Science and Technical Research: Waste Management Techniques Analysis

This report delves into the critical topic of waste management, focusing on techniques for reducing environmental impact. It begins with a literature review, exploring essential waste management methods such as landfills, combustion, and recycling. The report examines public awareness of these techniques and ways to boost community participation in waste management. Furthermore, it investigates strategies for developing long-term practices of available waste management techniques. The research methodology is also outlined, including research design and data sources. The report aims to identify effective waste management techniques for societal adoption, contributing to a cleaner and more sustainable environment. The report also discusses the importance of public awareness, community involvement, and the role of local government in promoting effective waste management practices. Overall, the report offers a comprehensive analysis of waste management challenges and solutions.

SCIENCE AND TECHNICAL
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY

Table of Contents
TITLE: ............................................................................................................................................1
TASK 1 ...........................................................................................................................................1
LITERATURE REVIEW ...............................................................................................................1
1.1 What are the essential waste management techniques that are available for society............1
1.2 The public awareness for utilizing several waste management techniques..........................2
1.3 The ways for boosting community participation in managing waste. .................................3
1.4 What are the ways for developing long term practising of available techniques of
managing waste...........................................................................................................................4
CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................6
Overview of Research ................................................................................................................6
Background of the Research ......................................................................................................6
Problem statement.......................................................................................................................7
Significance of research..............................................................................................................7
Definition of terms......................................................................................................................8
Research Aim..............................................................................................................................8
Research Objectives ...................................................................................................................8
Research Questions.....................................................................................................................8
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................................................9
Research design...........................................................................................................................9
Sources of data types ................................................................................................................10

TITLE:
To identify the waste management techniques to be adopted by society for reducing
environmental impact.
TASK 1
LITERATURE REVIEW
1.1 What are the essential waste management techniques that are available for society
According to the views of Chudasama, 2017 it is stated that waste management is
described as the most beneficial solutions which is related with collection of all the waste
garbage, transportation of raw material, disposal of the garbage on the right place, effective
sewage systems so that waste materials can be disposed off at the right place. The concept of
waste management is effective for the whole society as the environment will be kept clean thus
people will not suffer from any type of diseases and this will result in health and safe
environment. The waste should be used as the valuable resources in order to achieve healthy and
safe working environment. The different methods of waste disposal are evaluated below as:
Landfills: This is the most popular method which states that the waste should be disposed off in
the landfills and this is the most popular method which is used by the present age group. This is
the most effective method as it results in burring all the waste products in land surfaces. This is
the most popular method among all the developing countries. As the waste are disposed off the
in the barren land all the dangers which can act as the obstacles are tested.
Combustion: This is also reflected as the most important methods of disposing of all the waste
materials as the waste products are burned at very higher temperatures so they can be converted
to residue. The most valuable benefits of this is that the volume of the solid waste are minimised
up to 40% of the total volumes, thus there is high decline in the space and the stress from the
landfills are reduced. According to the statement of Chartier, 2014 this process is also reflected
as the thermal treatment as all the solid waste are being converted into steam, heat, gas and
ashes.
Recycling and Recovery: According to the study of Chiabai, and Lombardi, 2013 it is
examined that recovery is the tool which is related with identifying those materials which are
defective so they can be used for other purposes. The defective products are further processed in
order to make recovery of all the material or the available resources so it can be easily converted

into the form of heat, energy and electricity. On the other hand Garlapati, 2016 argued that
recycling is the tool which is utilised in order to convert all the waste products into new goods so
that energy can be preserved by consuming all the materials which are fresh and efficient.
Recycling is the third most important component of waste management after reduce and reuse
factors. The major ideas behind recycling is linked with using all the resources in effectual and
planned ways, minimises the overall volumes of the landfills, the pollution from all the waster
bodies and air is also reduced, there should be reduction in green house and all the natural
resources should preserved for future use.
1.2 The public awareness for utilizing several waste management techniques.
Waste management can be considered as an essential element for society as well as an
individual. It is essential for people to managing waste in order to living a healthy and
comfortable life style. Waste management and disposal is consist to be a combination of various
activities and actions that are important to handle waste from its inception to its final disposal.
Waste management is described as a process in which collection, transportation, disposal of
sewage, garbage and other waste products are involved. Waste management is also refers as a
management of all resources and processes for appropriate management of waste material
through maintenance of waste transport trucks and dumping facilities to compliance with
environmental regulation and health codes. As per the view expressed by S. E. Hasan, 2012, the
most crucial element in any waste management program is awareness of public and their
effective participation in various activities that leads waste management in effective manner.
Waste can be consist to be an outcome of human activities and it is required for each individual
to have proper knowledge and understanding about waste management issues and conflict. An
appropriate knowledge about managing waste helps in providing a clean and healthy
environment to people.
In today's modern scenario people are very much concern about their health and safety
and they are widely concern on applying various measures that are helpful in providing a clean
and healthy environment. Waste management can also refers as the legal and regulatory
framework that has a direct connection with waste management encompassing direction on
recycling. Waste can evaluate as any form of solid, gas or liquid and each have various methods
of Management and disposal. Waste are mainly arises through human's unhealthy efforts,
factorial extract and process raw materials. It is required for each individual to tasking care of

waste in order to improving the standard of living and it also helps in providing a healthy and
safe environment to people. Waste management is effective for an individual as well as society
in order to developing economic level of country as well. Public needs to be aware about the
norms and legislations of waste management in respect to proving support to government for
maintaining the living standard in a clean environment. Government of each country is widely
concern on maintaining safety and waste within geographical area in respect to developing their
activities all over the globe. Waste management is also effective in exploring business and its
activities at wide range. Government and its authorities are focused on creating some policies
and plans in respect to maintain waste within country and it is necessary for people to follow
them in effective and efficient way. It is the major responsibility of government and its authority
to creating awareness about waste management among people and society as to establishing
healthy and effective environment in which people live with high standard.
1.3 The ways for boosting community participation in managing waste.
The different ways for managing participation of all the communities members are
evaluated below as: Concentrate on schools: Younger citizens are the main agents of adopting a change. As
if they will laying a ground at an early age then it will promote recycling by their
behaviour of society or location. They focus on their school so that they will adopt
behaviours accordingly. If they will teach them from school they will be careful about
recycling waste. Concentrate on efficiency: Designing of proper collection of routes which may be
supplemented with retail centre and collection from company to decline the usage of
most costly aspects like as labour, equipments and fuel of an program of recycling. Their
main focus is to provide a efficiency to a community. Adjust collective strategies: Analysing of future plan and present operations. Addition of
new materials in a program of recycling. Technology leverage will give authority to make
a routes plan efficiently or contain local enterprise in a collection routes. They use a
collection of techniques to overcome with waste and make a waste recycled for better
future. Make a community drop off events or locations: Materials which are hazardous such as
chemicals, pharmaceuticals, paint, recycling festivals, paper shredding and cleaning of

parks. They have to make sure that sites and events are having a proper facilities for
achieving demand of community. Locations are consider such as police station, fire,
parking lots to provide a base of collection bins. Operation: All community member enhance their city by using recycling bins at public
spaces like park, transit stops and side walks or many more. They are placing bin in order
to encourages constituents to properly dispose their wast. For non recycle product,
community members are learn about empty bin location so that it will dispose wast in
proper manner which are healthy for whole society as well as country. They rise their
voice for using public space to advertise like side of recycle bin truck, bus stop billboards
etc. by company (Gorsevski, 2012) Leader of community understand the barrier of
recycling and address them in members mind. Communication: It is very important to educate whole community member about wast
management. Communication mix is a best tools to promote importance of recycle.
According to current environment social media or websites are the two best platform for
promoting recycle program and increase people participation. Thus contain information
about recyclable material. They will set goals and objective as well as prepare report on
recycling achievements. Leader of community encourage participation of new
homeowners in order to increase awareness.
 Local government: Local government develop rule and regulation related to wast
management and increase awareness about it in whole community members in order to
success planing. All member want to support recycle legislation and help to local
authority in their decision making process as well as implementation of strategies.
Government want to empower local persons in order to manage wast in their area.
1.4 What are the ways for developing long term practising of available techniques of managing
waste
As per the views of Mortiz Buhner, 2012. There are different methods which are
practices to controls waste of different industries. There are various types of techniques which
are used by organisation in order to manage different types of waste. Government needs to take
various initiatives in order to manage different wastage of small, waste of various houses and
big industries. These waste pollute environment which causes lots of disease which are related to

breathe. The smokes and other fumes mix within air and people are suffer from different types
of disease. There are different method waste which are used to manage the waste.
Different waste management tradition
There are different traditional methods which are also used in present scenario, where no
separations, no controlling of different substance takes place. All waste are collected at one
place and they are dumped in soil. These waste are spoils and turned into manure it helps to
increase fertility of soil which helps to enhance growth rate of field. These waste are 100%
biodegradable waste. This methods is applicable for those type of waste which are degradable.
To convert waste into energy form
This methods is used by different types of big and small scale industries which use their
waste in order to convert them in energy. It leads to make profit to the different company
because they do not need to arrange another resource of energy in order to accomplish different
types of work operation in organisation.
Cooperative Development Issues
There is lack of coordination within different people or various small and big industries it
affect the environment at mass level. Government implement different strategies in order to
aware peoples not to spreads waste at different place. Government establish a plan like typical
solid waste management in order to receive the waste from different part of nation and recycle
them and convert them into generate electricity and these waste are also used for different
purposes. Government opens dumping point in order to dump these solid waste from different
point. Local bodies also take initiatives to support government in managing different types of
waste.
Waste picker help recycle
Government took various initiatives in order to clean environment of different place.
With the effort of different local bodies. Government appoints different waste picker to collect
garbage from different places and it helps to clean wast in effective manner. These waste are
collected in recycle plant and these waste are recycle and utilised for different purposes.
Worms improve composts image
vermiculture plays a significant role in order to decompose the waste and then convert
these waste into soil. Production of earth worm at mass level leads to enhance the conversion of

waste in effective manner which help to convert different type of waste into biodegradable
ingredient. It helps to convert to convert the waste by natural method where no pollution arises.
These are techniques which are used for utilised different types of waste in effective manner.
It aids to minimise the waste which helps to maintain equilibrium to environment.
CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW
Overview of Research
This report will basically focus on finding and evaluating waste management techniques
which society should adopt. If they will start using these approaches then problems like
pollution, cleanliness and even global warming can be addressed in better way. Their are various
techniques of waste management. In this file, these techniques will be analysed for finding that
what kind of benefit does they provide to society (Guerrero, Maas and Hogland, 2013).
Increasing popularity of these waste management techniques is important for earning sustainable
benefits, information provided in this project will also enhance awareness about these techniques
in public.
Community participation is essential for promoting these techniques in society. Various
ways by which participation of community can be increased will also become part of this file.
Few technique may gain publicity for long time but generally they loose their popularity in short
period of time. Some recommendation will be also included in this report for ensuring that waste
management techniques are used for a long period of time. Views of different authors will
become part of this file, some of them are against each other while others support each other.
Background of the Research
Every country is concerned about major negative changes which is happening in
environment. One of the prime reason behind unhealthy atmosphere is disposal of waste in the
environment. Various organisation and nations are trying to identify different approaches and
technique for managing this waste in proper way so they can ensure optimum utilisation of
natural resources without harming them. Waste management is technique is one of the most
popular approach which is used in business environment. Its different methods focus on
managing the waste from the point of its generation to its final disposition.

Normally people blame commercial organisation and industries for polluting
environment but a significant amount of mismanagement of waste is done by household. Many
organisation has taken various steps for assuring proper management of wastage and this can be
considered as the prime reason that waste management techniques are getting popular in less
period of time (Komilis, Fouki and Papadopoulos, 2012). In order to manage waste in best way
possible, different industries are setting some standards which has to be followed by every
company who is operating under that industry. This topic is importance because it is directly
connected to the well being of society. If waste is not managed in appropriate way then it can do
major harm to the environment.
Problem statement
Although researcher face different kind of problems at the time of doing research but
most common and important is cost and time. A researcher has to work on various activities like
collect data, analyse it by using different tools etc. Accomplishing these tasks in effective way is
not possible if financial resources are not used in proper way. If investigator will spend more
money in gathering information then scarcity of money at the time of using analytical tools may
create serious hurdles at the end of research project. The biggest trouble about conducting a
research is that even researcher does not known that in which task how much money will be
utilised.
These uncertainties may negatively influence their financial planning. Beside cost, time is
another major trouble which is faced by most of the researchers. Setting a time-frame for every
task is important but this task is very difficult. Researcher may allot 15 days for completing a
work but it exceeding time by even 3 days can derail complete process of research. Predict exact
time which is required for a task is not possible because there are different kind of risk which can
bring major changes in the project.
Significance of research
Doing research on a topic like waste management techniques, which society can use, is
beneficial for whole world. If waste material is managed in appropriate way then the issues of
scarcity of resources can be resolved in less time period. Various industries are polluting this
environment by throwing waste in river water or forests. They do not know that there are waste
management techniques which can help them in increasing their efficiency and reduce cost of
business. Currently they are doing unethical and illegal activities by disposing waste in river, air

and forest but if they will get basic understanding about managing waste then they will stop
committing same mistakes.
Beside harm to environment, there is another benefit of using waste management
techniques which normally business and government organisation ignore. If companies adopt
suitable approach of managing waste then they can earn more profit by reducing wastage and
assuring best use of available resources (Kontogeorgopoulos, 2013). Developing a sustainable
business is only possible when business organisations do ensure minimisation of wastage.
Managing waste is an issue which impact whole society, so if waste management techniques are
promoted and get gain popularity at worldwide level then it will be beneficial for every section
society.
Definition of terms
This research report will three chapters. First is Introduction, second is literature review
and last methodology. In first chapter, topics like research background and problems statement
will get cover. They provide information about topic of the research and various kind of
problems which researcher face at the time of working on research. This chapter also include
research questions and objectives which provide information about questions which will be
answers or discussed in the project. Literature review is chapter two of this assignment. It covers
different views on the topic which is given by various authors. This is an important section of
research report because it shows all the theories and viewpoints which are significant for the
project. Thoughts of two thinker may differ, the basis of their difference is covered in literature
review. This section is basically known as theoretical analysis of various aspects which are either
directly or indirectly related to the research aims and objectives. Third chapter is research
methodology, it is the practical part which basically cover content like research design, data
collection and analysis methods. Both primary and secondary data is analysed in this part of
research by using graphs, charts etc.
Research Aim
To identify the waste management techniques to be adopted by society for reducing
environmental impact.
Research Objectives
 To review techniques of waste management techniques that are available for society.

 To spread the public awareness for utilizing several waste management techniques.
 To determine the ways for boosting community participation in managing waste.
 To recommend the ways for developing long term practising of available techniques of
managing waste.
Research Questions
 What are the essential waste management techniques that are available for society?
 How to spread the public awareness for utilizing several waste management techniques?
 How to determine the ways for boosting community participation in managing waste?
 What are the ways for developing long term practising of available techniques of
managing waste?
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research design
The research design can be described a broad plan which provides a guideline for
executing a research project. It consists of all methods and policies which can be utilized for
collecting and analysing variables .A research design acts as blue print in assisting the reader by
giving idea about the process of conducting study, interpreting it and in giving viable solution to
the research problem. It is therefore a detailed project showing the various procedures and
strategies adopted to deal with the specific objective of study, type of data utilized, its sources
data, along with the process involved for achieving that objectives or getting a solution to the
problem (Churyen and Duangsaeng, 2014) There are various types of research design available
that can be adopted to describe the research project. The application of a particular design
depends entirely upon the particular type of problem that is been studied.
Types of Research Design
The three basic type of research are mentioned below:-
 Exploratory research :-It is research design which uses the imagination ,ideas and
judgement of the researcher for generating probable explanations.. This type of research
do not require f It helps in exploring the problem or situation. It is, particularly,
emphasized to break a broad vague problem statement into smaller pieces or sub-problem
statements that help forming specific hypothesis. Exploratory research design is based on

literature and experimental surveys with the analytical study of selected cases. It is
generally used when we have to set priorities among competitive explanations.
 Descriptive research design : It is typically concerned with a particular situation or
problem with its solution. It is a theoretical research which mostly covers qualitative data
related to people along with their characteristics and materials. It rest upon one or more
hypothesis and is clear,specific and rigid. Among all the available research design that
can be conducted to attain beneficial outcomes,descriptive design is most suitable to
attain desirable conclusion.
 Experimental Research Design: Experimental research design deals with determining
cause and effect relationship and often in the form of experiments. It generally tries to
measure the effect of change in independent variable on its dependable variables. In
experimental research hypothesis are set and tested through experiments. It is often useful
in resolving marketing problems.
Sources of data types
Data collection is a technique of collecting and measuring information from a wide
variety of available sources that are relevant to the subject to obtain a accurate picture or a
relevant of a giving research problem. It includes organizing information,testing the set
hypothesis and evaluating the outcome for predicting about the future trends and possibilities.
The decision regarding data collection methods depends upon the complexity of research
problem, its associated variables and the type of research design selected. Data collection
methods can be divided into following two types :-
Primary Data : Primary data is the raw information first hand data that is collected by
the researcher first time directly from the source i.e. is from the respondents itself. It is the fresh
data related to which no research is done by anyone (Tian and et. al., 2013). Various techniques
used to collect primary data includes observations, interviews, questionnaire etc. Although it is
time consuming and costly but it provides researcher with the authentic information without any
manipulation .
Secondary Data :-Secondary data is the information that has already been collected and
analysed by someone other than the researcher. Secondary data is the second hand information
which is easily available to a researcher to use it as a reference for studying. The main advantage
of this data is that it is easily available anytime and is less expensive to obtain. It is primarily