This report examines the health vulnerabilities and disparities experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations in Australia. It highlights the poor health status of this population compared to the rest of Australia, emphasizing a holistic view of health that includes social, cultural, physical, emotional, and ecological well-being. The report discusses the impact of socio-economic disadvantages, health inequalities, and social determinants on Indigenous communities, with a focus on issues like mental health, chronic diseases, and access to healthcare. It also explores the effects of colonialism, discrimination, and lack of resources, while referencing key initiatives like the 'Close the Gap' campaign and provides a comprehensive overview of the challenges faced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australia.