Water Sanitation and Hygiene: A Comprehensive Report

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WATER SANITATION AND HYGIENE
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Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................3
Literature overview..........................................................................................................................3
Results..............................................................................................................................................4
Discussion........................................................................................................................................5
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................6
References........................................................................................................................................7
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Introduction
Water, sanitation & hygiene can be said as “WaSH” also, which includes the clean & safe water,
adequate sanitation and the hygiene education. All these three things are very essential to be
enhanced by each & every people as it can reduce the level of illness & death, improve the
overall development of social economy & also reduce the higher level of poverty. The term
“water sanitation” is being defined as the process for the clean & purified water so it can be kept
safe for the effective utilization in future time period. The complete assignment includes the
research report in which the review of literature is being illustrated & the effective results are
being analyzed & also discussed effectively.
Literature overview
The lower level of sanitation, water, hygiene & health attainments is being found among the
different kinds of the people. These basic services are not been provided sufficiently to all the
people. The literature review analyses the different approaches which will help in discussing
about the whole concept of methodology. The effective methodology includes the typical
elements of sanitation chain including the “on-site facilities, extraction & conveyance, treatment
& disposal or reuse with the help of the fertilizers”. The on-site facilities include the toilets
which are connected to the systems of piped sewer. The main aim of the sanitation chain is to
maximize the utility of the overall sanitation cost estimation to all the service providers &
consumers (Ngure, et.al. 2014).
The authors “Cronk, Slaymaker, & Bartram” have identified that because of the lack of effective
services of water, sanitation & hygiene, the major challenge is being faced by the people living
across the world which include the disease leading towards the higher percentage of death. It is
very essential to consult with different experts, experienced & professionals of WaSH to deliver
the effective interventions involving the provisions of safe, healthy & sufficient drinking water.
They should also be consulted for the effectively saving the resources of water along with
removing or reducing the major identified challenge & making the whole economy stable. It is
very essential for assessing the effective interventions of WaSH in terms of the humanitarian
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settings. The main aim of all these professionals is to ensure & enhance the healthy outcomes
among all the different people across the whole World (Cronk, et.al. 2015). The humanitarian
crises were being studied along with the different quantitative studies. As per the data given by
the country of United Nations, around 663 million people do not have the access of clean
drinking water & the hygienic sanitation facilities around the whole World. Because of these
reasons, many of the people are not able to live the successful & healthy life.
The Akter & Ali have also demonstrated the effective understanding & importance of drinking
the clan water & using the clean service of sanitation. They also discussed about the impact in
case of the lack of effective & clean drinking water services or the sanitation facilities. Different
authors demonstrated the effective measures or the ways that should be implemented in order to
save the lives of different people & to also increasing their higher standard of living (Bartram,
et.al. 2014).
Results
It has been identified that the clean water, good hygienic practices & the clean or basic toilets or
sanitation facilities are very essential & necessary for the survival as well as the development of
people & children across the whole World. From the results, it has been analyzed that there are
still around 2.4 billion people who are not able to use the clean or improved sanitation and also
around 663 million people are not able to easily access the improved or clean sources of drinking
water. Higher level of risk is being found for the lives of all those people who lack these basic
needs & requirements. All these factors are the major causes or the challenges of diseases faced
by the different people. These diseases & challenges related to the clean water & sanitation may
lead towards the increasing numbers of death (Akter & Ali, 2014). It has been noticed &
analyzed that around 800 children die from the preventable diseases caused by the unhealthy
water, poor facilities or the lack of sanitation facilities & hygiene.
The team of UNICEF’s WaSH works for around 100 countries from all over the World in order
to improve the services & facilities & providing the clean water & sanitation services. Around 14
million people were being provided with the clean water & approximate 11 million people are
being provided with the basic toilets so that the high level of hygiene can be ensured & enhanced
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by UNICEF for all the people in the effective & in the efficient manner. UNICEF stands for
“United Nations Children’s Fund” which was created in the year 1946 in order to provide the
emergency food & the effective services of health care to all the children as well as mothers in
different countries.
Figure: The impact of WaSH interventions
Source: Helioz, 2019
The above graph shows that with the help of professional experts, the challenges or the number
of diseases can be reduced along with the providing of the effective services of clean water &
sanitation.
Discussion
After deeply discussing about all the facts & going through after the above provided facts, the
effective ways have been identified, this can help in improving the services of water & sanitation
facilities. It has been discussed that the sanitation facilities are to be improved by providing the
people with the clean & hygienic toilets. The educational projects should also be conducted in
which the people should learn about the good habits of hygiene. The systems of rain water
harvesting should also be implemented for collecting & storing the clean & healthy drinking
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water & also building the wells in order to extract the ground water from the underground
aquifers (Wolf, et.al. 2014).
The people should be provided with the effective knowledge of using the filters for drinking the
clean & safe water. Apart from all these, the lower cost-solutions should be provided such as the
bottles of plastic which can be exposed to the sunlight & also to improve the quality of water. All
these ways are being discussed for improving the services & facilities of clean water, sanitation
& hygiene. The different kinds of interventions of WaSH include the providence of higher level
of quality water & also ensuring the health outcomes of different people across the whole World
(Wasonga, et.al. 2014).
Conclusion
It has been concluded that it is very essential for each & every person to drink the clean water &
also use the hygiene toilets or washrooms in order to stay away from the higher level of diseases
& infections. It has been identified that the large numbers of people have been caused & infected
to death only because they are not able to drink the clean & safe water. The business
organizations such as the UNICEF has ensured the effective measures & also helped the millions
of people to access the clean & safe drinking water along with using of the clean & hygiene
toilets.
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References
 Akter, T., & Ali, A. M. (2014). Factors influencing knowledge and practice of hygiene in
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) programme areas of Bangladesh Rural
Advancement Committee. Rural & Remote Health, 14(3).
 Bartram, J., Brocklehurst, C., Fisher, M., Luyendijk, R., Hossain, R., Wardlaw, T., &
Gordon, B. (2014). Global monitoring of water supply and sanitation: history, methods and
future challenges. International journal of environmental research and public health, 11(8),
8137-8165.
 Cronk, R., Slaymaker, T., & Bartram, J. (2015). Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and
hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice. International Journal of
Hygiene and Environmental Health, 218(8), 694-703.
 Ngure, F. M., Reid, B. M., Humphrey, J. H., Mbuya, M. N., Pelto, G., & Stoltzfus, R. J.
(2014). Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), environmental enteropathy, nutrition, and
early child development: making the links. Annals of the New York Academy of
Sciences, 1308(1), 118-128.
 Wasonga, J., Olang’o, C. O., & Kioli, F. (2014). Improving households knowledge and
attitude on water, sanitation, and hygiene practices through school health programme in
Nyakach, Kisumu County in Western Kenya. Journal of Anthropology, 2014.
 Wolf, J., Prüss‐Ustün, A., Cumming, O., Bartram, J., Bonjour, S., Cairncross, S., ... &
Fewtrell, L. (2014). Systematic review: assessing the impact of drinking water and sanitation
on diarrhoeal disease in low‐and middle‐income settings: systematic review and meta‐
regression. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 19(8), 928-942.
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