Research Report on Urban Tourism in Hong Kong: Findings & Analysis

This research report examines urban tourism in Hong Kong, based on a study conducted in 2017. It investigates tourist trends, including spending patterns, preferred destinations, and satisfaction levels. The report provides a background on urban tourism, reviews relevant theories, and outlines the research methodology, which combines qualitative and quantitative methods using primary data from interviews and questionnaires. It analyzes the collected data using Microsoft Excel and non-numerical methods, presenting key findings on tourist behavior and preferences. The report also discusses the impact of tourism on Hong Kong's economy, highlighting the growth in tourist numbers and the factors influencing this growth, such as shopping, cultural attractions, and infrastructure. The conclusion and recommendations are included at the end of the report, providing a comprehensive overview of the subject.

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Executive summary
This report is prepared with the aim of interpreting the data collected from the study
conducted on urban tourism in Hong Kong. The report discusses the background of
the research subject. The report also contains an in depth literature review on urban
tourism in Hong Kong and the factors that affect urban tourism in the country. The
findings of various researchers are compared to establish the major points of concern
in the industry. The report also contains an evaluation of the methodology used in the
research and the data collection and interpretation methods used in the study. The
result of the data collected are also analyzed and interpreted. The last part of the
report contains the conclusions and the recommendation from the study.
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Table of Contents
Introduction.............................................................................................................................................4
Background of urban tourism..................................................................................................................5
Concepts and relevant theories in urban tourism.....................................................................................8
Proposed research methodology and analysis........................................................................................10
Purpose of the research project..........................................................................................................10
Aims of the study..............................................................................................................................10
Objectives..........................................................................................................................................10
Research questions............................................................................................................................11
Methodology.........................................................................................................................................11
Discussion of results and presentation of results...................................................................................12
References.............................................................................................................................................15
Appendix...............................................................................................................................................17
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Introduction
This paper is a research report on a study conducted concerning Urban tourism in
Hong Kong. The research was conducted between August 20th and September 1st 2017
in Hong Kong. The study mainly targets major tourist destinations in the city as well
as Hotels that are popular with tourist in Hong Kong. The aim of this research project
was to establish the current trends in urban tourism in specific reference to Hong
Kong. The study is aims at establishing the spending patterns of tourists, their
preferred tourist destinations, number of times visited, their level of satisfaction
worthy services offered and their shopping experiences in Hong Kong. The paper also
discusses the background of the research subject in order to give a brief overview on
why the subject was chosen for research. Various theories on urban tourism are also
discussed and compared in order to draw knowledge and understand the arguments of
different authors regarding urban tourism.
The report also presents the research methodology used in this study. The
methodology is a combination of both qualitative and quantitative methods. This is
because, the data collected in this research project is both numerical and descriptive,
and therefore using a research design that is not flexible would present many
challenges during the study. The study mainly depended on primary data collected
from respondents through interviews and questionnaires. The decision to rely on
primary data is that it enables the researchers to get first hand information concerning
the subject under investigation and hence giving more accuracy and confidence in the
final research report. Secondary data sources are also used to back up the primary
sources. This helps in identifying gaps in research subject as well as gaining more
insight on the methodologies used in conducting previous studies. The data collection
procedures are outlined.
The data on this research was collected using questionnaires which were given to
respondents to fill. Microsoft Excel was the tool used to analyze the data collected
backed up with non numerical methods of data analysis. The research presented
various findings which are discussed in detail in this report. Most of the respondents
indicated that it was not their first time to visit Hong Kong.
From the study also, it was found out that most of the respondents travel pattern was
group tour. These findings are made from the interpretation of data on the
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spreadsheet. The final part of the report contains recommendation and a conclusion
made concerning the entire report.
Background of urban tourism
Urban tourism is a term that is used to describe many tourism activities in a city
which is of major tourist attraction and a place of great public interest. Urban tourism
is an old form of tourism with many people making trips in the city in groups. Urban
tourism wasn’t a subject of research until late 80s and till 90s was seen as very
popular in those years(Matias, Nijkampand Sarmento, 2009). After extensive
research was done, tourism within cities was associated with growth and
technological development. Tourism is associated with development of roads, railway
as well as air transport. Tourism encouraged authorities to build better infrastructure
since it made it easier tourists to travel hence attracting tourists to that city. More
cities began promoting urban tourism because of this (Rogerson & visser,2007).
Urban tourism thrives because cities can offer a wide variety of products to people
who are traveling hence offering them a unique shopping experience. These products
could be material or immaterial. Some of these products may be artifacts, electronic
consumer goods, foodstuffs and many more. The non material products include
buying services by visiting paces such as museums, cultural centers, religious and
entertainment areas (Yang, 2017). Sports areas and tourism is also a form of urban
tourism. Many cities have built sports complexes and entertainment arenas in order to
attract international and domestic tourists.
There are a number of factors that influence the growth of urban tourism. Such
factors include; number and extent of diversity of attractions, closeness to other
attractions, level of transport in the city, quality, and size of the cities accommodation
facilities, as well as how effective marketing and promotion activities are in the city.
Urban tourism has many positive effects on the urban areas being visited. It is a major
creator of employment, both direct and indirect. Growth in urban tourism contributes
to more people being employed in the transport sector, accommodation and
hospitality industry as well as shopping centers where tourists visit during their stay in
the city. In addition to this, urban tourism helps to increase money circulation in the
city and hence improving people’s disposable income. This increases their buying
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power and hence promoting economic growth in the city as well as standards of
living.
Urban tourism in Hong Kong
Urban tourism has been a very crucial part of the economy of Hong Kong since the
economy of the city stopped depending on manufacturing to become a service
dependent city. Since the turn of the century, Hong Kong has experienced an upsurge
of tourists from mainland China as a result of the introduction of Individual Visit
Scheme (IVS) in 2003.
By the year 2011, the total expenditure on tourism as a result of foreign tourists
visiting the company reached HK$7,333 per capita (Newton, 2008). The Hong Kong
tourism board estimates that the overall visits from the foreign countries were 36
million in the year 2010 (Maimunah, 2013). This was a 21% increase from the
previous year’s total number of visits. Of the total number of visits in the year 2010,
approximately 22.5 million were from mainland China. 8.2 million were from the
neighboring countries in South East Asia and the remaining 4.8 million were long-
haul arrivals(Hong Kong Heritage Tourism Expo. 2012). In the month of July 2011,
around 3.8 million visitors arrived in Hong Kong. This is about half of Hong Kong’s`
total population and this was a record of tourist numbers in a single month
(Muangasame,and Khunon, 2013).
There has been a very strong growth in the number of tourists from mainland China
and other parts of the world and this has instigated a very sharp growth in the
economy of Hong Kong. In the year 2016 statistics from the Hong Kong tourism
board indicates that among the long-haul visitors, Europe was the leading market
followed by Africa and the Middle East took the lead respectively.
The growth in Hong Kong’s` urban tourism has been mainly due to the aggressive
efforts by the Hong Kong tourist board marketing efforts. The board has collaborated
with other relevant government authorities to make Hong Kong an essential multi-
destination tourism hub. By the year 2016, Hong Kong had approximately 970 hotels
and guest house for hotels. The city had a room capacity of 82,764 rooms. The
average room occupancy rate for the year was approximately 87%. This was a 1.1%
growth from the previous year’s room occupancy rate. During the year 2016, more
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than 67.3% of all the visitors stayed for one night or longer which means that the
hospitality and hotel industry are benefiting a lot from the tourism boom.
Shopping is a very popular social activity in Hong Kong city. The sale of basic items
in the city does not attract any levy from the government. This encourages tourists to
shop in the city. It is reported that shoppers spend approximately US$4.5 billion in a
month in Hong Kong shop (Maciocco & serreli, 2009).The closeness of Hong Kong
city to China which is a manufacturing hub makes products very cheap. The
manufacturing costs in China are cheap and this makes it possible for traders in Hong
Kong t import products and sell them at a cheap price to tourists(Ng, 2013)..
Shopping by tourist is also encouraged by the fact that the official languages in this
region are Cantonese and English. This makes communication between the local
traders and the foreign tourists make shopping easy. The popular items being traded in
the city include jewelry, Jade, Gold. The most popular jewelry shops in the city are
Chow Seng Seng and Luk Fook. A wide variety of cuisines are available with
traditional Chinese cuisine such as Shanghainese, Hanainanese, and Mong Kok.
The culture of Hong Kong can be defined as a foundation that was started with the
Lingnan`s Cantonese culture and some influence from the Chinese culture (Adamietz,
2012). After the British Colonization began in the 20th century, the culture of Hong
Kong also got influenced by the British culture.
There are many traditional tourist attractions and art centers in Hong Kong. Some of
the most common museums in Hong Kong include Airport Core Programs Exhibition
Center, Art Museum of Chinese University of Hong Kong and the city gallery.
Previous researches on urban tourism in Hong Kong
The current challenges for urban tourism research are to re-evaluate most of the
assumptions, models, and frameworks that have been used in the previous studies.
The re-evaluation of models and assumptions is important due to the changing treads
in urban tourism globally. A lot of research work has been conducted about urban
tourism in Hong Kong. This research addresses a range of issues of in urban tourism.
These issues include hospitality and accommodation in Hong Kong, arts and culture
attractions in Hong Kong, shopping and culture as well as wildlife. Hong Kong has
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been a major attraction of tourists for many years. This is mainly due to its diverse
culture, traditions, art, as well as shopping experience.
Briassoulis & Straaten (2012) found that most of the tourists who visit Hong Kong
city are attracted by the cities` culture and art. The city is rich in culture and arts with
many museums, performing arts theater s well as martial arts being a major source of
attraction for urban tourists(Law, Rong, Vu, Li, G and Lee, 2011).. The cities foods
and cuisines make it also a unique destination for both domestic and foreign tourists.
According to World tourism organization (2012) , Hong Kong city hotels also attract
tourists from both domestic and foreign tourists. The unique foods and services in
Hong Kong hotel helps to bring many visitors to the city. Specht (2014), states that
the city of Hong Kong offers customers unique shopping experiences. This has helped
the city to attract a huge chunk of domestic tourists. This is because the city offers a
huge variety of products that are unique and are cheap.
Researches on Hong Kong city urban tourism also indicate that the city’s
infrastructure and amenities are a source of attraction for tourists. The good subways
in the city as well as the good road network encourage people to visit the city(King, &
porananond, 2014). The cities proximity to Mainland China as well as good transport
network between China and Hong Kong makes it attractive for tourists to visit the
city(Hong Kong Tourism Board, 2014)
Concepts and relevant theories in urban tourism
This section of the report reviews and examines the extent to which previous
researches on urban tourism can help us to in understanding this subject further and in
explaining current trends in those subject areas. The current conceptual and
theoretical frameworks do not fully explain the changing and evolving trends as well
as factors influencing tourism in major cities in the world. Ashworth(2003) in his
research observed that there is an aspect of imbalance given that most tourists
originate from cities and at the same time are a destination of many tourists. He
concluded that the people studying tourism neglected cities while those studying cities
neglected tourism. The review of the theories and concepts in urban tourism is done
with specific reference to peer reviewed journals and edited books.
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One of the theories of urban tourism suggests that there has been low proliferation of
themes within the urban tourism domain since 1990s. According to Stanfield (1964),
in order to understand the character of urban tourism, it is important to consider the
antonym and to account for the relative neglect of the antonym. The antonym in this
case is the rural tourism and why this sector has been neglected for centuries. The
founding father of urban spatial modeling,Christaller (1966) suggested a spatial model
of urban tourism where tourism would become a function of urban periphery and not
of urban centers.
The above was progressed through the concept of pleasure periphery. This concept
was formulated by Miossec, (1976) and Yokeno,(1968) in this concept, recreational
center were divided by travel seasons and their function was to create demand for
leisure and not supply of leisure , space and facilities. This theory focused on how the
neglect of rural areas had an influence on urban tourism.
Globalization and development of world cities is another concept explaining urban
tourism. A lot of literature exists on globalization and tourism in urban areas. The
relationship between economic, cultural, and political factors and how they influence
urban culture is also discussed in this theory. Hall (1966) was the first to argue this
concept. He reasoned that globalization as a process impacts upon medium and small
cities and the best sign of realizing globalization on small cities and towns is through
the increase in tourism and development of hospitality industry in these
areas(Kwan,2012). Urban based knowledge of the economy has transformed into
productive activities and this productive activity has brought about development of
luxury experiences and services that are world class (Ordóñez & zeyar, 2017) . This
has helped to promote increase in the number of people visiting urban areas.
Globalization also promotes free trade. Free trade encourages movement of people
across boarder in search of trading or business opportunities (Tseand Qiu, 2016). This
movement has led to a boom and growth in tourism since people may travel across
continents to shop or carry out important business. A good example in this case is
Dubai and Hong Kong. A tourist city is characterized by a series of primary
attractions and an infrastructure that is can be utilized by tourists.
Another concept explaining urban tourism is that of re-globalization. Short et al.
(2000) suggests that there exists a complex relationship between waves of
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globalization where the ‘local’ is an active agent in influencing globalization
processes. He used the term re-globalization because the term globalization has been
used to for very many centuries. Re-globalization from a tourism point of view means
use of infrastructure and places of attraction in the city(Discover Hong Kong nature.
2007). Leisure economies have also continued to make cities attractive for tourists.
These developments were a necessity due to the need to replace the declining
manufacturing industries hence the need to grow service industries which were
becoming very lucrative at the time (Briassoulis&Straaten, 2012).
Culture and traditions are also viewed as another factor influencing the growth of
urban tourism over the years. Tourism is a major avenue for people to experience the
differences in cultures and tradition of people from different parts of the world.
Nothing offers a better experience than a visit to a city with diverse cultures and
traditions. People visit cities in order to experience their unique cuisines, food, social
life as well as their architectural designs. The desire to understand one another`s
culture has grown over the years due to globalization. Increase in peoples disposable
income has also had a bearing on urban tourism. Urban tourism requires a person to
spend a substantial amount of money. This is because urban tourism is associated with
shopping expeditions and spending time in luxury city hotels.
Proposed research methodology and analysis
Purpose of the research project
The purpose of conducting this study is to identify the current trends in urban tourism
with Hong Kong being used as the case study for this research. The study seeks to
identify the spending patterns of visitors, their shopping experiences, and their
motivations for visiting the city.
Aims of the study
The aim of this study is to establish the new trends for tourists visiting Hong Kong.
Objectives
The research also aims at establishing reasons why the visitors are visiting the city.
Establish the shopping experiences of tourists and the major attraction sites
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Determining the visiting patterns and the duration of time the visitors stayed in the
city.
Investigating the amount of money that visitors spend in a single visit and their
spending patterns.
Research questions
Is this the first time you are visiting the city?
Which is your traveling pattern in Hong Kong during this visit?
What amount of money are you planning to spend in Hong Kong during the trip?
Which destinations or attraction sites have you visited or planning to visit in Hong
Kong?
What items have you bought/ your planning to buy in Hong Kong?
Which is your nationality?
How was your shopping experience in the city?
How long did your trip last?
Methodology
This study was conducted using a combination of both qualitative and quantitative
research techniques. Qualitative research method is mainly used in this study because
most of the data collected in this study is numerical. The nature of the study makes it
suitable to use quantitative research methods because the data collected can be
analyzed and interpreted numerically. The use of only quantitative research method
would present a major challenge for the researcher since it would limit the questions
asked and even interpretation of some data would be difficult. Due to this reason, it
becomes important to apply qualitative research technique in this study (Marais &
visser, 2008).
The data for this study was collected using primary methods. The primary data
collected was mainly through questionnaires given to respondents visiting the city.
There were questionnaires for foreign visitors containing fifteen questions. The
questions in these questionnaires focused on obtaining information concerning the
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interests of tourists, their major attractions as well as their shopping experiences and
spending patterns. There was another questionnaire that obtains information from
local residents on the social, economic, and environmental effects of tourism. The
sample population for the research was selected using simple random sampling. This
is where the respondents are chosen randomly from a given population without any
considerations being put in place.
Secondary data was also used to conduct this study. Data collected by previous
researchers was used in determining and evaluating the patterns and trends in urban
tourism done on other cities. The sources of secondary data used in this study include
peer reviewed journals, books, thesis and dissertations, as well as trade journals were
used to provide information used in this research (Hessler& zimmermann, 2008). The
data collected in this research was analyzed using the Microsoft Excel analysis tool.
This analysis tool helped in providing a clear understanding of the data collected. This
enabled the data to be presented easily in form of tables and graphs for easier
understanding.
The focus of this project is to establish the trends in urban tourism with a specific
focus on Hong Kong. The study investigates the frequency of the visitors’ trips, the
spending patterns of the visitors and their shopping experiences as well as their major
attractions in the city.
Discussion of results and presentation of results
From the results collected on the study, an analysis can be analyzed to help draw
conclusions and make findings from the study. This section contains an in depth
analysis of the data collected from the questionnaires that were issued to the
respondents. The first question on the questionnaire was whether or not its the first
time for the respondent is visiting the city or not. Majority of the respondents
responded to the affirmative. Out of the 44 respondents questioned in the study,23 of
them indicated that it was the first time they were visiting the city. The remaining 21
respondents indicated that they had visited the city one or more times previously. This
result indicates that most of the tourists visiting Hong Kong city are visiting for the
first time hence indicating that urban tourism in the city is growing. The fact that 21
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of the respondents were visiting for the second time also indicates that the visitors
were impressed when they visited the city for the first time.
The second question in the questionnaire addressed the issue of travel pattern that the
visitors were planning to use when visiting the city. The options available for the
respondents were; group tour, individual leisure tour, business travel, visiting friends
and relatives, and the option of indicating other pattern that was not indicated in the
options provided. Majority of the respondents indicated that they were visiting in
group tours. Only four of the respondents indicated that they were traveling to the city
for business purposes. This is an indication that majority of the visitors to the city
were traveling to experience the tourist destinations and the food in the city.
From the data, it can be concluded that most of the visitors spend their money on
hotels for accommodation and for meals outside the hotels they are booked in.
Shopping expenditure by the respondents was also a bit high. Most respondents
indicated that they shopped in the city before the end of their trips. The expenditure
on trips by the respondents came as number four on the list of options provided.
The tourist destination visited by the visitors include museums, art centers , major
hotel in the city, historical monuments as well as entertainment theaters(WANG,
2010). Majority of respondents in the study indicated that they visited more than 5
tourist destinations in the city before they ended their visit. 60% of the respondents in
the study indicated that they bought jewelry in the city. Another 30 % of the
respondents indicated that they bought art work and the smallest percentage of the
visitors bought other items for decoration. The value of money for shopping for many
respondents was average for most of the visitors questioned.
The value of hotel services and the hospitality of sales staff in retail shop were above
average. This is according to 22 of the 44 respondents questioned. 10 of the
respondents indicated that the hospitality was below average. The quality of tourist
attractions can be concluded to be high. More than 50% of the respondents indicated
that the destinations they visited exceeded their expectations. This therefore shows
that the city offers visitors memorable experiences when they visit and they can be
convinced to visit the city many more times. Tourist attraction destinations were
found to be accessible to many of the respondents. Many of the visitors used road
transport and they indicated that the roads were smooth and they were able to access
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all the areas they visited with ease. Air transport was also convenient for the visitors
visiting Hong Kong. The challenges that some visitors experienced during their visits
are those of traffic jams at peak hours.
The general comments of most of the respondents had positive comments about their
experiences during their visit in the city. There were a few complaints concerning
hospitality of hotel staff and presence of language barrier. The other concern
expressed by the respondents is about the quality of tourist attractions.
Conclusion
The report has analyzed and interpreted the data collected from the study to help draw
conclusion and recommendation. The first section of the report is a brief description
of the topic under review with a background of past researches done on the subject.
The report also contains a literature review on urban tourism in Hong Kong. The
finding and recommendation of previous researches are evaluated and compared to
one another so as to give direction on the data interpretations techniques used. The
nest section of the report discusses the methodology and the data collection
procedures used during the study. Secondary data and primary data from different
sources were used to collect data for this study. An in depth analysis of the data
collected in done in the last chapter of the report after which conclusions are made.
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Appendix
Example
Questio
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Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DT15-G1 A B C D E F A B C E
Put your
results in
the table
below:
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Questio
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Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
15-17 A A E D D D C C B B
15-17 B A B C C C A B B B
15-17 A A B D C C B C C C
15-17 D D A D D C B D D D
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DT15-G3 B A A D D C B B D B
DT15-G3 A A C C C B C C B C
DT15-G3 A A B B D C B B B D
DT15-G3 A A B B D C B B B D
DT15-G3 B A B C D B A C B C
DT15-G3 B A C B B D B B C B
DT16-G1 B B C B E B B C C B
DT16-G1 A A A D D B B C D D
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DT16-G1 A A A B D D B B D D
DT15-G2 A A A D D D B C B B
DT15-G2 B A B E D C B C C D
DT16-G3 A D B D E C B B B B
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DT15-G3 B C A D B B B D C D
DT15-G2 B B B E D B B B C B
DT15-G1 A A C B C D C D A C
DT15-G1 A A B B B B B B B B
DT15-G1 A A E C D B B C D C
DT15-G1 D A E E C C B E E E
DT15-G2 B A D E D C B E C B
DT15-G1 A C D B C C A B A A
DT15-G2 C C B C A B D B D D
DT15-G2 A A A C D C B C C C
DT15-G1 C A B B B C A A C B
DT15-G2 B A A C B B B C B A
DT15-G3 B A B B C C D B B B
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DT15-G2 A A B D C C A D B B
DT15-G3 A C C C B C B C A B
DT15-G3 A A B C D C B D E E
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