University Cab Industry Report: Regulations and Electric Cars Impact

This report examines the evolving landscape of the cab industry, focusing on the impact of changing regulations and the integration of electric vehicles. It explores the regulatory systems, including permit and certificate systems, and analyzes the characteristics of cab services in different regions, such as the United States and Africa. The report investigates factors influencing the demand for cabs, considering aspects like household car ownership, airport trips, and commuting patterns. It delves into the challenges posed by Transportation Network Companies (TNCs) and the need for appropriate regulatory measures to ensure safety and fairness. The study employs a qualitative methodology, utilizing questionnaires and secondary data to assess the current state of the cab industry and provide recommendations for meeting changing regulatory requirements, particularly in the context of electric car adoption and congestion charges. The report also explores the impact of COVID-19 on the sector.

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Meeting regulation for cab station and the impact of electric cars linking with congestion
charges.
(Name)
(University)

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Table of Contents
Executive summary.....................................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................2
METHODOLOGY...........................................................................................................................................4
FINDINGS.....................................................................................................................................................5
Regulatory systems for cabs....................................................................................................................6
General characteristics of cab services....................................................................................................7
Cabs in the United States and the case in Africa.....................................................................................7
Use of cabs, buses or trains...................................................................................................................10
Choice of transport in US.......................................................................................................................11
Factors determining the demand for a cab...........................................................................................11
CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................................14
RECOMMENDATIONS................................................................................................................................15
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................................16
Appendix 1:...............................................................................................................................................19

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This study was carried out to establish ways in which the cabs industry can meet the changing
requirements as a result of changing regulations which are affecting this industry to a very great
extent. This is making it necessary for an individual who is part of the industry to be extra
careful. There is need to note that these changes are making the industry to have a new face. The
changes are making some operators exit from the industry which in turn is reducing the number
of service providers (Farren, 2017, pp. 123-135). This is making the few service providers be very
much strained. Their quality of services and the prices that are being charged are changing at a
very high speed. It has been noted that these regulations are not only impacting those in the
industry but also the users of the cabs, other forms of public transport and even employees of
those who use cabs. For instance, a mass exit of a given number of cabs will mean that there is
excess demand for these services in town. The busses and trains will be forced to make extra
trips to take care of the existing gap. At some point when the forces of demand and supply begin
to interact in the market then prices might go high. A change in price does not only affect the
person using the cab but also affects their entire life. This calls for precautionary measures as the
government attempts to enact new ways of getting things done (Fortino et al, 2016, pp. 995-1003).
The techniques and approaches taken by the government should be aimed at ensuring that
regulations have been upheld and at the same time the interest of the citizens has been protected.
If this is not done then they will remain at the mercy of the cab industry which is likely to exploit
them.
INTRODUCTION
There are very many people who keep on wondering what a cab is, given that this is a
new vocabulary on the lips of people. It is not something that has been common among people
but rather some scholars have tried to define the term. According to (Harrison, 2017, pp. 165-178)
CAB can be regarded as a form of transport in which an individual hires a car plus a driver so
that they can be taken to any place they are interested in moving to. This form of transport differs

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from the public buses and trains because there is no sharing of a car apart from when a group of
people is traveling towards the same destination and they are moving as a group which should
not be broken unless it is in the interest of space (Razmara et al, 2018, pp.6588-6589). A great deal
of people who decide to go for cabs go for such a decision because it is a better option when an
individual wants to move from one place to another. The packaging of this form of transport
service makes it necessary for an individual to be ready and willing to part with large sums of
money or slightly higher than the normal amount of money especially when they have to use the
normal form of transport. In respect to this, it cannot be ignored that a cab comes with lots of
conveniences since they navigate to pick someone from their places of residence before getting
them to where they are headed to. The role played by cabs in the transport system cannot be
thrown to dogs across the world since its appearance and packaging places it just between the
private form of transport and public forms of transport in different parts of the world. This is the
case especially when it is considered that those who own their cars enjoy the same space and
service as those who go for the cabs. The only difference which comes in is that for the cabs, an
individual will not be the only person using the cab in question and therefore it serves the entire
public in a specialized way.
It is, therefore, possible for an individual to get these services as they move from one
place to another if the distance to be covered is short. Given that humanity keeps on moving
from one place to another then demand for cabs has kept on increasing as days go by (Borjesson,
2012, pp. 236).
For first world countries like the UK and the US, cabs are seen as a substitute for the public
transport system. This implies that people have freedom of going for the cabs whenever moving
from one place to another unlike other parts of the world where cabs are only used by those who
can afford to pay for this form of service. At the same time, many individuals who are interested
in setting themselves free from the frustration of driving and taking care of a car every day will
always opt for a cab.

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In developing countries in Africa and Latin, America CABs are not often used to add-on to the
strained public transport systems which are made up of buses and trains. Cab services are utilized
by those who belong to the top economic class, unlike the lower-income earners who have to
struggle and achieve their transport demands by the aid of strained public transport systems. This
indicates that the conditions which propel people to go for cabs in first world countries and third
world countries might be different but the underlying aspect is that people are going for the cabs.
With the outbreak of the pandemic diseases across the world a lot has changed and the economy
is also going down and the regulations have been put in place which has changed everything in
different sectors. The transport sector has therefore been slapped by tough or rather new
regulatory measures that need to be adhered to so that their operators can be allowed to keep on
operating. Given that this is the case then there is need to look into changes everything in each
sector, so for the CAB station to meet their relegations, the following should be looked into the
interests of customers, prevailing conditions under which the cab industry has to operate under
and how eligible these agencies are to remain operational amid the covid-19 havoc.
This study, therefore, seeks to delve into an analytic assessment of the existing cab schemes at
the global perspective and their respective policies and regulations. It will also consider the
characteristics of the cab industry in general.
METHODOLOGY
In our attempt to collect data for this particular study, a questionnaire as a tool for data collection
will be used. A decision to use a questionnaire stems from the fact that this is a qualitative study
and it easy to administer a questionnaire. The time required for an individual to fill into a given
questionnaire is short and at the same time several individuals can be filling in a given
questionnaire so that when the researcher collects the questionnaires then they will have covered
a large population.

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The target population for this kind of study is literate and therefore there will be no difficulty
when it comes to recording information. Different people will be expected to fill in the
questionnaire. According to Eliason, (2012, pp. 289), there will be a model of multiple
regression in which several cabs that operate in 54 different cities in African will be studied so
that the three factors affecting demand can be brought out. The three factors entail the number of
households which do not own cars, the number of airport cab trips and workers who commute.
According to Eliasson, (2012, pp. 289), Multiple regression modeling of the number of CABs in
54 cities in Africa, three factors are noted to be affecting the demand of the CABs services, they
include. The number of households without cars, the number of airport CAB strips and the
number of workers commuting by subways. The results which will be obtained will be essential
in guiding the regulators so that they can be able to monitor changes when it comes to the
demand for cab services.
The results obtained can be used to guide the regulators in monitoring the changes in demand for
CAB services, and it's not enough to quantify the demand for the CAB services. With the
difficulty found on the CAB services, a lot of writers are motivated to such models that can
represent the complexity of the CAB system in a network context. And that's the first alternative
for understanding the equilibrium of the CAB system and has developed such a model as an
attempt to describe how vacant and occupied CABs would in-network and origin to destination
demands patterns.
Apart from the use of questionnaires to collect data, we shall also go for secondary data were
already published information will be depended upon to aid in appropriate understanding and
analysis of primary data. The secondary data will be used in ensuring that information has been
contextualized and the right thing has been achieved. The study will also strive to ensure that
high standards of professionalism have been achieved apart from research in an ethical manner.
There will be no cooking or formulation of results.

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FINDINGS
Most of the policy changes and regulations facing the officials as espoused by (Koffsky et al,
2018, pp. 12-26) have innovative mobility services centers on transportation network companies
(Terms and Conditions) and for-hire you must have a relative transportation system, CABS, and
limousines. TNCs are the most controversial agencies for both aggressive models of market
entries. Establishment and in this chapter, it ensures CAB regulations, development, and
expansion of NTCs, and they all vary in the two industries.
Where these regulations have adverse effects then the process of enacting and imposing has to in
the right manner so that other people are not affected. This is the case because the aspect of
safety of people and their health when using the cabs remains imperative.
Schaller, B. (2010, pp. 126) noted that the regulations were formed to experience the problems to
the economy and among jurisdictions. And by that, it should come as a surprise by nature and
extent countrywide. Particularly safety but also fare metering whereas control over market entry,
pricing, geographic coverage, and disadvantages.
The phenomenon of regulation is much unique in that the regulatory body has widely varying
rules and regulations that are neither unique nor problematic because they are all enforced by
local government and they include public safety, fares, and market entry.
Regulatory systems for cabs
The first system is called the Permit system. It is also called the medallion system, in which the
appointed authority in operation comes in the form of CAB permit vehicles for permits, which is
lawful and they have value examples include, San Francisco's, California and king county.
According to this system, all those operating in the permit system are expected to be on-road
upon ownership of the required permit without which their operation will be unlawful (Mishra,
2018, pp. 23-23).

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Secondly, the certificate system is offered to the CAB companies which are in operations,
where a CAB vehicle is given their several operations. Unlike the permit system which provides
permits and licenses, the second system greatly depends on the issuance of certificates which are
used to should that a given cab or Cab Company has been permitted to operate (Wang et al, 2019,
pp.6-7).
Thirdly, the franchise system, this is issues that surround competitions within transportation
jurisdictions, fourthly, open entry, there are no regulatory limitations that an individual has to
battle with if they need to be part of the cab industry. In the open system, there are as many cab
companies as possible and entry and exit from the industry are not limited.
As per the services, the driver should undergo training, lease fee caps designed to limit the
amount on the permit and require for cameras or CCTVs for safety measures
General characteristics of cab services
According to (Song, 2018, pp. 55-55) there is no doubt that CAB transport performs an important
role in the urban and sometimes rural transport system. Even though this is the case, customers
are vulnerable to exploitation by cab operators. To make sure that there is no exploitation of
clients there is control of entry into the industry. The government might also put in measures so
that prices that are charged by different cab industries are reasonable. This is done so that a
monopoly can be avoided at all costs to ensure that all is well. A country like the Netherlands,
where there is monopoly the amount of income is high and there is no doubt that they are reaping
enough income from such a form of a business (Solomon, 2018, pp.88-94).
This is an issue that should be seriously looked into because when the number of licensed cab
operators remains low, the clients are not only likely to pay more than they should pay but also
the quality of services they are bound to receive is likely to go down. The regulatory bodies
should, therefore, enact appropriate measures that will ensure that the customer has been
cushioned gained unnecessary exploitation by those in business.

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Cabs in the United States and the case in Africa
According to (Szekeres, 2018, pp. 6061-6068) the importance of the CAB system as an addition
to the public transport system has already been taken note of by many people across the world.
(Verma, 2019, pp. 233-233) Like in Kenya, with the with the increased demand for cab services,
the mode of transportation must be examined carefully, although, given that some cities in the
United States have also been affected by the. Thus one has to start by looking at the analysis of
the system available in other major United States cities. They will then move to the case of
Africa, where the transport sector is under pressure since there are many industries which depend
on it ranging from health to other sectors.
It was noted from the interviews that there are very many things that are changing as the cab
industry is being compelled to adopt new rules and regulations of getting things done. They are
such changes that are making things in the cab industry to appear as if they are taking a new
shape, form, and appearance (Zhgulev, 2018, pp. 2110-2117). There is no doubt that an individual
has to brace upon these aspects if they want to continue existing in this industry.
The below information shows a comparison of CAB fare among 4 cities in the United States.

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23%
22%
20%
18%
17%
Sales
newyork
califonia
florida
los angelas
oklahoma
There is need to appreciate the fact that there is an increased demand for the cab services. This
has resulted to congestion at the cab stations. The congestion which are experienced result to
congestion charges and this might have effects on the general public who depend on the cabs for
their transport. This is greatly changing the way people are going for the cab services. This is
taking place because the cab service providers are expected to pay congestion services which is
passed over to the customers (Ruiz et al, 2018, pp. 1427-1452). This ends up increasing the amount
of money which a person will be expected to pay so that they can enjoy using these services.
This is a perfect way in which the new rules and regulations the operations of the cabs across the
world.
The following information shows the initial and after fare analysis.

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kisumu
mombasa
nairobi
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
1000
2000
900
4.5
1500
2500
1.8
2.8
chages in cab prices
Series 3 initial
From the above bar graph, it can be seen that there was a general increase in the prices charged
when people wanted to travel from one place to another. This can be attributed to an increase in
demand and therefore there was an increase in the total amount of money collected from this
industry (Pandya et al, 2017, pp. 91-105).
An introduction of electric cars for use as cabs will make the sector more effective. This will
reduce the amount of pollution that current clients have to put up with when using the public
sector. The issue of accessibility and punctuality will also change but there are high chances that
the amount of money which a person has to pay is likely to increase. (Qian, and Ukkusuri, 2017, pp.
1610-1622). On the impact of electrical cars linking with the congestion charge, the following
will be to our advantages, firstly reduction of diesel and petrol use and thus will, in turn, be an
increase of electricity demand, so as per the analysis, the demand for fuel will be neglected as
electricity use increases, there will be energy reductions consumption by the passengers,
conservation of our environment where allot of carbon monoxide will be released to the surface
and with the electric cars, only electricity will be needed (Neslen, 2016, pp. 11-11). They are now

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needed more than ever before because people prefer the cabs to other options at their disposal. If
they are introduced then many people will be interested in going for their services.
(Kumar, 2019, pp. pp. 67-89) summary all little cars/CABS needed to see the kind of job that is on
their area and by that a lot is needed to be looked into by the stations and also agencies that aid in
the transportation movements and if all is put into practice the CAB industries will become a
good influence to all buses and trains, being a competition, every transport agencies need to look
on the fair charges, kind of charity they offer to their customers, accessibility, time conscious and
also must have an account page for booking online with the best interest (Moghaddam et al, 2019,
pp. 592-599).
Use of cabs, buses or trains
Unites states of America Africa Latin America UK
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
use of cabs, bus and train across the world
use of cabs use of train use of buses
From the above graph, it can be noted that the intensity of using cabs differs across the world and
depending on different factors that come to play. For instance, a keen look at the United States
and the UK will reveal that more people are using cabs compared to other forms of transport
(Salazar, 2017, pp. 1921-1934). While at the same time, Latin America and African have fewer
people who use the cabs (Middlebrook, 2016, pp. 64-80). This does not mean that there are parts of