Portfolio: Asian Century - US-China Relations and Regional Geopolitics

This portfolio provides an analysis of the complex relationships between the United States and China, focusing on their interactions within the context of the 'Asian Century.' It examines Xiangfeng Yang's perspective on the perils and opportunities facing the Biden administration in navigating US-China relations, emphasizing the need for mutual trust and the challenges posed by issues like Taiwan. Furthermore, it explores Hongsong Liu and Ahmed Bux Jamali's assessment of Prime Minister Modi's Indo-Pacific strategy, highlighting India's pragmatic balancing act between the US and China, aimed at maximizing geostrategic and geo-economic benefits. Lastly, it delves into the role of Pakistan's Armed Forces (PMA) in China-Pakistan relations, as discussed by Boon and Ong, noting the economic challenges and strategic significance of the PMA in advancing China's interests, particularly concerning the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC).

Asian Century

TABLE OF CONTENTS
WEEK 6 READING........................................................................................................................3
WEEK 7 READING........................................................................................................................3
WEEK 8 READING........................................................................................................................3
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................5
Books and journals.......................................................................................................................5

WEEK 6 READING
The Chinese and American leaderships are supposed to have a right tone. Functional relation in
terms of competitiveness makes it possible for the coexistence in a long run. Beijing must not
trivialise the democratic solidarity of America with Taiwan while the United States cannot
underestimate the Chinese resolve (Yang, (2021)). Both must resist the urge to make other as an
existential threat. They must tune out to build more mutual trust. The Trump team was focused to
lock the anti China policies such that it made it hard for the Biden administration to reverse
these. Biden administration has promised to retain the laser like focus on China. The major
challenge is about managing the US and China relations. Taiwan is known to be independent
regarding the fundamental import to the Chinese leaders. Hong Kong is supposed to provide the
blueprint for Taiwan in order to maintain stability and peace and the Taiwan’s investment has
lead to create a major drop off since the year 2015.
WEEK 7 READING
The growing economic challenges present at the domestic level have and the pressure of
strategies from the international level have made created a complex situation between the foreign
policies set by President Modi between the United States and China. Modi's Indo- Pakistan
strategy is aimed to focusing on the forming the balance approach in the Indian foreign
behaviour from the powerful countries, United States and China. Modi is highly motivated to
develop a centrality foe India based on the geographical level of Indo and Pacific. He focused on
creating a bigger picture of geographical pragmatism to work in long run (Liu, & Jamali,
(2021)). While working with United States, the strategy of Modi has lead to increase the
geostrategic interest for India and making a favourable maritime security order in the region
covering Indian Ocean. Modi;s strategy has lead to represent India n terms of rational cost
benefits and other calculations which will upgrade the geopolitical gains in the region of Indian
Ocean. This will maximise the geostrategy and geo- economical benefits for the same. Indo-
pacific deals with various fears and restriction from the side of its stakeholders as it is troubled
by the risk of being instigated from the powerful states while shaping new alliance policies and
indulging in the arms races with new regional framework.

WEEK 8 READING
Pakistan Armed forces brings a lot o issues to the economy which impacts negatively to
developing economy of China and its interests in Pakistan. Pakistani economy has lead to create
weak fundamentals which will not be conducive for the investments for China within the country
and have the risk of threatening the long term viability of the such investments. However, PMA
is known to be the most trusted partner for Beijing while is preferred to be the inter locutor in
Pakistan, These strong relations with the PMA, has lead to not fail and rather create a great
economic significance to China (Boon, & Ong, (2021)). The officials working in China have
good experience in dealing with the Pakistani elites and follow the logic which is familiar with
the military dominance of Pakistan. The involvement of PMA in the private enterprise has lead
to undermine the military professionalism. The value added to Beijing by the PMA comes with
benefits of dominance to the advancements of the Chinese interests in terms of CPEC. Beijing
focuses more on having stability to attain success in CPEC and believes that PMA will provide
with high stability in some divisions. Moreover, PMA dominance helps in furthering the goals of
China in two ways.

REFERENCES
Books and journals
Boon, H. T., & Ong, G. K. (2021). Military dominance in Pakistan and China–Pakistan
relations. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 75(1), 80-102.
Liu, H., & Jamali, A. B. (2021). India's Indo‐Pacific Strategy: A Pragmatic Balancing between
the United States and China. Pacific Focus, 36(1), 5-39.
Yang, X. (2021). US-China crossroads ahead: Perils and opportunities for Biden. The
Washington Quarterly, 44(1), 129-153.