Wind, Water, and Solar Energy: A Detailed Analysis and Future Scope

This essay provides a comprehensive analysis of wind, water, and solar (WWS) energy sources as viable alternatives to non-renewable resources. It examines the potential of WWS to meet global energy demands while mitigating climate change, air pollution, and energy insecurity. The essay highlights the importance of policies, technological advancements, and material resources in harnessing WWS energy effectively. It discusses the role of wind turbines, solar PV cells, and electric vehicles in a sustainable energy future, referencing China's advancements in renewable energy as a model for other countries. The essay concludes that with proper investment and policies, WWS resources can meet increasing energy demands and address environmental challenges, advocating for a shift in perspective towards viewing renewable energy as a key component of energy security.

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Article 1
Abstract
Wind, water and sun power sources are emerging strategies which many countries are
focusing on. The sources are coming into the limelight due to the negative impacts of non-
renewable energy resources. Pollution, climate change, and energy insecurity are some of the
demerits which have led to focus on WWS sources. Analyzing the structures, materials,
technologies, energy resources and quantities are important to understand the current status and
potential of the WWS source as key energy strategies (Jacobson, 2009). Policies have been
made, but they have not made the required impact. WWS has the potential to meet energy
demands in the world, but the exploitation is still low. Moreover, another main reason for the
consideration of the renewable resources is their ability to have little impact on wildlife, water
pollution, and little deposition on land as well as being renewable and recyclable.
Introduction
Large-scale production of clean, perpetual and reliable energy which is economical is a new
demand in the energy sector. To satisfy this demand, technologies, energy resources, quantities
and area of available infrastructure and materials used for energy production turn to be key areas
of focus (Jacobson & Delucchi, 2011a). Kyoto protocol was set up to ensure that countries
placed effort to the green production of energy and lead to carbon emission reduction. The use of
wind, water, and sun for energy production has been the main focus for many countries. The
production of energy through renewable energy resources is seen to help reduce carbon
production, improve energy efficiency reduce deforestation and conserve tillage. The U.S has
taken key measures to ensure that they abide by the Kyoto protocol guidelines regarding the

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renewable energy. Initially, Jacobson and Delucchi (2011a) suggested that it is feasible to have
renewable resources being the main energy source by 2030. Nevertheless, the difficulties during
the implementation of the laid policies seem to hinder that target. This means that the current
challenges due to non-renewable energy infrastructure and resources will continue to be
experienced (Feiveson, 2009). The renewable energy resources have the potential long-term
solution to these problems. From the costs, policies, and material used, the structure for
renewable energy has the key solutions.
Summary
Climate change, air pollution, water pollution and energy insecurities are some of the eminent
problems facing the world. Many studies have arrived at conclusion that renewable energy
sources are likely to bring benefits and help to mitigate these problems including the increasing
carbon dioxide production. The article by Jacobson and Delucchi focuses on the use of wind,
water and sun (WWS) resource to enhance renewable energy production (Delucchi & Jacobson,
2011a). U.S has had proposals on increasing the WWS efficiency, expansion, modernization and
conversion of the motor vehicle to electric vehicles to curb the existing problems with the current
energy resources. In addition, another key reason for the use of the renewable energy to produce
poser is their cleanness, low risk, and its sustainability. The main aims of adopting and proposing
these new measures of energy are based on climate change effects, increasing air pollution and
insecurities in the energy sector. Moreover, another main reason for the consideration of the
renewable resources is their ability to have little impact on wildlife, water pollution, and little
deposition on land as well as being renewable and recyclable (Jacobson, 2009). The available
challenges on the renewable resources include the increasing population and economic activities.

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The common power which is produced from WWS sources includes, wind power, concentrated
solar, geothermal, tidal, solar PV, waves, hydroelectric power, BEVs, and HFCVs.
Some of the major reasons for not considering nuclear energy include the growth of nuclear
energy contribution to the production of nuclear weapons which are a threat to security. Also,
nuclear energy results in 9-25 times more carbon production than renewable energy sources
(Jacobson, 2009). Additionally, nuclear fission is another problem which emerges from the use
of nuclear energy and may result in accidents due to the presence of uranium. The article comes
with a suggestion of different options which industries should adapt to embrace the use of WWS
sources for renewable energy. For instance, one option is the adoption of battery-electric vehicles
(BEVs), hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles (HFCVs) and hybrid SEV-HFCVs in the transportation
industry (Jacobson and Delucchi, 2011a). The article also highlights the increasing demand for
energy with current end uses demand worldwide standing at 12.5 trillion watts (TW).
Most importantly, this article focuses on available materials resources for the energy production
through WWS. For the wind power production, the article highlights that wind turbine are the
main materials needed. This production method has a potential to produce close to 20% of world
demand by 2030 (Delucchi & Jacobson, 2011b). The only challenge in this method may be the
rare earth elements which are used for a permanent magnet. The solar power is seen as one of a
promising source of energy. The source has economic benefits, and the only challenge is on the
materials which can maximize the trapping of the energy. Lastly, on the electric vehicles, which
could lead to a large reduction in carbon emission, the available challenges include rare-earth
elements, lithium and platinum materials.
Evaluation

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All the energy need in the world can be satisfied from the renewable resources. From the
analysis, it is clear that the renewable resources if invested properly can cater for the growing
demand on energy. This will help to provide solutions to the available problems. The demand for
energy is increasing due to the increasing population. More production is advocated and relying
on non-renewable energy has been the main problem for the merging problems. Statistics show
that the current demand of 12.5 TW will rise to 17 TW in 2030 (Jacobson et al., 2016). WWS
have the resources which can be able to meet all the demand. For instance, 100% extraction of
energy from wind can produce close to 11.5 TW by 2030. This statistic shows that combining
WWS resources would generate more energy than required. Any power production has key
materials which are required (Margonelli, 2009). Analyzing, the wind power needs wind
turbines, concrete, magnetic materials and cable for full production. Most of the materials are
accessible meaning that the production through this method can be capitalized. REEs are the
only problematic materials in this method. On the hand, solar PV requires silicon and cooper for
production. This is one of the easiest methods to achieve the production. Electric vehicles require
REEs, lithium, and platinum (Kessides, 2010). All these materials are accessible, and this means
that the production of energy through this mean can be achieved with proper policies.

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References
Delucchi, M. A., & Jacobson, M. Z. (March 01, 2011b). Providing all global energy with wind,
water, and solar power, Part II: Reliability, system and transmission costs, and policies.
Energy Policy, 39, 3, 1170-1190.
Feiveson, H. A. (September 01, 2009). A skeptic's view of nuclear energy. Daedalus, 138, 4, 60-
70.
Jacobson, M. Z. (January 01, 2009). Review of solutions to global warming, air pollution, and
energy security. Energy & Environmental Science, 2, 2, 148-173.
Jacobson, M. Z., & Delucchi, M. A. (March 01, 2011a). Providing all global energy with wind,
water, and solar power, Part I: Technologies, energy resources, quantities and areas of
infrastructure, and materials. Energy Policy, 39, 3, 1154-1169.
Jacobson, M. Z., Delucchi, M. A., Bazouin, G., Dvorak, M. J., Arghandeh, R., Bauer, Z. A. F.,
Cotte, A., ... Yeskoo, T. W. (February 01, 2016). A 100% wind, water, sunlight (WWS)
all-sector energy plan for Washington State. Renewable Energy, 86, 75-88.
Kessides, I. N. (August 10, 2010). Nuclear Power and Sustainable Energy Policy: Promises and
Perils. The World Bank Research Observer, 25, 2, 323-362.
Margonelli, L. (May 01, 2009). Dispatches - Down and Dirty - Hybrid cars and wind turbines
need rare-earth minerals that come with their own hefty environmental price. The Atlantic
Monthly, 17.

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Article 2
Abstract
Different governments have to invest in renewable energy to counter the disadvantages of
non-renewable sources. China is the leading country with highest investments in renewable
energy structures. Other countries such as Korea, Germany, U.S, and EU countries have
followed suit in investing in such structures. One major challenge which has led to the failure to
achieve targets on renewable energy is the focus on reducing carbon production. Viewing
renewable energy as security to energy is likely to increase the energy production from such
measures (Mathews & Tan, 2014). China has been able to make the large steps due to this
strategy. In addition, emerging technologies are coupled with these measures to ensure that the
targets on renewable energy are achieved. WWS sources can be only utilized well when they are
coupled with the technological improvements. For instance, Germany has made a step in the
production of zero-emission vehicles. Most importantly, to achieve the sustainability and
efficiency, large scale is recommended to countries, and this is achieved through massive
investment on these structures.
Introduction
Renewable energy is becoming security to energy in many countries. China has made the
renewable energy a target to secure its energy requirements, and many countries are requested to
follow the move. Germany and South Korea have made steps on the same. In addition, the
United States and European Union are also designing policies to enhance their production of
energy through renewable energy (Mathews & Tan, 2014). China is expanding it's renewable
energy systems at a faster rate than its fossil fuels and nuclear energy resources. China has

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increased investment and market expansion of the renewable energy and therefore reducing the
cost of the energy devices. The main cornerstone of the renewable energy is based on the
innovativeness. Decarbonization has been the main goal which renewable energy looks to solve
among other problems such as control on climate change and greenhouse gases increase. For the
past 15 years, countries have failed to meet the carbon reduction measures set through Kyoto
protocol (Zhuplev & Shtykhno, 2012). The view of renewable energy is seen as the major
challenge on the implementation of the available policies. The renewable energy needs to be
viewed as energy security and not mechanism to reduce the carbon emissions. Renewable energy
from sources such as WWS is long lasting, unlike coal, oil, and gas which can be depleted and
cause political tensions.
Summary
The article, manufacture renewable to build energy security, focuses on the steps which China
has taken in energy production from water, wind and solar (Mathews & Tan, 2014). The main
focus of this article is basing the way China has roe to become the world largest power producer
and carbon emission through the burning of coal. In comparison to WWS, the country is
expanding its structures for the green production of the clean energy. China leads in clean energy
production with the country possessing energy production from wind, solar PV cells, and smart
grid technologies (Tillemann, 2015). Reduction of greenhouse gases and climate change effects
are some of the major reasons for adopting renewable energy measures. Many countries are
embracing the technologies aiming at these measures, and for the past 15 years, many have failed
to meet their targets concerning carbon-reduction commitments. This article points out that the
differences between China and other countries are the view on renewable energies. In China,
renewable energy is viewed as energy security, and this is what the article recommends to other

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countries. In addition, China has been able to pursue low-carbon energy strategy. Since 2000,
China’s production of energy from renewable energy has increased from 5.6% to 9.6%. In
addition, China set standards to be able to generate renewable electricity of about 550 gigawatts
by 2017, which is 48% higher than the production in 2013 (Mathews & Tan, 2014). This is
remarkable, and there is no other country with such high investments and electricity generation
on renewable energy.
China has made a lot of investments on green energy especially on hydroelectric, wind, solar and
nuclear energies leading to an increase of 40% between 2008 and 2012. At the same time,
investments in fossil fuels power facilities fell by more than 50% in that period (Mathews & Tan,
2014). In addition, focus on ensuring that the country attains economies of scale is the great
focus of China. Also, the article focuses on changing conversations which will build strong
renewable. In addition, China has been upgrading its power grid to accommodate the power
fluctuations. High investments such as State Grid Corporation of China have been doing oing to
enhance the renewable energy production (In Qi, 2013). China has been one of the largest
importers of oil, gas, and coal. Hitting their targets on renewable energy is likely to reduce the
current imports by 45%. To achieve this great step, China focuses on policies drive, and
domestic take up through measures such as tariffs.
Evaluation
Renewable energy has been a key focus in the world. China has made remarkable steps in
achieving the milestones in renewable energy production. From the investments, China has done
a lot and more so from the angle on which they view the renewable energy issue. Between 2010
and 2013, China was able to expand its production from renewable energy from 0.8 GW to 18

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GW. Overall, China is the only country which has made the highest investment in renewable
energy structures. China set standards and view renewable energy as security to energy and not
curbing the negative impacts of other energy sources. Korea, German, EU countries and the U.S
are always making big steps in achieving their renewable energy strategies (Mathews & Tan,
2014). The key issue for the countries to meet the renewable energy targets is to change the
perspective on which countries view the renewable energy. Following China and viewing
renewable energy as security to energy is likely to help meet the different targets. One of the
major steps which international communities fail is to set standards for carbon reduction rather
than encouraging countries to produce more renewable energy. Encouragement to the
government to invest more in renewable energy is seen as the only way to counter the vices of
non-renewable energy structures.

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References
In Qi, Y. (2013). Annual review of low-carbon development in China: 2010. Singapore : World
Scientific Publishing.
Mathews, J. A., & Tan, H. (January 01, 2014). Economics: Manufacture renewables to build
energy security. Nature London-, 513, 7517, 166-168.
Mathews, J. A., & Tan, H. (September 11, 2014). Manufacture renewables to build energy
security. Nature London-, 514, 7517, 166-168.
Tillemann, L. (2015). The great race: The global quest for the car of the future. New York:
Simon & Schuter.
Zhuplev, A., & Shtykhno, D. A. (January 01, 2012). European Energy Security and
Sustainability.