Detailed Proposal: Development of a Weather Monitoring Drone System

This document presents a comprehensive proposal for the development of a weather monitoring drone. It begins with a project overview, including background information on the evolution of weather data collection methods, from early kites to modern satellites and drones. The proposal outlines the project's aim, which is to design and analyze a weather drone, and its objectives, which include identifying requirements, developing a physical model, creating an electronic control unit, selecting manufacturing processes, and choosing appropriate sensors. The literature study reviews existing research on multi-rotor aerial vehicles, emphasizing the importance of omnidirectional design and control strategies. The drone's structural design is detailed, including its four-motor configuration, chassis design, and material selection, with an emphasis on weight reduction and simplicity. The electrical design focuses on the dynamic system control, including the RC control system, determining quadcopter orientation using inertial frames, and implementing PID control. The material selection section discusses the components required, such as radio receivers, batteries, frames, flight controllers, and speed controllers. The proposed design includes specific components like the Hobbyking OrangeRx receiver, Turnigy batteries, and Arduino Pro Mini as a flight controller. The document concludes with manufacturing techniques, analysis, expected outcomes, project implementation, and cost estimation, providing a complete framework for the project.

PROPOSAL ON WEATHER
MONITORING DRONE
DEVELOPMENT

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Table of Contents
1. Project title: PROPOSAL ON WEATHER MONITORING DRONE DEVELOPMENT .................2
2. Background ................................................................................................................................2
3. Aim and Objectives .....................................................................................................................2
4. Literature Study ..........................................................................................................................3
5. Drone Structural Design...............................................................................................................4
6. Drone Electrical Design ...............................................................................................................5
7. Material Selection .......................................................................................................................7
8. Manufacturing techniques suggested........................................................................................... 11
9. Analysis.................................................................................................................................... 13
10. Expected Outcomes ............................................................................................................... 14
11. Project Implementation Plan................................................................................................... 15
12. Project Cost Estimation .......................................................................................................... 16
13. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 16
14. References ............................................................................................................................ 17

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1. Project title: PROPOSAL ON WEATHER MONITORING DRONE DEVELOPMENT
2. Background
Drones have over the past few periods had a dynamic impact on commercial services. For example,
Amazon concluded its prime air services has been delivery products to the consumer in the US and UK.
The fortune 500 company has even left gaining to publish a patent for a multi-layered contentment centre
which will be used to serve customers and business better. To better understand how meteorologists will
gather data from heaven, we are going to step back into history and learn how meteorologists have been
collecting data using other systems. According to historians, the initial unmanned floating vehicles used to
collect weather data were thermometer armed kites. These were first used in 1749 in Europe and facilitated
to collect compression, temperature, and relative moisture. The first weather satellite was launched in 1960
and was called the US TIROS1. In 1991, ("Agriculture Drone Sprayer", 2018) the first unmanned aircraft
was developed by NASA. Over the past 10 years, meteorologists have changed their interests to use drones
and collect real-time weather data. At the 2008 summer Olympics said in Beijing, a UC-San Diego professor
collected with his team deployed unmanned aircraft vehicles into the pollutiongases the city. This was part
of the exciting anti-smog program. Whatever you shouldknow is that whether drones are better at
forecasting storms than traditional weather collecting systems for example weather distends. Drones are
improving not only in terms of build and design but in terms of permanency. Critical data collected by
climatological drones will help scientists provide better weather calculations in the future. In the next period
or so, drones will play an important part in weather predicting. Additionally,it is expected that they will
become the standard weather measurement appliances. Separately from forecasting weather expectation,
advanced data gathered by drones can help to improve profitable drone services. For example, the business
using drones to deliver goods can use weather data analytics to confirm safe delivery. This is the same with
additional business in oil, gas, and construction. There is a lot of weather-related applications for future
drones. The scientist will develop tiny sensors with the capability to fly as a network finished the air and
into the tempest. The sensors can be directed to fly in different areas. These sensors will become part of the
internet of things, therefore, converting weather predictions.
3. Aim and Objectives
The aim of the project is to develop and analyze the design of the weather drone. As a part of this
project, the following things will be carried out.

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 To investigate and identify the requirements of the weather drone.
 To develop the physical model of the drone and select the appropriate materials for the different
components of the drone.
 To develop the electronic control unit for drone controlling
 To select the different manufacturing process for different components of the drone
 To select the appropriate sensors and control systems.
4. Literature Study
In this existing paper, we present the control and design of a novel six degrees of freedom aerial
vehicle. Unmanned aerial vehicles speed attractive a piece of developed machinery and have previously
been effectively used as a device for different responsibilities with mapping, examine, assessment, and
inspection. Multi-rotorvehicles like quadrocopters are used to perform assemble structures, manipulate
objects, or to interrelate with persons and augment reality, for the reason that of its easiness and quickness.
These outdated multi-rotor vehicles are incapable to switch their torque and trust in all three dimensions.
To overcome these boundaries, numerous different multi-rotor vehicles strategies have been established
over the past years. (Hung & Wo, 2012)In this paper, we present the control and design of a novel Omni-
directional multi-rotor aerial vehicle, whose dynamical things are nearly liberated of the vehicle direction.
The Omni-Directionality permits the vehicle to completely exploit its rotational dynamics and decoupled
translational. The in-vehicle design we present a six-degrees-of-freedom vehicle depending on torque and
static force for general actuator patterns. The objective is to discover an actuator arrangement that makes
the most of the vehicle's agility while execution its dynamical things as rotationally invariant as potential.
We present a body-fixed coordinated structure B with its origin at the vehicle's centre of mass as shown in
the following Figure.
Omni-directional vehicle design

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We introduce a control strategy for the vehicle modelled in section to concurrently track a wanted position
and attitude (Park, Her, Kim & Lee, 2016). The desired body rates are next tracked by an inner control loop
which outputs desired torques.
5. Drone Structural Design
The proposed drone design is developed for the following requirements.
 The weight of the drone and size of the drone kept as low.
 It must be as simple as possible.
 Performance of the drone is more important than the aesthetics of the drone.
 The drone must carry the required sensors and control systems.
 It must fly up to 2.5 km altitude. So that it requires an efficient battery and propelling system.
Design overview of the drone
The proposed drone has four powerful motors ("Surveillance Drone", 2018). Which propels the
drone at higher altitude. Considering its chassis the drone has a very simple and effective design. It contains
two panels and four arms. The upper panel and lower panel acts as a box and accommodate the different
control systems and sensor modules. Here the arms have the number of holes on it. These holes are
purposively created to reduce weight. This hole pattern has been created by using the shape optimization
technique. Here we used the shape optimizationfeature on the fusion 360 software. It is done intentionally
to reduce the weight of the drone. Here the detailed dimensions of the major elements of the drone are
shown.
Design Drawings of Major Components

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Assembly Design
The above-given diagram shows the final assembly of the drone system. Here we can see the four
arms and pod. All the four arms are connected with the pod by using the nuts and bolts. And the battery is
directly attached under the base plate. The base plate contains the provisions for attaching the battery with
the drone. Also, the holes are provided for wires. Then the main controller and sensor module will be placed
inside the pod. Because it provides security to the sensitive electronic components from the moisture and
dust. The upper part of the pod has a hole. It is purposively made to accommodate the different sensors.
Propeller and motor setup is attached with the arms.
6. Drone Electrical Design
Dynamic System Control
Drone is the device which has the ability to fly. It is controlled by using the RC control system
(Toyama, Nishizawa & Matsubara, 2018). In this section of the report brings the overview of the electronic
control system proposed is explained. The proposed system mainly contains three main elements. And they
are controlling system, transmitting system and sensing system. Here all the electronic elements are
classified under these three categories. Controlling systems which is responsible for controlling the drone.
Controlling system of the drone consists the different elements like, microcontroller, electric motors and
altitude sensors etc. And then the transmitting system consists the different elements like radio transmitter,
receiver etc. Then the sensing system consists the different elements like sensors, harness processing units
and storage units etc.
Determining Quadcopter Orientation

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Inertial Frame of a Free Body
Determine the aircraft orientation relative to the secure inertial frame of the earth is critical, in order
to steady the quadcopter. This is shown as below figure, it contains 3 orthogonal axes and the rotations
about these axes. In order to reach a stable flight,the pitch and rollaxes should become stable. The
quadcopter will directly tip over and be incapable to fly when these axes are not properly controlled. By
using the attitude sensor the pitch and roll approaches of the aircraft are determined. In our project, this was
completed by using the gyroscope and accelerometer in conjunction. The quadcopter is controlled by the
yaw axis, however, it is not as much difficult. Using gyroscope and an accelerometer the complete yaw
orientation is in fact not assessable, alone gyroscope measures the change in yaw orientation.
PID Control
It is essential to instrument a dynamic system controller stabilizes the quadcopter at the desired
attitude, once determining the attitude of the aircraft. For the most operative methods of doing so is to
implement a proportional, integral and derivative (PID) controller.
Standard PID Block Diagram
The above given diagram shows the arrangement of the microcontroller and other elements. From
the above given circuit diagram is the schematic of the electronic circuits used in this project.

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7. Material Selection
All radio-controlled (RC) drones need, at least, the subsequent components: a radio receiver, a
battery, a frame, a flight controller, motors speed controller, an attitude sensor, and motor with propellers.
In this division,we will talk over the purpose of every component, why it is needed, and what reflections
to make when choosing that component. (Wills, 2018)
Radio Receiver
The radio receiver takes radio signals from the radio controller transmitter and changes them into
control signals for all control channel. The older radio receivers units frequently used 72MHz frequencies,
whereas the present radio controller receivers control on a 2.4 GHz radio frequencies. Radio receivers units
can have as few as 4 channels, however several have additional channels for additional control choices. We
carefully selected a Hobbyking OrangeRx 6 Channel Receiver for this project, shown in below Figure 1.
OrangeRx 6Ch Receiver
Battery
The battery is the device used for storing the electricity. And also it discharges the electricity
whenever it requires. This device is mostly used in RC helicopters and drones for energy supply. Because
mostly these kinds of types of equipment are propelled by the electric motors. In this project, we used
Turnigy 2200mAh 20C batteries. This is a lithium-polymer battery. This kind of batteries is used in modern
electric cars and airplanes. Because it has a lower weight. In the bellow given figure, the battery is shown.
Here the battery is attached using the wires and plugs. Holding this type of battery in the drone is quite
simple. By using the standard clamps we can clamp the battery on the base plate of the drone.

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Turnigy 2200mAh 20C LiPo
Quadcopter Frame
For the whole aircraft, the quadcopter frames deliver physical structure. Likewise houses all of the
other remaining components and motors to the recreation of the aircraft are added by quadcopter frame.
The frame should be huge sufficient to permit all four propellers to spin without impact, however, should
not be too huge and as a result also full for the motor.
Flight Controller
Flight controller accomplishes the essential actions to possess the quadcopter constant and
manageable, and also FlightController is the heart of the quadcopter. FlightController calculates the
essential motor output, and it receives the user control commands from Radio Receiver (Rx), adds them
with interpretation from the attitude sensors. In our project, Arduino Pro Mini is used as flight controller as
shown in the below figure.
Arduino Pro Mini
Speed Controllers
A specific electronic speed controller (ESC) is necessary for all motors. All electronic speed
controllers take a present rating, which shows the extreme present that it may deliver the motor without
overheating. In our project, 20A Afro ESC is used as shown in the below figure, as they are well studied
for use with quadcopters and take a necessary present rating.

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Afro ESC 20A
Attitude Sensor
The flight controller with the interpretation of the quadcopter’s coordination in space is provided
by the attitude sensor. At least this needs a gyroscope, however, most quadcopters similarlyinclude an
accumulator. For our project, we chose the Sparkfun 9DOF Sensor Stick, as shown in below Figure.
Sparkfun 9DOF Sensor Stick
Motors and Propellers
Propellers are spin by the motors to provide the quadcopter with lifting thrust. There are two ratings
given by hobby motors one is Kv rating and the second one is the current rating. First one indicates how
fast the motor will spin, whereas the second one indicates the maximum current that the motor may safely
draw. In our project, 1000Kv, 15A max NTM motors from Hobbyking is used, shown in below figure 7.
The Propellers are available in different sizes and with different materials. With the help of diameter and
pitch, we can measure in the format. In our project, we selected 9x4.7 carbon fibre props is used shown in
the figure.
NTM 1000Kv Motor
ABS plastic
Here ABS stands for Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene. It is one of the most commonlyused
thermoplastic. It has a higher glass transition temperature of 105-degree Celsius. It is amorphous. So that

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is doesn't has an accurate melting point. It is a kind of terpolymer. It is made by the technique named
polymerizing. Here the styrene and acrylonitrile are polymerized to make the ABS. In the below-given
table, the mechanical properties of the ABS are shown.
Here the ABS is selected for making the frame for the following reasons. It brings higher strength
to the frame. Especially it provides higher impact strength. This is one of the important property of the
drone. UV rays don't affect the properties of the material. Also, it is water resistance. Weight of the material
is too low. It is extremely reliable and suitable for larger print developments.
Carbon Fiber
Carbon fiber reinforced polymer material is used to develop the propeller blades. Generally, it is a
combination of carbon fiber shocks and resin. Here the resin acts as a main material of the composite. And
the carbon fiber cloth acts as a reinforcement material. In the below-given table, the strength and other
mechanical properties of the carbon fiber are given.

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It gives high strength and low weight propeller blades. It gives a very unique appearance. It gives
corrosion resistance and water resistance to the propeller. By using this we can make highlycomplex
contours and designs. It gives superior fatigue properties. For the drone propeller blade, it is one of the most
important property. Higher stiffness. It can withstand higher temperatures.
8. Manufacturing techniques suggested
Manufacturing of Frame
In this project the FDM method is suggested to develop the frame of the weather monitoring drone.
Here FDM stands for Fusion Deposition Modeling. This is one of the most commonly used 3D printing
technique since 1980s. This method doesn’t has any complicated process. Simply it heats the solid filament
and transforms it into the liquid form. Then the hot liquid of the material is injected through the nozzle. The
nozzle controlled by the computer in the 3D space. So that it can move according to the design. This method
is one of the most viable technique to develop the 3D models. Mostly this technique is used to develop the
prototype of the final product. In the below given figure the actual working process of the FDM is explained.