Vaccination Types: Immune System, Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Use

This report provides a comprehensive overview of different types of vaccinations, including active and passive immunity, and the role of antigens and antibodies. It delves into the interpretation of pathophysiological mechanisms within the context of normal immune functions, examining immu...Read More

TYPES OF
VACCINATION

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................4
Interpretation of pathophysiological mechanisms in the context of normal immune functions. 4
Demonstrate how the immune system can be manipulated for therapeutic purposes ..........5
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................6
REFERENCE...................................................................................................................................7

INTRODUCTION
The term vaccination is a types of injection which helps in removing or killing the
various harmful germs or micro organisms from the human body. This is done so that a proper
prevention can be maintained from the disease. It assist the natural disease to fight with the
system of the human body. The concept of vaccination was evolved in the 18th century when the
vaccination for small poxes was discovered by the Edward Jenner. After that vaccine, two
several other vaccines were developed by Louis Pasteur against anthrax and rabies. Then in the
20th century, various other vaccines were developed in order to prevent the people from several
common diseases like polio, measles, etc.
Vaccines are generally the training and guidance courses for the immune systems. By
giving vaccinations to children and people of different age groups, it prepares the body of human
beings to fight with the respective diseases without exposing it to the symptoms of disease.
These vaccination are made up of dead antigens (Weiner 3rd and Kaufmann, 2014). They cannot
cause an infection but the immune system considers them as an enemy and gives rise to the
antibodies in response to the infection and diseases.
Immunity is one of the term which protects the individual from the infectious diseases. It
is normally indicated by the presence of antibody. Additionally this is very specific to a
particular organisms. There are various principles of vaccination and they are discussed below:
Active immunity: This is permanent in nature and protection is produced by the
individuals own immune system.
Passive immunity: In this principle, the protection is transferred from another individual
person or animal. It provides temporary protection which waves when the time passes.
Antigen: Under this, principle, a live or living substances is to be taken into account
which has the potential to produce an immune system.
Antibody: Under this, protein molecules which are produced by Blymphocytes is taken
into consideration which works to eliminate the antigen.
The thesis statement of the vaccine is concerned with different types of vaccinations. So
the classification of vaccination can be done by considering live attenuated which are further
divided into viral and bacterial. The other one is inactivated which are further divided into whole
and fractional. And lastly the subnits which are type of protein that gathers with various other
form of protein complex.

MAIN BODY
Interpretation of pathophysiological mechanisms in the context of normal immune functions
The mechanism of pathophysiological is concerned with depicting the various functional
changes that results or are linked with some of the diseases or injuries (Ulmer and Geall, 2016).
The primary function of immune system is to defend the grown up from the entrance of external
organisms by identifying individual from non individual. Such kind of system is highly crucial
for the survival and a well functioning immune system not only provides protection to the body
with external organisms but also prevents and repeals attacks by endogenous factors like
tumours. The immune system has evolved to provide protection to the host from the universe of
the pathogenic microbes which are evolving constantly. The host factor makes use of both innate
and adaptive mechanism so that this can observe and get rid of pathogenic microbes. The
immune system responds alternatively to different micro organisms and following are some of
the ways in which the immune system acts:
Immune response to bacteria: Such responses are dependent on the pathogenicity of
bacteria. It neutralises antibodies which are synthesised if the bacterial pathogenicity occurs due
to toxin. Opsonising antibodies are produces and they are helpful in destroying or eliminating the
extra cellular bacteria (Stanley, 2015). Phagocytes are able to kill most bacteria which utilises
favourable chemotaxis, attachments, uptake, etc.
Immune responses to fungi: The innate immunity to fungi involves defensins and
phagocytes. CD4+T are the cells which are helpful in adaptive immune response against fungi.
Furthermore, the mechanism for fungi comprises of both adaptive immune responses and innate.
Apart from this, there are various other mechanisms in the context of normal immune
functions and some of those functions are discussed below:
Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity(ADCC): This is the mechanism which
relates to the cell mediated immune defence. In this, the infected living thing of the immune
system passively lyses with a targetted cell. In this contraction, the tissue layer substance has
been conjugated by peculiar antibodies. In this mechanism, with the antibodies, which are part of
the body substance immune result that will act to definite limit and contain infection.
Affinity maturation: This is the another important mechanism in antibody optimisation
that assist in generating safe and effective second generation therapeutics (Saraiya and et. al.,
2015). This is generally a process through which antibody affinity can be improved.

Furthermore, the size of an organism will be required to increase so that every possible antigen
binding site can be coded effectively because antibodies are generated against millions of unique
epitopes.
Complement system: This is the another mechanism through which a component of heat
liable of normal plasma has been discovered which causes opsonisation and eradication of
bacteria. The complement system is one which is concerned with a series of more than 20
proteins that flows in the blood and tissue fluids (McNamara, Nair and Holl, 2015). Among
those, majority of the tissues are inactive and they became active in the enzyme cascade only
when it came into contact with the recognition of the molecular component of micro organisms.
The activation of the complement systems can take place with four different pathways namely,
classical, alternative, Mennose binding lectin and lytic pathways. Apart from this, it plays a vital
role in inflammation and defence against some of the bacterial infections.
Demonstrate how the immune system can be manipulated for therapeutic purposes
The immune system system of the human body is very important for the existence and its
survival. Without proper immune system, the human body will have direct impact from the
bacteria, viruses and many more harmful substances and viruses. This is spread through out the
human body and contains different types of proteins, cells, tissues. The immune system helps in
meeting various diseases effectively and efficiently. There are various ways and manner through
which immune system can be manipulated for therapeutic purposes and they are discussed
below:
Choosing healthy lifestyle: The healthy lifestyle includes regular workout and exercise.
Every part of the human body is related with the immune system and if the individual regularly
exercises then it functions in a more better way and protects it from the external business
environment.
Taking various steps in order to minimise infection: In order to improve the immune
system, human being will be required to take several steps including washing hands plenty of
times through out the day so that germs can be avoided. The human beings must not cook food
with cuts and wounds as this can cause serious infection (Dharmaraj and Smyth, 2014).
Reducing the use of alcohol and smoke: For improving the operation and functioning
of the immune system, an individual must stop the consumption of alcohol and smoking because

the ingredients which are present in them, directly impact the liver and lungs which had strong
impact on immune system and makes it weaker day by day.
Maintaining a healthy weight: The BMI, that is body mass index is the term which is
used in the medical science in determining that whether the person is over weight or under
weight. So, with the help of this tool, a person is made aware of whether the individual is
required to reduce the weight or gain the weight because it will have direct impact on immune
system. So therefore, it is very crucial to maintain the body weight.
Increasing consumption of citrus fruits: When the individual suffers from the cold then
they used to consume fruits which have high amount of Vitamin C and carries citrus acid which
has led to increment in the process of white blood cells. Such fruits will help in building the
immune system of the individual and eradicates numerous problems and diseases (Alving and et.
al., 2016).
CONCLUSION
From the above file, it has been concluded that vaccination plays a major role in the
present life of individuals. This is because the external environment is subject to different factors
and forces which are adversely affect the individuals health. With this, the individuals are able to
take care of their health and social care. This helps them in fighting with different diseases and
staying healthy and fit.

REFERENCE
Books and Journals
Alving, C. R and et. al., 2016. Liposomal adjuvants for human vaccines. Expert opinion on drug
delivery.13(6). pp.807-816.
Dharmaraj, P. and Smyth, R. L., 2014. Vaccines for preventing influenza in people with cystic
fibrosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. (3).
McNamara, M. A., Nair, S. K. and Holl, E. K., 2015. RNA-based vaccines in cancer
immunotherapy. Journal of immunology research.2015.
Saraiya, M and et. al., 2015. US assessment of HPV types in cancers: implications for current
and 9-valent HPV vaccines. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute.107(6).
Stanley, M., 2015. Human Papilloma Virus Vaccines. In Medicines For Women (pp. 271-289).
Adis, Cham.
Ulmer, J. B. and Geall, A. J., 2016. Recent innovations in mRNA vaccines. Current opinion in
immunology.41. pp.18-22.
Weiner 3rd, J. and Kaufmann, S. H., 2014. Recent advances towards tuberculosis control:
vaccines and biomarkers. Journal of internal medicine.275(5). pp.467-480.