Wireless Communication Assignment: ITU, IEEE, IETF, and More

This document presents a comprehensive solution to a wireless communication assignment, covering a wide range of topics. The assignment addresses key concepts related to ITU, IEEE, and IETF, detailing their roles and standards. It explores various wireless communication protocols, including OLS...Read More

Running head: Wireless Communication 1
Wireless Ecosystem
Name of Student
Institution
Name of Instructor
Date

Wireless Communication 2
Wireless Communication
Section One
Question 1
ITU is tasked with the main function of coordinating the radio spectrum use internationally by
facilitating the telecommunication free from interference1. It is generally made up of three
sectors namely:
a) The radiocommunication
b) Telecommunication Standards and
c) The Telecommunication development
Question 2
The main function of IEEE is the promotion of the development of the electrotechnology and its
application in the sciences with the aim of benefiting humans and advancing the professionals.
The standards are 802.11a, 802.11b and 802.11n
Question 3
Internet Engineering Task Force mainly deals with the architecture of the internet evolution
together with its internet operations smoothly. The working groups are, dispatch, capport and the
cellar.
Question 4
1 Tse, D. and Viswanath, P., 2010. Fundamentals of wireless communication. Cambridge
university press.

Wireless Communication 3
The OLSRv2 is an extension of the OLSR protocol meant for optimization and the support for
the multiple topologies in routing2. This extension retains all the interoperability to the routers.
The main advantage of using this version is the fact that it uses metrics in selection of the routers
other than the hop routes which are minimal. On the other hand, this protocol is deficient in
nature whereby is uses only one single link for all the routers set in place.
Question 5
The Physical layer 802.16e describes the Mobile Broadband Wireless Access System that carry
data using the OFDMA and provides support to the modulation adaptation and the coding. This
adaptation allows the protocol to navigate between the good and the poor signal by interchanging
its own mechanisms.
Question 6
End to end Quality of Service in an end to end manner is ensure by WiMAX for the general
service involved classes 3. These are considered proposals and are described using the channel-
aware and the channel un-aware schedulers. For the channel ware schedulers, they need to be
aware of all the resources required and its requirements so that the flow of the schedule can be
easily optimized hence rearrangement can be done. While for the schedulers un-aware makes an
assumption of error free by making it an ease process for proving the Quality of Service. It
considers the surrounding conditions such as the level of power and loss rates.
2 Ade, S.A. and Tijare, P.A., 2010. Performance comparison of AODV, DSDV, OLSR and DSR
routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks. International journal of information technology
and knowledge management, 2(2), pp.545-548.
3 So-In, C., Jain, R. and Tamimi, A.K., 2009. Scheduling in IEEE 802.16 e mobile WiMAX
networks: key issues and a survey. IEEE Journal on selected areas in communications, 27(2),
pp.156-171.

Wireless Communication 4
Question 7
IETF AODVv2 is unique in that in only build the requested routes hence avoiding the traffic.
Though this, tress is formed for the multicasting connection to be used for the members.
Messages are conveyed in routes only requested and back to the origin node. Since it forms a lot
of sequences it could be termed as tiresome. It passes back all the errors incase of a link failure.
I .
The hybrid ARQ uses several processes which are stop-and-wait in nature and allows a specific
time for known to both nodes without the need to send any signal. The algorithm undergoes
standardization for implementation of the process4.
Ii .
The MIMO operates by improving the wireless systems by increasing the throughput of data and
the range of the link with the little bandwidth or the power used for transmission by using several
antennas for transmitting signals of data in parallel modes. STC on the other hand improves the
transmission with the same principle of multiple antennas. Since the delivery is not guaranteed,
then a lot of data is sent.
Section Two
Question 1
4 Lin, S. and Yu, P.S., 2011. A hybrid ARQ scheme with parity retransmission for error control
of satellite channels. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 30(7), pp.1701-1719.

Wireless Communication 5
The three pillars for the 5G are the Network Function Virtualization, the Software Defined
Networking and the Mobile Edge Computing.
Question 2
Complex data modulates the each of the tones. Inversion is done for performance of converts a
FFT to produce the real-time domain for OFDM. Through this symbol, insertions of the guards is
done at an interval for protection against the interferences that could be caused by the multiple
paths and the channels created. These symbols are later concatenated to form the final OFDM
signal for burst. The original bits of data are recovered through the FFT operation.
Question 3
LTE CoMP improves the overall quality by utilizing the techniques for coordination differently
in the transmission of the UE together with its reception from the designed base station. Network
utilization is also key aspect. It uses both the uplink and the downlink for all operations.
Question 4
With a constant bit rate, the 256 QAM results to the new figure 2/3 of all the possible 32QAM
rate symbol. This causes an error in the forward direction hence mitigating the higher
requirements of let’s say power. The use of the 8/8 antenna captures the high but rate hence
producing a radio channel of a higher quality.
Section Three
Question 1

Wireless Communication 6
OFDMA is used for the LTE downlink since it is made up sub carriers having 2048 has it
maximum and with a space of 15 kHz and its is not necessary that it should be all transmitted.
While SC-FDMA id used for uplink since it has a low peak to average rate hence optimization of
the battery power.
Question 2
The need for the voice over the LTE is meant to consider the voice as one of the applications that
need to be transmitted on the network infrastructure.
Section Four
Question 1
Basic encoding techniques are: digital data to digital signals, the digital data to analog signals,
analog data to digital signals and the analog data to analog signals.
Question 2
Main characteristics
a) Data element is considered the smallest entity.
b) Data rate for numbers
c) Non-periodic bandwidth
d) Baseline calculation
Question 3

Wireless Communication 7
Advantage of FSK
Simple implementation of the receivers and transmitters
Disadvantage
Large bandwidth is required hence lacking efficiency.
Question 4
Parity check and repetition schemes mechanism for error detection and the backward or forward
correction for the correction of the errors.
Question 5
Linear block code
Here two codewords are combined together lineally to obtain a final codeword
Convolutional code
Involves the sum of the input’s messages where the encoder registers and the inputs bits are
combined together.
The two are important in that it could be used in the source coding via the sensor networks.
Question 6
The HARQ systems send information in a controlled manner along the desired data. With an
indicator, it shows all the blocks that the information passes and the resource shows the

Wireless Communication 8
frequency of the units which are finally sent to through the precoding and transmission
mechanisms.
Section Five
Question 1
Deployment models
The private cloud- only accessible by the organization and not the general public
The public cloud- rich in features and the storage if data for all of its users in the location.
The hybrid cloud- this is based on the combination of both the private and the public with the
interest of their own requirements.
Question 2
Delivery models
Software as a Service- This involves the use of the web applications that are accessed by the
client in delivering the all its applications and mostly managed by third parties. Example the
Google Apps
Platform as a Service- This is the framework used to develop applications through customization
of the already provided built in components.
Infrastructure as a service- Involves the access of the infrastructure remotely and only purchased
for consumption and not ownership. Providers does all the management. Example the Cisco
Metapod.

Wireless Communication 9
Question 3
User-perceived- a user can spend more time on the browser waiting for the contents to be loaded
while on the other hand the provider cannot display exactly what they are expected.
Question 4
The Emotion-aware applications enhances the lifestyles of the people through offering the
personalized services to the mobile user variations. These applications ensure a high capacity
coverage hence supporting many user applications. Its operations focus on the following,
insufficient emotion which is insufficient in nature, feedback of limited resource and manual
intervention.
Question 5
Modelling approaches- system dynamic, the matrix models, object-oriented models, the special
models and the incremental modelling. Generally used for probabilistic modeling.
Section Six
Question 1
The Mobile Ip (MIP) has two addresses namely, MIPv4 and the MIPv6. Its main purpose is the
facilitation of the IP datagrams routing to the nodes of the mobile phones 5. The mobile nodes are
identified by the node address whether in an internet or home network. The mobile nodes are
associated by the care-of address with the home address when away through information
5 Kong, K.S., Lee, W., Han, Y.H., Shin, M.K. and You, H., 2008. Mobility management for all-
IP mobile networks: mobile IPv6 vs. proxy mobile IPv6. IEEE Wireless communications, 15(2).

Wireless Communication 10
provision of the attachment of the current mobile node and is is brought by via registration of the
care-of node with home agent which redirects all the datagrams by construction of new header
for the IP containing the care-of address node as the destination. This generated header, through
the process of encapsulation tunnels the datagram to the final mobile node where it is de-
encapsulated.
Question 2
In the Ipv4 communication, the datagram to the targeted mobile node arrives on the home
network through the standard Ip routing6. The home agent intercepts the received datagram and
tunnels it to the care-of address from where it is de-tunneled directly to the mobile node on the
other side. All the datagrams sent from the mobile node, a standard IP routing ensures delivery of
each of the datagrams to its desired destination. The mobile node always has a foreign agent
which acts as its default router.
Question 3
The Fast Mobile IPv6 provides the handover services that are seamless with the main advantage
of reducing the latency for the handover process hence helps in avoiding the loss of the packets
Question 4
a) Ipv6 provides a more advanced multicasting routing for message transmission
b) Ipv6 comes along with an automatic configuration
c) Most options in ipv6 are more flexible
d) Authentication in ipv6 is built in
6 Li, X., Bao, C., Chen, M., Zhang, H. and Wu, J., 2011. The China Education and Research
Network (CERNET) IVI translation design and deployment for the IPv4/IPv6 coexistence and
transition (No. RFC 6219).

Wireless Communication 11
e) The header format for the ipv6 is simpler hence packets easily identified.

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Bibliography
Ade, S.A. and Tijare, P.A., 2010. Performance comparison of AODV, DSDV, OLSR and DSR
routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks. International journal of information technology
and knowledge management, 2(2), pp.545-548.
Kong, K.S., Lee, W., Han, Y.H., Shin, M.K. and You, H., 2008. Mobility management for all-IP
mobile networks: mobile IPv6 vs. proxy mobile IPv6. IEEE Wireless communications, 15(2).
Lin, S. and Yu, P.S., 2011. A hybrid ARQ scheme with parity retransmission for error control of
satellite channels. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 30(7), pp.1701-1719
Li, X., Bao, C., Chen, M., Zhang, H. and Wu, J., 2011. The China Education and Research
Network (CERNET) IVI translation design and deployment for the IPv4/IPv6 coexistence and
transition (No. RFC 6219).
Tse, D. and Viswanath, P., 2010. Fundamentals of wireless communication. Cambridge
university press.
So-In, C., Jain, R. and Tamimi, A.K., 2009. Scheduling in IEEE 802.16 e mobile WiMAX networks: key
issues and a survey. IEEE Journal on selected areas in communications, 27(2), pp.156-171.
.