Assignment 2: MITS5003 Wireless Networks and Communication - 2019SS

This document presents a comprehensive solution to an assignment in Wireless Networks and Communication (MITS5003). It addresses various aspects of wireless communication, including modulation techniques such as Amplitude Shift Keying, Frequency Shift Keying, and Phase Shift Keying, along with their respective time calculations. The solution delves into the application of these techniques, providing detailed frequency calculations and waveform representations. Furthermore, it covers concepts like QAM constellation diagrams, handoff situations in cellular networks, and the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) error detection method. The assignment also analyzes traffic intensity and cell shapes in communication systems, offering a complete overview of the subject matter. The document includes references to support the analysis and solutions provided.

[MITS5003: Wireless networks and communication]

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Question 1
From this question, it is found that the provided binary data is 101010000111 that may be
converted into analog waveforms using below modulation methods:
a. Two-level Amplitude Shift Keying
b. Two-level frequency-shift keying
c. Two-level Phase Shift Keying
d. Differential Phase shift keying

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e. Four level Amplitude Shift Keying
f. Four level Phase Shift Keying
g. Eight level Amplitude Shift Keying

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Question 2
It is argued that time required to transmit one signal is 1 μs and total time may be obtained by
performing the product of numbers of signals and 1 μs. for different modulation techniques the
values of time will be changed which are described below:
Two-level amplitude shift keying 12 μs
Two-level Frequency Shift Keying 12 μs
Two-level Phase Shift Keying 12 μs
Differential Phase shift keying 12 μs
Four level Amplitude Shift Keying 6 μs
Four level Phase Shift Keying 6 μs
Eight level Amplitude Shift Keying 4 μs
Question 3
As per the provided details, Fc= 1000 kHz
Fd= 50 kHz
M= 16
L= 4 bits
The value of frequency may be gathered by using the below equation:
In which “i’’ is variable that varies from 1 to 16 and rest of parameters are pre-defined in the
question. By putting all the values in the above equation, the frequency at different levels can be
gathered and represented in the below table:

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Question 4
In this question we need to draw frequency and analog modulation waveforms based on the
below signal:
Therefore, the below figures shows both analog and frequency modulation waves:

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Question 5
The below figure represents 8 QAM constellation figures where circle show amplitude levels and
dot points indicate phase levels:

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Question 6
The above diagram shows a handoff situation in order to perform data communication among
two base stations including A and B.
Parts The handoff takes place at
a Position A
b L4
c L3
d Base station A
e location C
f Base station A
g Base signal
h Location L1
Question 7
CRC refers to the error detection method used in the communication systems and networks for
finding errors from the transmitted signals. It is completely grounded on the binary division
process that has one bit lesser than the divisor [1]. This is an appropriate technique as compared
with the parity check process. In which the consumer appends CRC to the end of the signal unit

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and performs a division process for finding the errors. If a reminder of the division equals to the
0 that means the transmitted signal has no error and the receiver will receive the appropriate
signal [2]. While, if the reminder contains a non-zero value that means the transmitted signal has
error and receiver will not receive better results. The below diagram shows the process of CRC
technique where “n” numbers of signals transmitted from the one source to another:
Figure: CRC [2]
Question 8
Part 1
Total time used by the consumers= 150 minutes
Part 2
Total occupied cells by the consumers= 50 cells

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Part c
For finding Meantime per cell it is significant to determine time occupied by each cell that
highlighted below in a tabular form:
So, the total mean occupied time is 5.8 minutes per cell
Part d
Mean rate of cell= 0.717 cells per minute
Part e
For finding traffic intensity it is significant to determine the traffic intensity of every cell and
take the sum of each value. The below table shows the traffic intensity of each user:
Therefore, the total traffic intensity= 51.99 Erlangs.
Question 9
It is reported that square and circle shape of cells are not used in the communication systems due
to their numerous disadvantages including less reliable, not capable to reduce errors, produce

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complexity and cannot be used for long distance communication [3]. Due to all these factors and
problems consumers do not use square and circle shapes but hexagonal shape of cells provide
appropriate services and larger reliability which lead the performance of communication systems
effectively [4].

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References
[1].R., Mahajan, K. Devi and, D., Bagai, “Area efficient parallel lfsr for cyclic redundancy
check,” International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, vol. 10, no. 2,
p.1755, 2020.
[2].C. De Locht, and H., Van Den Broeck, “Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor
(CMOS) image sensors for automotive applications,” In High Performance Silicon
Imaging, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 241-254, 2020.
[3].A., Galus, J.M., Mallet, D., Lembo, V., Cagno, M., Djabourov, H. Lortat-Jacob and, K.,
Bouchemal, “Hexagonal-shaped chondroitin sulfate self-assemblies have exalted anti-
HSV-2 activity,” Carbohydrate polymers, vol. 12, no. 6, 136, pp.113-120, 2016.
[4].K., Fertas, F., Ghanem, M. Challal and, R., Aksas, “Design and Development of Compact
Reconfigurable Tri-Stopband Bandstop Filter Using Hexagonal Metamaterial Cells for
Wireless Applications,” Progress In Electromagnetics Research, vol. 80, no. 6, pp.93-
102, 2019.