Building and Construction in Australia: WHS, Contractors, and Duties

This report provides a comprehensive overview of workplace health and safety (WHS) laws in Australia, examining their relationship to construction companies and emphasizing the importance of compliance. It defines subcontractors, categorizing them into nominated, domestic, and named types, and outlines the duties imposed on individuals to ensure health and safety in the workplace. The report details essential components of contractor agreements, including confidentiality, information sensitivity, and avoidance of bribery and misrepresentation. It specifies the scope of work for a contractor carpenter in Queensland, covering structural, installation, and renovation tasks. Furthermore, the report identifies duty holders in a workplace and lists the responsibilities of workers concerning safety protocols and reporting. Finally, it outlines the qualifications required for a contractor carpenter in Queensland, referencing the Queensland Building and Construction Commission (QBCC) and the necessary licenses and technical qualifications according to QBCC regulations.

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
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QUESTION ONE
How do the WHS laws in Australia relate to the company?
Workplace health and safety laws that are found in Australia that changed on the 1st January
2012 have gradually harmonized across Australia. WHS consist of a set of rules that is the codes
of conducts that highlight different roles that the public, as well as the worker, has to abide
during their contact in the place of work. The main purpose of these WHS law across Australia
as per the Queensland work safety and health act of 2011 is to protect the health and enhance
safety as well as welfare of the members of the public. This is achieved together with the
workers thereby ensuring that no worker is exposed to any risk in the work projects. Therefore,
there is a need of complying with these WHS laws to enhance understanding the compliances
code to help in a practical direction to members of the public as well as workers that have
particular duties and obligation to be upheld. There are eight codes compliance to comply with to
give proper information that includes
 Space which is confined
 First aid must be provided in the place of work
 Ensuring a better working environment as well as workplace amenities
 Ensuring that health occupational and safety are communicated across the
languages
 Ensuring that all generation construction falls are prevented
 Ensuring that foundries are in place
 Allow the management of asbestos within the place of work

 Allow the removal of asbestos in the working place
Therefore, in accordance with the business area as enforced by WHS which cover all business
areas to help in determining the injuries and illness to people in the places of work. Thus it is
considered as very crucial for an employer to implement WHS laws appropriately so as to help
the business in informing the employee's policies as well as the procedure that they should use to
meet the standards before the business is informed. When the business applies all the Australian
WHS laws in most of the business areas thus ensuring that any unwanted cost is avoided and
even the damages that may occur as a result of illness and injuries in the place of work.
Therefore, WHS laws have provided the industry with a strong foundation thus achieving the
maximum level of the business outcome.
Question one
Who is a subcontractor?
A subcontractor is a person though in many business cases is an individual that is allowed to sign
a contract in order to perform a port or a full obligation of the contract of another. Therefore, a
subcontractor may be a company or a person hired by the main contractor to do a specific duty as
a part of the whole project and being paid normally in consideration of the service that is
performed to the project through the originating general contractor. Whereas the concept of a
subcontractor is mostly used in building works as well as in civil engineering, as the
subcontractor opportunity range is very wide and therefore the possibilities of having a greater
number operating in the information technology as well as the sector of business
information(Armstrong, Gomes and Struth 2016).
Types of the subcontractor.

There are three types of subcontractors, these are
 Nominated subcontractor: this is the one who is nominated according to the contract
architect permit as well as the supervising officer so as to reserve the final selection right
as well as during the subcontractor's approval. The permission is given to the main
contractor to make a profit when using the nominated subcontractor to perform their
duties. This ensures a direct relation between the client and subcontractors.
 Domestic subcontractor: there is a subcontractor having the main contractor as a supply
and even fix material or goods as well as executing the work thus forming part of the
major contractor.
 Named subcontractor: this also may have a similar meaning with the domestic
subcontractor though named subcontractor is one who contracts the major contractor in
order to supply or fix good as well as material or even execute duties thus forming part of
the main contract. In most cases, this contractor is an employee of the main contractor.
Question two
What are the duties imposed on a person which ensure health and safety in the workplace?
 The duties that are imposed on the individual that ensure that the health, as well as safety,
are put in place in the workplace consist of the following;
 Engaging workers by undertaking their work for them especially by influencing them
directly or indirectly to so that their cam performs their duties.
 May put others on the risk of undertaking or performing their duties
 Must engage in managing or controlling fixtures/workplace and even the workplace
fixtures and plants.

 Engage in designing, manufacturing, importing and even supplying plant, structure or
substances that are being used in the workplace.
 Help in installing, constructing or commissioning the structures or plant in the place of
work.
Question two
Things addressed in contractor agreement includes
Confidentiality: There should be a surety that the terms of the contract are only between the
parties involved.
Information sensitivity: Sometime the contract may only require sensitive information regarding
the business so as to compare the business information of both parties to help in handling the
information such as unavoided customer data as well as ensuring the addition of non-poaching
agreement to the contract(Zuo and Zhao 2014).
Bribery: It is very crucial to make a conscious effort in order to avoided bribery meaning that
the bribery should not be accepted so to stop active bribery.
Hyperbole: It should be ensured that all misdirection as exaggeration is avoided therefore any
agreement that is based on false information to be considered invalid.
Advice: Pieces of advice should be received from a lawyer before signing the contract.
The mistaken agreements: Not only a written and signed contract are the only ones considered
as binding but also the oral agreement like the phone ones and even email messages are bindings

Question Three.
Scope of work for a contractor carpenter in Queensland
The scope of work includes the following;
 Constructing and erecting structures of the roof and wall framing of steel and timber
 Construction and erection of internal partition walls of non-loadbearing
 Erection of subfloor framing and ceiling
 Construction of stair made of timber
 Sheet flooring and timber installation
 Metal roofing installation
 Fixing process of moldings, panels and internal linings
 Locking windows and doors installation
 Restoration and renovation of frames windows and doors
 Fitments installations
 Simple form concretion such as concrete, formwork and reinforcement installation
 Erection and striping of formwork such as the forms of slip and jump formwork
Question three
Who are the duty holders in a workplace?
The duty holders according to the Australian WHS law, duty holders are individual having
responsibility in ensuring the safety of an organization or even a group of people. even though
everyone is expected to play a good role in giving health and safety first priority in the place of
working. WHS, as well as Work Health and Safety Regulations of 2011, encourage that an

individual is given duty in order to maintain safety and health, therefore a duty holder has a very
crucial duty in preserving safety and health in the time of an emergency in the workplace. Work
Health and Safety Act 2011 as well as Work Health and Safety Regulations 2011 give duty
holders a mandate of ensuring that safety and health are managed by eliminating risks for safety
and health using a reasonable practice (Lu, Cui, and Li 2016).
Question 4
List Duties of a worker.
It is the responsibility of a worker to alert the employer of any suspected action which is not in
proper condition. In most cases accident in the places of work may happen due to the behaviors
of human employees are included. These accidents are caused by rushing to a job, taking chances
and even cutting corners. Therefore, an employee should be aware of these bad accidents and
check for any necessary avoidance (Lu et al.2017).
Most employees always think that it is an employer’s duty to check on their safety, welfare as
well as heath. though according to the law employer does have very many duties as well as the
employees including the temporary one even part-time duties without regarding the type of
employment or even a contractual arrangement that they may engage.
Therefore, the duties of a worker include.
 A worker should adhere to any relevant law as well as ensuring that their health and
safety are protected and even the health and safety of anybody who may be challenged by
their action as well as their work omission (Hong et al.2015).

 A would have to ensure that there is no any intoxicant that may influence them to ensure
that any danger during their performance is controlled.
 An employee should enhance their cooperation with other employees regarding work
welfare, safety as well as their health.
 A worker should not engage in any conduct which is not proper to ensure that their own
safety, as well as health, is not endangered as well as endangering the life of others.
 An employee should participate in any health and safety training that an employer may
offer.
 A worker should ensure that all the machinery, tools as well as the other substances are
properly used these include good use of all personal protective equipment that is given to
be used during their work.
Employees should report in case of any equipment at workplace defect that may be considered to
endanger their health as well as their safety
Question 4
Qualifications for a contractor carpenter in Queensland
The body of the Queensland Building and Construction Commission (QBCC) administers the
industry of building and construction in Queensland. It is purposely for issuing a license to the
contractors of the buildings as well as the occupants. The department of public works and
housing in Queensland is accountable for the development as well as the implementation of the
Queensland building and construction commission legislation and policies(Motawa and
Almarshad 2013).

The contractor carpenter according to the act of Queensland Building and Construction
Commission should have access to the following licenses;
 Contractor license that enables the contractor to conduct the building operation.
 Supervisor of the nominee which enables the contractor to offer services related to
supervisory of the building operations within the company and perform the required
functions of a nominee as per the requirement of the act.
 Supervisor of the site which enables the contractor to solely supervise the construction
process that takes place within the scope of the company or as per the license issued to
the contractor.
 The license for occupational fire protection – this provides the contractor with the
authority to solely conduct supervision on the protection of risk of fire in the workplace.
The technical qualifications that are required for a contractor carpenter in Queensland are in
classes as per the regulation of the QBCC are under different schedules, that is, schedules 2 and
schedules 3. The classes of licenses in Schedule 2 has technical qualifications that similarly
apply to the license of the contractor, license of the nominee supervisor or the license of the site
supervisor if and only if there are specifications made(Wang et al.2013). An individual that is in
need of a license concerning carpentry, for example, will have to meet the qualifications
mentioned at some parts of the document without considering if the application made was for
nominee supervisor, contractor or for the license of the site supervisor carpentry(Eadie et al.
2013). The licenses, however, do not bear the same qualifications for both the license of a site
supervisor and that of the nominee supervisor.

The contractor should also get hold of the licenses that bear the technical qualifications as per the
regulation of the QBCC which include nominee supervisor, a contractor as well as site
supervisor licenses.
Question 5
Qualifications required for a contractor for tiles and walls in Queensland
On-time delivery
Generally, delays are expensive events in the construction industry. The deadlines are not
supposed to be negotiable. The contractor should, therefore, be able to meet the specified
deadlines for the specific work. This is the main reason for conducting research in order to
establish track records of the contractors. The contractors that have records of complaining
customers for delays or missed deadlines are never considered for urgent tasks in Queensland.
Recommendations and Reputations
One of the most valuable assets of any contractor is the reputation. Contractors are expected to
have a reliable and honest reputation. This will be a symbol of appraisal of quality work.
Communications
In the processes of the construction, there will be decision making and finalization of matters
within the specified deadline some of which will be very urgent. This implies that one of the
essential requirements, my that a contractor must have from the start of the work to the finish is
open communication.
Quality of Work

Builders who are meticulous are good. This quality must be possessed by the contractors.
Complete project examination is usually regarded as the best way of assessing the work quality.
Services of the Customer
A contractor is expected to satisfy the client needs of tile work and wall system management
effectively.
Question 5
The consequences of non-compliance with the requirements of health and safety
Most of the individuals which are represented in courts are due to failure to comply with the
legislation of health and safety and are charged by the Federal police or the Victoria police that
are in charge of the criminal offending in Australia. The companies of the individuals are mainly
charged with the work safe offenses as well as the legislation of Health and Safety for the
breaches. In spite of the numerous visits on the work site by the work safe, it has been
recognized that most of the charges result after the occurrence of the accident at the workplace.
The act of the OHS common breaches can be due to failure to provide a safe condition of work
by the employer or failure in the provision of proper training, information, instruction or may be
supervision.
Regardless of breaching the obligations by the employer to the employees can only be revealed
after proper analysis of the evidence developed by the investigators of the Work safe. There
uniqueness in the workplace as well as the fixed circumstances which makes it very vital to
incorporate highly experienced solicitors.
Question five

The legal obligation of an employer in relation to consultation.
In the OSH law, the employer is given a responsibility to provide a safe workplace. These
include
 Ensure that the place of work is very free from known hazard as well as adhering to the
laws, standard and the issues of regulation as indicated in the OHS law.
 An employer must have examined the working place to ensure that the condition match
with the OSH standard.
 The employer must have the absurdity that the employees have as well as a useful tool
and even equipment that are free from any danger and even are maintained properly.
 An employer can engage in using poster, color code, signs as well as labels to warn the
employees against any potential hazard (Latiffi et al.2013).
 An employer should ensure that the operating procedure is established as well as updated
before communicating them to the employees for adherence to health and safety
requirement.
 Engage employees in safety training in a language that can be understood by the
employees.
 Employees that engaged in duties those are not good for their health like hazardous
chemical within the place of working to be developed and be implemented in a written
hazard communication program as well as training the employees that are exposed to
those hazards and even exposing them to a proper precaution to the hazards.
 Ensuring that the employees are given medical examination as well as providing training
as per OSHA standard requirements.

 The employer should ensure that the records related to injuries or illness is there to alert
the employees on anything that have occurred.
Question 6
In Victoria, do contractors need to be registered?
A subcontractor needs to register by the Victorian Building Authority because of the following
reasons:
 So to be allowed to perform a work that may cost over $ 10000 when materials and labor
are included.
 To ensure that re-stumping re-blocking, work demolition, and home removal are carried
out with no regard to their cost.
 Give more plastering types and painting that may cost more than $10000 when material
and labor are included.
Question 6
The consequences of non-compliance with the legislation of health and safety, therefore,
include the following;
After the occurrence of an accident in the place of work, the manager or the employer will have
to take measures that improve the training and operations of the plant based on the personal
volition to bar the future occurrence of similar accidents. In case of surety by the law that the
necessary improvements will result into the safety of the workers at the instant time, it put in
place measures that ensure the improvement of the project which should be complied with by the
business.

In addition, the penalty is imposed in many cases by the court of law in terms of monetary values
which depends on the factors available and majorly on the extent and seriousness of failures
made by the worker. The charges which were imposed on an individual of the company at the
writing time of occupational health and safety act were around 1800 and 9000 respectively. The
currently set unit of charges at every start of a financial year is around $158.57indicating that the
penalties showed above can be to the approximate of $285, 000 for an individual and $1, 427,
000 for the company(Wang et al.2014).
The court of law also has the authority to ensure publication of the offence and the penalty
imposed on the offence by the employer and has to submit them separately for approximated
period of time on the Health and Safety Undertaking for which the employer has to present
himself or herself to the court in case of request and promise not to commit any breaches further.
The undertakings usually present themselves with conditions which are specific to involve
consultant or to perform the business audit, objectively to improve the legislation compliance
with Health and Safety.
In some cases, an infringement notice may be provided by the Work safe as another way to
instigate prosecution, however, this takes place for breaches of minor cases.
Question 7
Preparation of Workplace Relations Management Plan (WRMP)
The head contractor is responsible for the preparation and submission of the Workplace
Relations Management Plan. The contractor has complied with the plan and has to realize that all
the subcontractors comply as well with the WRMP. Failure by the subcontractor to comply with

the plan is a breach of code to the main contractor only if the contractor had properly managed
all the issues that ensure that each and every subcontractor complies with the plan.
Question eight
Sham contract.
This the arrangement in which the employees attempt to distinguish their relationship in the
employment as it is arranged in the contract. This is usually performed to avoid taxes as well as
the employee’s responsibilities such as minimum wages, leaves, superannuation as well as
compensation of workers. the factors under the sham provision of the Fair Work ACT of 2009
indicate that the employer should not:
 The employer should not misrepresent a relationship of employment as well as a
proposed arrangement of employment like that of the independent contracting
arrangement.
 The employer should not dismiss or even threaten to dismiss an employee for a reason
that engages them as the independent contractor
 The employer should not make a false rectification to persuade as well as influencing the
employees to change to an independent contractor.
Question 8.
Ways to ensure compliance of the workplace with the legislation
Occupational health and safety (OH&S) were literally changed to workplace health and safety
(WHS) as it could no longer offer protection to the individuals at the workplace. The changes
that were made include the transition from the operation on full-time by the workers to an

increased number of part-time, contractors as well as casuals. With OHS one would be
accountable only for the immediate workplace but with the changes to WHS, the responsibility
can be extended to the attendants of the workplace.
To ensure that the working place is compliant with the legislation, the law requires the manager
or the company to perform the following;
 Evaluate all the possible risks associated with health and safety and put in place measures
that regulate the risks.
 Provision and maintenance of safe tools, machinery, and materials.
 Ensuring safety and suitable layout of the workplace.
 Ensuring safety on how goods and substances are handled
 Have in place workers compensation insurance
Training and education are equally important for both the employer as well as the workers in
ensuring compliance of the workplace with the law. All the staff members are required to
responsibly conduct themselves complying with the instructions of health and safety such as
proper use of equipment, putting on as required not to endanger their lives as well as the lives of
others.
Question 9
Measures to take in case of non-compliancy of the workplace to the legislation
In case the manager realizes that the workplace is not compliant with the legislation, immediate
measures should be put in place to bring the situation back to normal and these include
contacting the authority responsible within the territory or state which is the main thing in order

to acquire on what to be done(Liu et al 2015).. Within every territory or state are Regulations,
Act and codes that apply, the responsible authority to be conducted as well as the possible
available resources for the organization.
Compliance of the workplace to health and safety requirements is of more importance as it
 Minimizes the possibility of serious fatality or injury
 Promotes the morale of the staff
 Potentially minimizes the premiums of insurance
 Indicates the legal compliance.
Question 9
Alternative dispute resolution
Alternative dispute resolution also referred to as external dispute resolution in some nations
characteristically represents an array of techniques as well as processes of dispute resolution that
brings the two or more parties in disagreement to come to a resolution short of litigation. In
Australia, the term alternative dispute resolution refers to the general term used in settling
disputes between two or more parties in disagreement calling for another party that is not
involved in the dispute.
Currently, the alternative dispute resolution as a means of resolving conflicts has been widely
accepted both by the legal profession as well as the public as a collection despite being resisted
traditionally by a number of popular parties together with their advocates. In fact, most of the
courts in various countries not excluding Australia currently apply alternative dispute resolution

most preferably mediation as the way out for solving the conflict between parties prior to the
authorization of the parties to trial. Some countries even think of what is somehow called the
"compulsory" mediation which indicates that the disputed parties must attend, but it is not
necessary that the dispute is resolved through mediation.
The rapid increase in the traditional court's caseload clearly depicts the wide acceptance of
alternative dispute resolution. This is per the view that few costs are levied by alternative dispute
resolution rather than litigation, it appears to be more confidential and also builds desire on
specific parties to possess excess power control on the choice of the person or persons who will
make decisions over the conflict. An effective application of alternative dispute resolution as a
means of resolving conflict has been limited by the identification and usage of possibly available
programs.
Question 11
What sources would you use to keep up to date relevant legislation?
Any Engineer should have regular access to the Engineering Journals and other weekly booklets
that publish the latest developments in engineering works. It is through these publications that
latest revised regulations on engineering provisions can be obtained.
Question 11
Duty to explain everything to a sub-contractor?
Although a subcontractor is expected to provide services on specifically requested areas of a
contract, it is the primary duty of a contractor to brief him/her accordingly on the scope of the
work to be covered.

Question 12
What kind of information do we need to communicate to the staff in regard to WHS?
In order to ensure that safety is enhanced in any construction industry, the staff members should
always be informed of the following in regard to WHS:
 How to use safety equipment like PPEs
 Potential Hazards in the areas
 Possible safety areas to be during emergencies cases like fire. These may include fire
assembly points
Question 20.
Importance of participation in the consultation process to the company
The consultation process is a necessity permitted by the law of the land and is very important in
the management of risks associated with health and safety. Safety I the place of work can easily
be attained when there is proper cooperation of the team members to identify the risks on the
matters of health and safety and operate as a team to come up with the possible solutions. The
coordination is usually between the control managers of the organization as well as the workers.
The participation and consultation enable the parties and representatives to provide the necessary
knowledge as well as experience required for detailed decision making on safety operations in
the workplace.
Consultation on effective health and safety creates awareness as well as a commitment to the
incorporated active workers on a better understanding of the decisions made by the organization.
It also creates a positive working environment as understanding other peoples' views result in

trust and therefore great coordination. The consultation also helps conceal the gaps availed in the
risk of health and safety management that usually occurs if:
 There is an assumption made by the duty holder that others are dealing with issues
associated with health and safety.
 The worker is not specialized in the field of operation
 Inappropriate understanding of how each and every individuals’ activity may expose
other workers to risks.
Question 27
Territory advisory standards on Asbestos, falling objects and finally concrete pumping
 In case the asbestos in existence or materials that have asbestos are still in good
conditions and there is no likelihood of being damaged, they can just be left in place.
Their conditions should be monitored so as to ensure that they are not disturbed.
 The falling objects should be guided so as to ensure that they are not destructive to the
objects underneath.
 The pumping of concrete should be done under-regulated environmental condition to
avoid damage to the structures when the concrete starts drying up.
Question 30.
Consultation body for the WHS risk analysis and inspections

The national policy body in the government of Australia works hand in hand with the state,
commonwealth and territory government to ensure improvement in health and safety as well as
the arrangements for the compensation of workers. The Safe Work Australia as a body is
composed of members that represent the commonwealth, state and also the territory government,
the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Australian Council of Trade Unions and
Australian Industry Group.
According to the WHS act, a worker is entitled to consult the employees and other related
persons concerning the operations of the business. Employees should participate in consultation
processes and represent by elected bodies of health and safety. The consultation arrangement has
to incorporate the representative of the health and safety in case the workers are equally
represented. The consultation by the company is mainly conducted by the workers and on the
belief that the effort of the worker as well as their participation develop the process of decision
making on the issues of health and safety and minimize the possible injuries and fatality that may
be experienced in the workplace.
The workers are mainly consulted in cases of identification and assessing contingencies that
result from the operations to be conducted or the already conducted operation and in decision
making on approaches to do away with or reduce the associated risks. Additionally, it is also
necessary to incorporate the workers in matters pertaining to the conduction of investigations on
relevant incidents. It is relevant to conduct regular consultation on the basis of step by step
analysis of the cases for early identification and fixation of the rising problems.
Question 31
Identification, Implementation, and review of the control measures

In identification and assessment of the risks arising from the workplace, the things that must be
considered include:
 The people likely to be exposed to the risk
 What is the degree of consequences on the exposed persons
 The likeliness of the consequences.
After the identification of the control measures which are effective, they should be implemented
and the manager should ensure that the workers are aware of the possible risks, the control
measures necessary for the management of the risks, the application, and importance of such
measures. If necessary he/she should review and update emergency procedures. The control
measures should be of more effective, purposefully fit, readily adapts to the period and nature of
the operation and correctly be implemented by workers.
Monitoring of the control measures after implementation is necessary as this will indicate the
effective performance in the workplace. This help minimizes the work exposure through
exposure monitoring and health monitoring.
Question 32.
Examples of OHS communication strategies
In most cases in an occupation, the main focus of communication planning is on what is to be
delivered rather than the means of delivery or the provided support. This occurs due to numerous
reasons(Ahn, et al 2013). There are common strategies and possible control measures that are
strongly related to the Occupational Health Safety (OHS) and can be employed in the review and

discussion of methods of communication. There are various factors that compromise the
effectiveness of communication and may include;
1. Communicating to people without involving them in communication.
2. In some cases, the communications can be assumed to be for granted or just seen as
something obvious.
3. Different ownership levels as well as understanding the objectives by the key
stakeholders resulting in misleading beliefs and values.
4. The mindset may result in an exclusive focus on the current operations rather than the
effectiveness and quality of execution.
The strategy includes analysis of the present resources and a serious evaluation of practices in
the present to build up a positive plan in order to meet the desired results. Just as in the context
of sporting where strategies of attacking developed by a team of football are for execution when
are in control of the ball and strategies of defend to counteract opponents' actions. All these
strategies have to be planned for, practiced, requires the players to adapt to them and also
requires some implementations according to changes in the nature of the play. It is possible to
apply the same strategies to the communication of OHS in the workplace. The communication
stages, that is, prepare, prime, deliver and reinforce are the process model that outlines the
context for analysis of the practice in the present as well as a strategic tactic to the planning's in
the future.
Question 33
Parts of a building that requires edge protection

 Guard rails
 Guard rail post
 Guard Rail Double Coupler
 Guard Rail Swivel Coupler
 Guard rail ladder access rail
 Parts of the roofs system
.

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