation in a successful manner.
External drivers of change:
Suppliers: It plays a crucial role within an organisation as it influences the organisational
changes by the fluctuations in their decisions (Espedal, 2017). As the employees and manager of
the NEXT plc need to be maintain strong relationships with their suppliers that results in leading
appropriate changes as per the market requirements. Also, leaders adopt most effective style of
leadership in order to lead workers and stakeholders.
SWOT and PEST analysis of NEXT plc and Marks & Spencer:
SWOT Analysis of NEXT:
Strengths Weaknesses
 The company has large number of
outlets in most of the states so they
have strong distribution system.
 Next plc has a strong financial position
along with the consecutive profits in
the last 5 years (Phadermrod, 2019) .
 The company has huge presence on
social media as well as they has skilled
and qualified professionals.
 Next plc has less current assets in
comparison of current liabilities which
creates liquidity issues for them.
 The existing culture and structure of
company have resulted in failure of
mergers related to the vertical
integration.
 Legal department workers are not
skilled and qualified as well as the
lawful experience of company is
lacking.
Opportunities Threats
 NEXT plc has an opportunity to expand
its online presence as they use internet
in order to interact with their potential
customers.
 The company can use social media in
order to promote their goods and
services as well as collect feedbacks
 For the company NEXT plc the threat
of new entrance is high so they can lose
their customers to those new entrants.
 The country's fluctuating exchange
rates effects the NEXT plc as they has
global sales with the local suppliers.
 Also, the rate of interest is fluctuating

from their customers. that do not facilitate the stable
economic as well as financial
environment (Sarsby, 2016).
PEST Analysis of NEXT:
Political factor Economic factor
Stable political conditions can be the relation
for making long term decisions. Whereas being
a member of European union has benefited for
the open transfer of goods and services which
makes easier for the NEXT plc to be able to
supply their offerings into different European
nations.
It includes the interest rates, inflation rate as
well as exchange rates that will effect on the
company's operations. The strong British
pound has increased the foreign investments
for the company NEXT as compared to less
expensive and it is expensive for other
companies to establish themselves within the
UK.
Social factor Technological factor
Several factors and cultural changes in UK
impacts on the performance of fashion retailers
like NEXT. The company realised that the
younger customers were growing as well as
being captured by the online fashion giants
ASOS who were growing by targeting
demographic market and the NEXT plc didn't
have their ranks in it.
Recently, internet and social networks becomes
most crucial developments in the modern era.
The online stores and catalogues are termed as
a key elements which have kept it updated with
the market competition (Jin, 2018).
SWOT Analysis of Marks & Spencer:
Strengths Weaknesses
 M&S is termed as a most leading
retailer in United Kingdom and their
market experience is a great strength
 As the company M&S has poor
financial performance which is
considered as a weakness of company.

for the company.
 The company has 1463 stores across
the world out of which 1035 in the only
UK and remaining in abroad as they
have strong presence at global level.
 Marks & Spencer has strong e-
commerce infrastructure and focused
on better customer experience.
 The one of the major weakness of
company is the poor supply chain
scalability as they have been fail scale
up in order to deliver at globally.
 Customers of M&S has low satisfaction
that has resulted in increasing the
switching ration and decreased brand
loyalty (Thompson, 2017).
Opportunities Threats
 In Asia, the demand of traditional and
ethnic wear is increased which is a big
opportunities for the company as yet
they have been unable to capitalise on it
(Deepak, 2018).
 The company has already reached at
the large countries like Russia,
Indonesia but there is an opportunity to
explore their business in big economies
like Brazil, Poland which is worth their
efforts.
 M&S has more competition in UK as
well as Abroad such as Tesco,
Morrison's, ASDA, Sainsbury etc.
which creates a big threat for the
company related to losing their scope in
business.
 Government policies for the retail
stores are also creates threats for the
company M&S.
PEST Analysis of Marks & Spencer:
Political factor Economic factor
There are mainly two factors which effect
M&S such as free trade and and Brexit deal.
Free trade is the positive element of politics
that has been formulated between a multitude
of nations (Shabanova, 2015). As M&S chiefly
operates in UK but also has the abroad
locations gets benefits from this. Whereas,
As the mainly price factor has been considered
as a big aspect in retail industry and from some
last decades it have seen that several budget
retailers pop-up in the UK. Whereas, the
present economic outlets is uncertain that
affect the retail sales through which M&S have
closed some stores that have had to make

Brexit highly impacts on the company's
operations.
negative impact and creates unemployment.
Social factor Technological factor
As a non trendy is considered as a most
important factor that effects M&S as the new
or trendy retailers pop-up each year so the
reputation of M&S may become low in trendy
brands for the customers mainly younger
population.
Recently retail companies adapting new
technologies as they introduced self checkouts.
As M&S has already introduced multiple
techniques such as self service check outs
systems as well as plan to raise the uses of AI
based checkouts in future.
Impact of internal and external factors on team, individual and leadership:
Internal /
External
Individual Team Leadership
SWOT Due to the internal
resources and capabilities
of any business the level of
motivation of employees is
reduced as well as business
suffers a lot from it. This
will lead adverse impact in
company's productivity
and individuals
performance.
If people suffers from the
internal factors then team
work is highly influenced
because members are
unable to participate
effectively and fails to give
better contribution towards
the achievement of goals as
well (Malik, 2017).
Due to the adverse impact
leaders suffers a lot as
they fails to influence
team members because
they are not motivated to
perform takes on the
basis of modifications.
PEST Due to the external
influences individual face
difficulties as they require
developed skills for
accepting and
implementing changes so
that they fails to contribute
Due to the external changes
the transitional change also
occur in an organisation
which means the alterations
in existing processes also
occur which is difficult to
accept by all members
External influences
impacts on leadership
styles as well because
they need to plan
appropriate policies in a
short duration. Due to the
unsettled changes leaders

their best for
organisational success
(Choi, 2017).
immediately so that the
team work is also effected.
fails to lead followers in
effective way.
P3 Explain measures for minimising the negative impacts of changes on organisational
behaviour.
In order to minimise the adverse impacts of changes that occurs in the Marks & Spencer's
workplace the company needs to manage them by using appropriate strategies and practices.
These includes as follows: Learning culture: Learning defined as a long term changes in the individual behaviour
which is permanent in nature. While the company Marks & Spencer creates effective
learning culture at their working environment which will lead the high growth and
success in future (Jayatilleke, 2018). As it helps in developing the behaviour of workers
and they are ready to acquire changes appropriately by facing all the new challenges.
Whereas, leaders also able to implement effective style of leadership in order to lead the
whole team members towards the changes. Participative management: When a company M&S get high involvement of workers in
the operational as well as strategic changes then they will become more competent to take
changes systematically. This will help in enhancing the strong relationship among the
workers and management which maintain the individual's behaviour in a positive manner.
 Develop effective channel of communication: In order to adopts changes positively a
company Marks & Spencer need to do proper interaction as well as communication with
the staff members. A channel includes the process of effective communication which
helps in increasing the willingness of employees towards the enhancement their learning
and develop their knowledge as well. This will give positive outcomes to the company
after reducing the adverse impacts from them (Muldoon, 2018).
Burke – Litwen Theory:
This kind of model was developed by the George H. Litwen and W. Warner Burke in
1960 which defines the cause and effect relationship between the change drivers of
organisations. This will help to the leaders of M&S as well as NEXT plc in order to analysing
the factors that can lead organisational changes. Through which they can make effective

decisions or strategies which will result in reducing the adverse impacts of those factors. This is
based on the assessing environmental as well as organisational elements so that the changes in
the company can be implemented successfully (Strese, 2016). Mainly the external environment
or factor effects company due to which they require to change their strategies along with the
culture as well as structure so that they execute changes effectively. By using this model the
M&S and NEXT plc both can be adequately adopts changes that will assist in gaining the
competitive edge within the marketplace as well as dealt threats by taking opportunities.
M2 Evaluate how an organisation responds to change by applying theories and models.
There are several models and theories that helps in responding towards the changes
effectively. Within the context of M&S, company can adopts continuous improvement model
for systematically responds towards the changes. The framework of continuous improvement
refers to the impulsion of changes that focused on increasing the cultural positively for the
improvement in their performance level. This model helps in increasing the quality of services as
well as adequately utilisation of organisational resources in order to gain the positive and better
results (The continuous improvement theory, 2018). In other words, continuous improvement
model is a set of agreed principles which supports financial as well as procurement services in
order to increase service quality and the effectiveness of organisational systems, design and
processes as well. This includes planning, doing, studying and acting towards the opportunities
that are available in the market. So that company need to adopts models for the improvements
and getting competitive advantages.
D1 Justify conclusion and recommendations for change planning.
In order to plan organisational changes effectively and identifying the impacts of changes
implementation the company Marks & Spencer requires to properly evaluate the change drivers
i.e. internal and external. As internal drivers assist in effective management of organisation
internally like resources, funds etc. in order to ear huge profit margin (Muluneh, 2018). Whereas,
external drivers assists in examining the outsiders environment such as competitors,
governmental restrictions and so on for the purpose of taking competitive advantages. Some
major recommendations for the manager of M&S are includes that manager must require to
predict the influences of changes in advance or before implementation. Along with this, they
should adopts effective channels of communication for sharing informations as well as enhance
the level of employee participation.

TASK 3
P4 Different barriers of change and its influences on leadership decision making.
There are different barriers of changes which impacts on the leadership decision-making
by their occurrence in an organisational strategies and operations that also influence individual's
performance as well as it occurs for the betterment of the company. The barrier of change affects
the Marks and Spencer are as follows:
Lack of involvement: Lack of involvement is the most basic change in the company, as
employee get affected and they have fear of change rather then that the higher authorities also
have this fear of change. Whenever change is happen in Mark and Spencer it is important or
required that everyone must get involved in this process if someone doesn't get involved in the
change process then that raise an fear in an individual (Naidoo, 2019). To get high involvement
of employees it is needed that their opinions must be noticed, provide them better feedback by
that company leads to the better phase and become more developed.
Lack of communication: It is most effective barrier of change because communication
is the most important and needed part of a company as to share the views, opinions, feedback
and flow of knowledge as well. The information only flows well if their is an effective
communication between the employee or every individual of Mark and Spencer. It is needed that
whenever the change is introduced in the company the top level manager briefly convey that
change to all as only by this the employee get used to of that change while if the change doesn't
convey in proper manner then it lead to build the confusion which decrease the morale of
employee (Rosenbaum, 2018).
Basically two types of decision making in an organisation in order to execute changes so
that to overcome from the changes that are being occurred while implementing changes manager
of Marks & Spencer make appropriate decisions (Romiszowski, 2016). These are as follows:
Programmed: These type of decisions are repeated over the period of time for which
manager of M&S need to be focused on developing their existing rules and regulations to guide
procedures. For instance, determining the requirements of raw material is known as programmed
decision-making.
Non programmed: It is the unstructured decision-making that are not defined in a well
manner or incomplete informations so the manager of company require to exercise creative

thinking and judgemental thoughts to choose best alternative (Appelbaum, 2015). For example,
Thinking regarding whether or not make decisions of implementing new technologies.
M3 Apply force field analysis in order to analyse the driving forces.
Forcefield analysis is the technique which deals with the change in management and
supports different factors like identifies, discuss, and document the change. Driving forces are
the forces which include both internals as well as external factor that provides the shape of
company Marks and Spencer. This is important for the managers of the company that they
analyse and implement the changes in an appropriate manner (Scott, 2018). There are mainly two
type of force i.e. restraining force are the force which lead to avoid the changes and resist them
or counter work the forces. whereas other is driving force helps the people to transit the change
and converts that to the opportunities.
D2 Critically evaluate the use of force field analysis in relation to the meeting organisational
objectives.
Forcefield analysis is the most simplest and the easiest method to analyse and implement
the change. Mark and Spencer are deal with that to emphasis on situation benefits in an effective
way. while in a condition where employee get motivate it work less and have less impact
because of there is an increment of restraining force which builds stress and pressure (Tang,
2019). At same time it is beneficial as well to achieve the goals and vision of the organisation at
a specific period of time.
TASK 4
P5 Apply different leadership approaches to deal with the organisational changes.
Leadership refers to the ability of persons to influences the behaviour of others in order to
accomplish organisational objectives. The manager of Marks & Spencer requires to adopts
effective style of leadership that facilitates motivation and encouragement to their workforce in
order to increase their performance for achieving goals and objectives. It helps in implementing
the organisational changes in a successful way. There are different approaches of leadership that
are as follows: Autocratic leadership: This kind of leadership style refers to the centralised control over
the activities and decisions as whole control of management is in the hand of only one
people or can say that they can accept few inputs from employees (Western, 2019). With

respects of Marks & Spencer, manager can adopt autocratic style for learning their
employees regarding the changes and thy don't worry regarding the reactions of
followers. Whereas, it is ineffective in some conditions because work load is on the only
manager which creates mental issues, stress or health diseases. Democratic leadership: This is associated with the participative management of
workforce as manager engage their employees in organisational activities and decisions.
As manager of M&S can adopts this approach for developing the strong and positive
relationships with workers (Cummings, 2016). Whereas, it is ineffective because of that it
takes more time in order to interact with all members and it is not possible to considers
all opinions on a single situation so it might be creates conflicts and dissatisfaction also.
 Situational leadership: This type of approach is more suitable for dealing with the
different range of problems. The company M&S can adopts this approach for effectively
and successfully adopting changes on the immediate situations which are occurs in an
organisation. As it is also known as a flexible approach because it helps in dealing with
the varied range of problems (Wolberger, 2018). Whereas, it is ineffective in the context
of task oriented workplace or organisations because of it emphasised on the immediate
requirements instead of long term objectives and needs.
M4 Examine the approaches of leadership by using models and theories.
The manager of company Marks & Spencer apply Lewin's change management model
at their working premises that will helps in implementing the changes successfully. The
management of company use this model in order to know about the changes towards the
organisational structure and procedures. This is classified in mainly three categories which
includes unfreezing, changes and refreezing (Al-Haddad, 2015). As the company Marks &
Spencer, can adopts unfreezing stage in order to initiate or implement the change process by
providing motivation and encouragement to their employees. After initiating decisions company
can focus on changes, in which they can be used appropriate leadership styles and effective
communication along with the individual's and team members. Lastly, refreezing involves the
successful changes that has been adopted by the workers in order to long term sustainability as
well as workers feel confidence and comfortable while making changes in business processes.
Whereas, it adversely impacts on the organisation because brining changes in the direction and

process of company they required more time and money to analyse the market conditions and
implementing changes in a successful manner.
Within the context of Marks & Spencer: Unfreezing: Leader of M&S adopts democratic style of leadership to influence followers
for accepting changes (Dartey-Baah, 2015). Change: For the implementation of changes situational leadership is most appropriate so
that manager of company able to deal with all challenges appropriately.
 Refreezing: In order to do this, manager of M&S need to build favourable working
environment so that changes can be managed effectively.
Within the context of NEXT plc: Unfreezing: Leader of NEXT use autocratic leadership style so that they can able to take
initiative of changes and formed appropriate decisions. Change: As the leader of NEXT adopts the supportive approach for leading changes in a
systematic and participative manner (Jyoti, 2015).
 Refreezing: In this the NEXT'S leader emphasised on the employee engagement and
involvement in decision-making so that issues are timely solve and produce valuable
results.
D3 Critically evaluate the effectiveness of leadership approaches and models of change
management.
After discussing several approaches of leadership it has been viewed that situational style
of leadership is more suitable for the company M&S as it assists the company's management in
developing positive as well as favourable working environments. Along with this, it aids in
encouraging and motivating workers to get more participation in business activities, decision
making as well as resolving conflicts and problems of staff members (Ceulemans, 2015).
Whereas, it is ineffective also as sometimes the management of firm decline to get help or
support from their manpower which results in creating the feeling of dissatisfaction among them
and they are not able to implement changes successfully.
Kotters 8 step model:
This model was developed by John Kotter for increasing the ability of company to accept
changes and gives more possibilities of success (Kotter’s 8 Step Change Model, 2020). In the

context of M&S, company's manager use this model in order to execute changes appropriately
that can be considered as below:
(Source: Kotter’s 8 Step Change Model, 2020) Create a sense of urgency: Here, the manager of Marks & Spencer emphasise on their
staff members by providing awareness of changes requirements and urgency that will be
done honestly and openly discussed. Guiding coalition: At this level, manager puts more efforts to motivate and encourage
their employees for making constructive decisions as well as execute changes effectively. Vision for change: Here, they can develop a vision statement that will assist in knowing
about the change need along with the specific time frame. Communicate vision: In this, manager appropriately communicate their clear vision to
their staff members for getting the acceptance of all. Remove obstacles: Before implementing changes it is necessary to reduce all barriers
which could weaken company's change vision.

 Create short term wins: At this stage, short term objectives for workers are prepared so
that they can get clear guidelines or direction about what is going on and rewarding best
performers as well. Consolidate improvements: Here, business manager looks for the improvements for
performing long term goals regarding major changes.
 Anchor changes: Lastly, discussion takes place in which success stories are discussed
regarding the change initiatives on available opportunities.
CONCLUSION
From the above discussion it has been concluded that changes are essential term for a
business organisation which should be required on a regular intervals. It is needed to changes in
the operational activities of businesses, without that the company unable to accomplish
sustainable growth as well as profit. There are various change drivers which directly influence
the working of company either positively or negatively. In order to overcome from the negative
aspects of changes a company requires to adopts some effective approaches and models for
taking adequate decisions and minimise negative aspects. In addition, numerous approaches or
styles of leadership are available which provides huge benefits to the company while bringing
and implementing changes successfully and effectively.

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