Vocabulary Learning Strategies: Review of Existing Research
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This report presents a comprehensive literature review of vocabulary learning strategies, drawing on a wide range of research articles and studies in the field of second language acquisition, particularly within the context of English as a Foreign Language (EFL). The review examines various strategies employed by learners to acquire and retain vocabulary, including mnemonic techniques, contextual learning, and the use of dictionaries. It also explores the impact of factors such as gender, language proficiency, and motivation on the choice and effectiveness of these strategies. The report analyzes the relationship between vocabulary size, reading comprehension, and overall language proficiency, providing insights for both learners and educators. Key findings from studies are synthesized to offer a nuanced understanding of effective vocabulary acquisition practices. Furthermore, the report highlights the importance of vocabulary instruction and its integration into language learning curricula. The review includes various research methodologies, including quantitative and qualitative approaches, to provide a holistic view of the current state of knowledge in the field of vocabulary learning strategies.

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Sage publications.
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knowledge (p. 150). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Diamond, L. and Gutlohn, L. (2006) Teaching Vocabulary. http://www.reading
rockets.org/article/teaching-vocabulary. Retrieved on October 3rd, 2013.
Dörnyei, Z. (2007) Research Methods in Applied Linguistics. Oxford University Press,
Oxford.
Duin, A.H. and Graves, M.F. (1986) Effects of vocabulary instruction used as a prewriting
technique. Journal of Research & Development in Education.
Eagly AE, Chaiken, S. (1993) The psychology of attitudes. Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace
El-Dib, M. (2004) Language Learning Strategies in Kuwait: Links to Gender, Language.
Level.and Culture.in.a
El‐Dib, M.A.B. (2004) Language learning strategies in Kuwait: Links to gender, language
level, and culture in a hybrid context. Foreign Language Annals, 37(1), pp.85-95.
Ellis, N.C. (1995) The psychology of foreign language vocabulary acquisition: Implications
for CALL. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 8(2-3), pp.103-128.
Ellis, N.C. (1997) Vocabulary Acquisition: Word Structure, Collocation. Word-Class, and
Meaning. In N.
Ellis, R. (2000) Task-based research and language pedagogy. Language teaching research,
4(3), pp.193-220.
Fan,M.Y. (2003) ‘Frequency of Use, Perceived Usefulness, and Actual Useful Second
Language Vocabulary Strategies: A Study of Hong Kong Learners’. The Modern Language
Journal 87(2): pp.222-241
Flood, J., Lapp, D., Squire, J.R. and Jensen, J.M. (2003) Handbook of research on teaching
the English language arts. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers, 10 Industrial
Ave., Mahwah, NJ 07430-2262.
Folse, K. S. (2008) Six vocabulary activities for the English language classroom. English
Teaching Forum, 46(3), pp.12-21.
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vocabulary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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strategies. Novitas-ROYAL, 1(2), pp.84-91.
Golkar, M., and Yamini, M. (2007) Vocabulary, proficiency and reading comprehension. The
Reading Matrix, 7(3): pp.88-112
Griffiths, C. and Parr, J.M. (2001) ‘Language-learning Strategies: Perception’. ELT Journal
55(3), pp.247-254
Gu, Y. (2002) Gender, academic major, and vocabulary learning strategies of Chinese EFL
learners. Regional English Language Centre Journal, 33(1), pp.35
GU, Y., and Johnson. R. (1996) Vocabulary learning strategies and language learning
outcomes. Language Learning, 46(4), pp.643-679.
Gyllstad, H., Vilkaite, L., and Schmitt, N. (2015) Assessing vocabulary size through
multiple-choice formats: Issues with guessing and sampling rates. International Journal of
Applied Linguistics, 166(2), pp.276-303.
Hedge, T. (2000) Teaching and learning in the language classroom. China: Oxford
University Press.
Hiebert, E. H., andKamil, M. L. (2005) Teaching and Learning Vocabulary. New Jersey:
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Publishers.
Hirsh, D. and Nation, P. (1992) What vocabulary size is needed to read unsimplified texts for
pleasure? Reading in a Foreign Language. 8(2), pp.689-696.
Hismanoglu, M. (2000) Language learning strategies in foreign language learning and
teaching. The Internet TESL Journal, 6(8.
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Company.
Hornby, A.S. (1995) Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English. London:
Oxford University.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-9720.2004.tb02176.x
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effect of task-induced involvement load. Applied Linguistics. 22, pp.1-26.
Study. Canadian Modern Language Review, 61(3), pp.355-382.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-9720.2004.tb02176.x
Hudson, T. (1982) The effects of induced schemata on the 'short-circuit' in L2 reading
performance: Non-decoding factors in L2 reading performance. Language Learning, 32(1),
pp.1-31.
Hulstijn, J. (2001) Some empirical evidence for the involvement load hypothesis in
vocabulary acquisition. Language Learning, 51, pp.539 558.
Hulstijn, J.H. (1992) Retention of inferred and given word meanings: Experiments in
incidental vocabulary learning. In Vocabulary and applied linguistics (pp. 113-125). Palgrave
Macmillan, London.
Hunt, A. and Beglar, D. (2002) Current research and practice in teaching
vocabulary. Methodology in language teaching: An anthology of current practice, pp.258-
266.
Hybrid Context. Foreign Language Annals, 37(1), 85-95.
Intaraprasert, C. (2004) EST students and vocabulary learning strategies: A preliminary
investigation. Suranaree University of Technology, Thailand.
Kameenui, E.J., Dixon, R.C. and Carnine, D.W. (1987) Issues in the design of vocabulary
instruction. The nature of vocabulary acquisition, pp.129-145.
Khalil, A. (2005) Assessment of Language Learning Strategies used by Palestinian EFL
Learners. Foreign Language Annals, 38(1), pp.108-117.
Kojic-Sabo, I., and Lightbown, P. M. (1999) Students’ approaches to vocabulary learning
and their relationship to success. Modern Language Journal, 83(2), pp.176-192.
Krashen, S. (1989) We acquire vocabulary and spelling by reading: Additional evidence for
the input hypothesis. Modern Language Journal, 73(iv), pp.440-464.
Language Proficiency Level, Gender and Motivation. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Indiana
University of Pennsylvania.
Laufer, B. (1998).‘The Development of Passive and Active Vocabulary in a Second
Language: Same or Different?’ Applied Linguistics, 19(2), pp.255-271
Laufer, B. and Hulstijn, J. (2001) Incidental vocabulary acquisition in a second language: the
effect of task-induced involvement load. Applied Linguistics. 22, pp.1-26.

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students. Language Learning. 46(1), pp.101-135.
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lexicographic training for primary-school-level Polish learners of English.
Lip, P. C. H. (2009) Investigating the most frequently used and most useful vocabulary
language learning strategies among Chinese EFL postsecondary students in Hong Kong.
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Professional Development. American Educator.
Moras, S. and Carlos, S. (2001) Teaching vocabulary to advanced students: A lexical
approach. Retrieved October, 15, p.(2005).
Language Testing. 16(1), pp.36-55.
Lawson, M.J. and Hogben, D. (1996) The vocabulary-learning strategies of foreign language
students. Language Learning. 46(1), pp.101-135.
Lew, R. and Galas, K. (2008) Can dictionary skills be taught? The effectiveness of
lexicographic training for primary-school-level Polish learners of English.
Lip, P. C. H. (2009) Investigating the most frequently used and most useful vocabulary
language learning strategies among Chinese EFL postsecondary students in Hong Kong.
Electronic Journal of Foreign Language Teaching, 6(1), pp.77-87.
Liu, J. (2004) Co-constructing academic discourse from the periphery: Chinese applied
linguists‟ centripetal participation in scholarly publication. Asian Journal of English
Language Teaching 14, pp.1–22.
Long, M. (1996) The role of the linguistic environment in second language
acquisition. Handbook of second language acquisition.
Lune, H. and Berg, B.L. (2016) Qualitative research methods for the social sciences. Pearson
Higher Ed.
Mack, N., Woodsong. C., MacQueen K. M., Guest. G., and Namey. E. (2005)
Qualitative.Research Methods: A Data Collector’s Field Guide. Family Health International.
North.Carolina, USA.
McCarten, J. (2007) Teaching Vocabulary Lessons from the Corpus, Lessons from the
Classroom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Meara, P. (2009) Connected words: Word associations and second language vocabulary
acquisition (Vol. 24). John Benjamins Publishing.
Meara,.P..M. ((2009) Connected words: Word associations and second language vocabulary
acquisition.
Milton, J. (2009) Measuring second language vocabulary acquisition (Vol. 45). Multilingual
Matters.
Moats, L. C. (2001) Overcoming the Language Gap: Invest Generously in Teacher
Professional Development. American Educator.
Moras, S. and Carlos, S. (2001) Teaching vocabulary to advanced students: A lexical
approach. Retrieved October, 15, p.(2005).
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practice. Pp. 34–41 Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Nunan, D. (1991) Language Teaching Methodology: A textbook for teachers. London:
Prentice Hall.
O’Malley, J. M. and Chamot, A. U. (1995) Learning strategies in second Language
acquisition. Cambridge:.Cambridge University Press.
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(Eds.), Vocabulary: description, acquisition and pedagogy. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press of EFL learners in Saudi Arabia., Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, Oklahoma
State University, Stillwater.
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Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Newbury House.
Oxford, R., and Crookall, D. (1990) Vocabulary learning: A critical analysis of techniques.
TESL Canada Journal, 7(2), pp.9-30.
Paribakht, T.S. and Wesche, M. (1997) Vocabulary enhancement activities and reading for
meaning in second language vocabulary acquisition. Second language vocabulary
acquisition: A rationale for pedagogy, 55(4), pp.174-200.
Pearson, P.D., Hiebert, E.H. and Kamil, M.L. (2007) Vocabulary assessment: What we know
and what we need to learn. Reading research quarterly, 42(2), pp.282-296.
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and what we need to learn. Reading research quarterly, 42(2), pp.282-296.
Pica, T., Holliday, L., Lewis, N. and Morgenthaler, L. (1989) Comprehensible output as an
outcome of linguistic demands on the learner. Studies in second language acquisition, 11(1),
pp.63-90.
Prichard, C. (2008) Evaluating L2 readers' vocabulary strategies and dictionary use. Reading
in a foreign language, 20(2), pp.216-231.
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reading performance: An assessment perspective. Language Learning, 52(3), pp.513-536.

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meta-analysis. Review of educational research, 56(1), pp.72-110.
strategies by university students majoring in English. The Asian EFL Journal Quarterly
March (2011), 13(1).
Read, J. (2004) Research in Teaching Vocabulary. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 24,
pp.146-161.
Read, J. (2007) Second language vocabulary assessment: Current practices and new
directions. International Journal of English Studies, 7(2), pp.105-125.
Robin, J. and Thompson, I. (1994) How to be a more successful language learner . Toward
Learner autonomy.
Sanaoui, R. (1995) Approaches to Learning Vocabulary in Second Languages. The Modern
Language Journal, 79(1), pp.15-28
Saville-Troike, M., McClure, E., and Fritz, M. (1984) Communicative tactics in children's
Saville-Troike, M., (1982). Communicative Tactics in Children's Second Language
Acquisition.
Schmidt, R. (1990) The role of consciousness in second language learning. Applied
Linguistics, 11(2), pp.129-158.
Schmitt, N. (1997) ‘Vocabulary Learning Strategies’, in Schmitt, N. and McCarthy, M., eds)
Vocabulary: Description, Acquisition and Pedagogy. Cambridge University Press
Schmitt, N. (2000) Vocabulary in Language Teaching. Cambridge University Press
Schmitt, N. ed. (2013) An introduction to applied linguistics. Routledge.
Schmitt, N., and McCarthy, M. (1997) Vocabulary: Description, acquisition and pedagogy.
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Shen, Z. (2008) The roles of depth and breadth of vocabulary knowledge in EFL reading
performance. Asian Social Science, 4, pp.135-137.
Shiwu, W. (2005) Use and helpfulness rankings of vocabulary learning strategies employed
by EFL learners in Taiwan. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 1, pp.7-13.
Sökmen, A.J. (1997) Current trends in teaching second language vocabulary. Readings in
Methodology, 152.
Stahl, S.A. and Fairbanks, M.M. (1986) The effects of vocabulary instruction: A model-based
meta-analysis. Review of educational research, 56(1), pp.72-110.
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Subekti, N. B., and Lawson, M. J. (2007) Vocabulary acquisition strategies of Indonesian
postgraduate students through reading. International Education Journal, 8(2), pp.485-496.
Swaffar, J. K. (1988) Readers, texts, and second languages: The interactive processes.
Modern Language Journal, 72(2), pp.123-149.
Swain, M., and Lapkin, S. (1995) Problems in output and the cognitive processes they
generate: A step towards second language learning. Applied Linguistics, 16(3), pp.371-391.
Swan, M. (2005) Legislation by Hypothesis: The Case of Task-Based Instruction. Applied
Linguistics, 26(3), pp.376-401.
Swanson, R.A. and Holton, E.F. (2005) Research in organizations: Foundations and methods
in inquiry. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
Tseng, W.-T., and Schmitt, N. (2008) Toward a model of motivated vocabulary learning: A
structural equation modeling approach. Language Learning, 58(2), pp.357-400.
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Verhallen, M. and Schoonen, R. (1998) Lexical knowledge in L1 and L2 of third and fifth
graders. Applied Linguistics, 19(4), pp.452-470.
Waring, R. (2002) Basic principles and practice in vocabulary instruction. LANGUAGE
TEACHER-KYOTO-JALT-, 26(7), pp.11-12.
Wenden, A.L. (1998) Metacognitive Knowledge and Language Learning. Applied Linguistics
19(4), pp.515-537
Wilkins, D.A. (1975) Linguistics in Language Teaching (London: Edward Arnold.
1972). Wilga Rivers.
Winke, P. M., and Abbuhl, R. (2007) Taking a closer look at vocabulary learning strategies:
A case study of a Chinese foreign language class. Foreign Language Annals, 40(4), pp.697-
712.
differences in the acquisition of literacy. Reading Research Quarterly, 21, pp.360-407.
Stoffer, I. (1995) University Foreign Language Students. Choice of Vocabulary Learning
Strategies as Related to Individual Difference Variables. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
University of Alabama.
Subekti, N. B., and Lawson, M. J. (2007) Vocabulary acquisition strategies of Indonesian
postgraduate students through reading. International Education Journal, 8(2), pp.485-496.
Swaffar, J. K. (1988) Readers, texts, and second languages: The interactive processes.
Modern Language Journal, 72(2), pp.123-149.
Swain, M., and Lapkin, S. (1995) Problems in output and the cognitive processes they
generate: A step towards second language learning. Applied Linguistics, 16(3), pp.371-391.
Swan, M. (2005) Legislation by Hypothesis: The Case of Task-Based Instruction. Applied
Linguistics, 26(3), pp.376-401.
Swanson, R.A. and Holton, E.F. (2005) Research in organizations: Foundations and methods
in inquiry. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
Tseng, W.-T., and Schmitt, N. (2008) Toward a model of motivated vocabulary learning: A
structural equation modeling approach. Language Learning, 58(2), pp.357-400.
Ur, P. (1998) A Course in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University press.
Verhallen, M. and Schoonen, R. (1998) Lexical knowledge in L1 and L2 of third and fifth
graders. Applied Linguistics, 19(4), pp.452-470.
Waring, R. (2002) Basic principles and practice in vocabulary instruction. LANGUAGE
TEACHER-KYOTO-JALT-, 26(7), pp.11-12.
Wenden, A.L. (1998) Metacognitive Knowledge and Language Learning. Applied Linguistics
19(4), pp.515-537
Wilkins, D.A. (1975) Linguistics in Language Teaching (London: Edward Arnold.
1972). Wilga Rivers.
Winke, P. M., and Abbuhl, R. (2007) Taking a closer look at vocabulary learning strategies:
A case study of a Chinese foreign language class. Foreign Language Annals, 40(4), pp.697-
712.
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