Urban Planning Theory: Decentralisation in Australia and US

This essay examines the concept of decentralisation in urban planning, focusing on historical attempts in Australia and the United States during the 20th century. It analyses the reasons behind the limited success of decentralisation efforts in Australia, particularly concerning the distribution of population and the balance between urban and rural areas. The essay also explores the American perspective on decentralisation, highlighting their ambitions for local government empowerment. Furthermore, the report discusses the potential for workable decentralisation strategies in 21st century Australia, suggesting the integration of digital technology and increased community engagement. The essay concludes by emphasising the importance of learning from past experiences and adopting innovative approaches to achieve successful decentralisation in urban development. Desklib provides a platform for students to access a wide range of study resources, including similar essays and past papers.

Urban Planning Theory and
History

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY..................................................................................................................................3
Body 1: Decentralisation in Australia in the 20th century..........................................................3
Body 2: The decentralisation in the United States.......................................................................4
Body 3: Is decentralisation workable in the 21st century in Australia?......................................4
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................4
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................5

INTRODUCTION
Urban planning is the simple process where the development and designing of the urban
areas takes place where the use of land, air water and building of the environment is also
included (Bodó, Brekke& Hoepman, (2021)). Along with this, the government has to consider
transportation, economic and social functions in the development of the urban areas. The
present report will illustrate the concept of urban planning where it describe he
decentralisation of the country Australia and United States (Fenna, (2019)). Along with this,
it will also mention the ideas where the decentralisation in 21 st century can be workable in
the definite manner and can obtain the successful outcome respectively.
MAIN BODY
Body 1: Decentralisation in Australia in the 20th century
The term decentralisation the process in which the organisation is able to conduct the
activities particularly to those regarding planning and decision making which are distributed
away from the central authoritative group. A concern about the distribution of the Australian
people and balancing urban and rural areas in 20th century where it laid behind the initiation of
land settlement schemes. In 1964, a conferences meeting has been conducted by the
commonwealth countries and state officials committee don decentralisation where the final
submission of the report has been one in 1972 (Vargas, Teymourian and et.al., (2019)).
Accordingly, at that time the brief discussion of decentralisation collected due to rapid growth
and emerging the diseconomies in Australian cities and more concern about the rural areas of the
country. However, in the first discussion was placed about the manufacturing and service
activities into the non-metropolitan areas rather than agriculture extension. Thus, in this order the
state government has started to produce to report on decentralisation such as development
council of NSW 1969 or industries development committee 1964. There was concern that large
capitals added to income inequalities and there was increasing pressure to develop a coherent
national urban development strategy (Yahaya, Javaid, Alzahrani, (2020)). By the early 1970s, the
Australian population in capital cities had reached record levels and was attracting increasing
concern where it has been analysed that the increasing diseconomies in Australia’s growing
cities.

Body 2: The decentralisation in the United States
American audience wanted and were very ambitious to plan out for the decentralisation in
year 1982, where they stated that it will be completed in 9 years with a beginning from new
association between the federal government and local government. The new association would
return to the local people nearly by one or half of the federal functions where today, the
Washington is directing (Xu, Zhang & Wang, (2019)). The American government and French
socialist leads shares objectives where they had a power and responsibility of local government
Body 3: Is decentralisation workable in the 21st century in Australia?
The decentralisation in 20th century in the Australia got failed where they were not able to
provide the appropriate services, laws and legislation to the organisation where in the 21st
century the decentralisation needs to be workable in the Australia for obtaining better result and
outcome (Garcia-Unanue, Felipe, Gallardo and et.al., (2021)). The local government of the
Australia has to keep their focus more on the innovation areas and required to bring the new
ideology which can enhance the decentralisation in workable manner. However, as it has been
already known that the digital technology is rapidly increasing day by day which is helping and
supporting an individual person to get out the solution for their issues where the decentralisation
can be workable by utilising the digital technology or it can be said as internet things which can
bring the innovation in the society and place (De Biase & Dougherty, (2021)). The digitally
enabled world and a place Australia entering full of avenues to rethink about to build the better
country. More community engagement in decision making process can help the people to create
the opportunities to voluntarily decentralise.
CONCLUSION
The above mentioned report has summarised the concept of urban planning theories of the
history where it includes the different countries past in relation to decentralisation concept. The
report has included the Australian decentralisation information of the 20th century and also
performed the decentralisation workable standards in 21st century with the innovative ideologies
and formation. In addition, the decentralisation concept of United States is also has been clarified
and mentioned in definite and understanding manner.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Bodó, B., Brekke, J. K., & Hoepman, J. H. (2021). Decentralisation: a multidisciplinary
perspective. Internet Policy Review. 10(2), 1-21.
De Biase, P., & Dougherty, S. (2021). Federalism and public health decentralisation in the time
of COVID-19.
Fenna, A. (2019). The centralization of Australian federalism 1901–2010: Measurement and
interpretation. Publius: The Journal of Federalism. 49(1), 30-56.
Garcia-Unanue, J., Felipe, J. L., Gallardo, L., and et.al., (2021). Decentralisation and efficiency
in municipal sports services: expenditure vs. cost. Sustainability. 13(4), 2260.
Vargas, E., Teymourian, H., Tehraniand et.al., (2019). Enzymatic/immunoassay dual‐biomarker
sensing chip: towards decentralized insulin/glucose detection. Angewandte Chemie
International Edition. 58(19), 6376-6379.
Xu, Q., Xu, Y., Zhang, C., & Wang, P. (2019). A robust droop-based autonomous controller for
decentralized power sharing in DC microgrid considering large-signal stability. IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Informatics. 16(3), 1483-1494.
Yahaya, A. S., Javaid, N., Alzahrani, (2020). Blockchain based sustainable local energy trading
considering home energy management and demurrage mechanism. Sustainability. 12(8),
3385.