US Cyber Policies: National Security, Cyber Crime, and Deterrence

This report examines the cyber policies of the United States, emphasizing their importance to national security. It defines key terms such as cyber crime, espionage, terrorism, and warfare, highlighting their distinctions. The report analyzes theories of cyber deterrence, exploring their applicability and limitations in the digital domain. It also compares US cyber policies with those of other major nations, such as Canada and Germany, to assess different approaches to cyber security. Finally, the report evaluates US cyber policy with respect to national security, focusing on strategies such as cyber threat information sharing, industry-driven standards, and the clarification of responsibilities between the public and private sectors. The report references key legislation and policies aimed at enhancing national security and promoting economic development in the cyber realm.

Running Head:CYBER POLICIES OF THE UNITED STATES 1
Cyber Policies of the United States and Other Nations
Institution
Date
Name
Assess the importance of cyber to US national security.

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The United States government has no greater responsibility than protecting the
American people. This does not mean just protecting our borders (our obligations do
not end at our borders), it goes a long way into far much other elements including
Preventing the Spread and Use of Weapons of Mass Destruction, Combating the
Persistent Threat of Terrorism, Confronting Climate Change and most importantly
ensuring that all government and citizen data whether public or private is kept secure
at all times (Mead, 2018).
The Internet has turned into a center point of individual, political and business
action, and also an essentially imperative medium for money related and scholarly
transactions. It should come as nothing unexpected, subsequently, that criminal
enthusiasm for the Internet has grown accordingly. With the ability to transmit a few
hundred billion dollars of monetary esteem by means of the Internet framework and
other IT frameworks consistently, the digital business in the US has turned into an
enticing and lucrative focus for the cutting edge criminal ventures. It is important
therefore for the government to implement strategies and policies that ensure the
security of federal institutions together with all her citizens (Song, Fink & Jeschke,
2017).
Distinguish acts of cyber crime, cyber espionage, cyber terrorism and
cyberwar.
Cyber terorism refers to the attacks that are computer generated and have a main
am of targeting computers in the cyberspace or the data that other computers in the

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cyber space contain. Cyber-terrorism happens exclusively in the cyberspace just like
hacktivism and cyber-warfare(Kenney, 2015).
Cyber-warfare on the other hand alludes to hostile PC attacks that try to harm or
crush foes' systems and foundations or deflect them from pursuing digital assaults of
their own. Like traditional fighting, digital fighting is instrumental: belligerents try to
force their will on their foes by assaulting them in quest for some political objective
or goal. However, as opposed to customary fighting, digital fighting happens only in
the over the web. Activities that physically decimate virtual systems by bombarding
PC servers or media communications links are a type of customary fighting, not
digital fighting (Kenney, 2015).
Cyber crime alludes to hostile PC attacks that try to harm or demolish foes'
systems and frameworks or hinder them from pursuing digital assaults of their own.
Like customary fighting, digital warfare is instrumental, in that; belligerents look to
force their will on their adversaries by assaulting them in quest for some political
objective or target. However, as opposed to customary fighting, digital warfare
happens only in the cyberspace. Those activities that physically pulverize virtual
systems by shelling PC servers or broadcast communications links are a type of
customary fighting, not digital warfare (Herrera, Ron & Rabadão, 2017).
Cyber espionage is known to be the utilization of computer networks for gaining
illicit access to confidential information that is especially owned or held by the federal
government or any other organization for that matter. In a nutshell, this is the theft of
secrets stored in digital formats or on computers and IT networks.

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Judge the theories of cyber deterrence.
The theories of deterrence founded all the strategies and narratives which
propelled the cold war. A number of these theories are being sought to be applied in
the cyber-space now. In essence, the theory of deterrence agrees that keeping up a
tenable retaliatory capacity will allow for keeping rivals from assaulting, because they
realize that in the event that they make an attack, they will be definitely destroyed
(Nagin, Solow & Lum, 2015). Nevertheless, there is much confusion about how
deterrence would work in the cyber domain. Below are some of the confusions
together with the real analysis.
Deterrence will enable us to stop all our digital enemies from entering our digital
systems infrastructures: This is not technically true since deterrence is only a
technique to discourage and dissuade potential aggressors, yet it will never deflect all
characters with ill intentions. The accomplishment of deterrence descends to our
capacity to persuade our foes that their digital interruptions accompany too high a cost
to them.
Strength Is Unrelated to Deterrence: This is a wrong theory. Having the capacity
to exhibit that there are procedures and assets set up to react to digital assaults and
disturbances could debilitate a few characters on the off chance that they trust their
activities will be less impacting than expected.

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Legal laws does not in any way play a role in Deterrence: No. Legal standards
may undoubtedly affect prevention. The Tallinn Manual and the Budapest Convention
have encouraged some fundamental standards. While the reality of the matter is that
not all digital assaults will dependably cling to these norms, despite everything they
can frame an establishment for impediment exercises by coordinating states (Cater,
2015).
Analyze the cyber policies of other major nation states.
All the major states must have efficient cyber-security policies in order to assess
challenges and help to formulate overall approaches that work at a national level.
The Canadian government incorporated three core pillars that are: securing
government frameworks, cooperating to secure indispensable framework outside of
the government, and helping Canadians to be more secure on the web in its cyber
policy (Friedman, Logan, McGhee, Jackson, Kasku-Jackson & Raymond, 2016). The
Canadian government also provides direction to partners and set out national-level
objectives that we can all involved counterparts can work towards.
In Germany, the federal government has come up with policies for protecting
critical information infrastructures. This has been achieved by ensuring that both
people in general and the private sector needs to make an improved strategic and
hierarchical reason for a close coordination in view of increased data sharing (Shafqat
& Masood, 2016). It has also ensured the running of a National Cyber Response
Centre which reports to the Federal Office for Information Security (BSI) and

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cooperate directly with the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (BfV)
and the Federal Office of Civil Protection and Disaster Assistance (BBK).
Cooperation in the National Cyber Response Center has strictly allowed for the
observance of the statutory tasks and powers of all authorities involved on the basis of
cooperation agreements (DUNLAP, 2016).
Evaluate US Cyber Policy with respect to national security
Most cyber policies of the United States aim at enhancing Americas national
security and also help develop the US economy. Some key policies that seek to
improve national security include;
Utilizing Cyber Threat Information and Incident Data: Most strategy and
business onlookers will concur that compelling digital data sharing is an imperative
technique for securing the nations’ national security (Carr, 2016). The Cyber-security
Information Sharing Act of 2015 (CISA) is thus the perfect act that will ensure proper
national security with regard also to Cyber crime in the United States (Mead, 2018).
Embedding Cyber-Security in Industry-Driven Standards globally: Cybersecurity
guidelines and best practices are ideally driven by the private division and embraced
on a willful premise. They are best when created and perceived all around the world.
Such an approach would abstain from troubling multinational ventures with the
prerequisites of numerous, and frequently clashing, jurisdictions. This eventually will
also improve the relations of nations and make them come together in fighting for
their national security mutually.
US policies also clarify the responsibilities of the Federal Industry and further

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get the resources of governments right: Cyber policies in the U.S. have called for
proceeds with taking shots at clearing up the roles and obligations of the general
population and private sector. It is documented in paper that the Department of Justice
(DOJ) and the FBI research and indict cyber-crimes. It also gives jurisdictions to the
Department Homeland Security to lead critical infrastructure protection and the
Department of Defense (DoD) to defend the country from significant assaults that are
synonymous with demonstrations of war.
References
Carr, M. (2016). Public–private partnerships in national cyber‐security
strategies. International Affairs, 92(1), 43-62.
Carter, A. (2015). The DOD cyber strategy. April, 17, 2015.
DUNLAP JR, C. J. (2016). perspeCtives For Cyberstrategists on CyberlaW For
CyberWar. Conflict and Cooperation in Cyberspace: The Challenge to National
Security, 211.
Friedman, B. H., Logan, J., McGhee, J. E., Jackson, S. F., Kasku-Jackson, J., &
Raymond, M. (2016). Strategic Studies Quarterly: Volume 10, NO. 4 Winter
2016. Air University Press, Maxwell AFB Maxwell AFB United States.
Herrera, A. V., Ron, M., & Rabadão, C. (2017, June). National cyber-security policies
oriented to BYOD (bring your own device): Systematic review. In Information
Systems and Technologies (CISTI), 2017 12th Iberian Conference on (pp. 1-4).
IEEE.
Kenney, M. (2015). Cyber-terrorism in a post-stuxnet world. Orbis, 59(1), 111-128.

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Mead, W. R. (2018). National Security Strategy of the United States of
America. Foreign Affairs, 97(2), 174-175.
Nagin, D. S., Solow, R. M., & Lum, C. (2015). Deterrence, criminal opportunities,
and police. Criminology, 53(1), 74-100.
Shafqat, N., & Masood, A. (2016). Comparative analysis of various national cyber
security strategies. International Journal of Computer Science and Information
Security, 14(1), 129.
Song, H., Fink, G. A., & Jeschke, S. (Eds.). (2017). Security and Privacy in Cyber-
physical Systems: Foundations, Principles, and Applications. John Wiley &
Sons.