Wireless Communications 1: Components, Issues, and Solutions

This report delves into the core components of wireless networks, detailing user devices, Network Interface Cards (NICs), and Access Points, emphasizing their roles in establishing reliable communication. It identifies key challenges such as security vulnerabilities and noise interference, common in wireless systems, and proposes solutions like encryption, authentication, and trust management to mitigate these issues. The report then compares the advantages of MPSK over digital communication systems, highlighting the benefits of BPSK, QPSK, and MPSK. It further clarifies the distinction between symbol rate and bit rate, with an application to 8-PSK. The concept of constellation diagrams is defined, and the advantages and disadvantages of packet switching and circuit switching are compared. Finally, the importance of delay as a quality parameter is evaluated, and the causes of delay in wireless communication networks are discussed, including improper planning, site management, and data packet loss.

Wireless Communications
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Contents
Question-1........................................................................................................................................3
Question-2........................................................................................................................................4
Question-3........................................................................................................................................4
Question-5........................................................................................................................................6
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................8
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Question-1
Describe about the main components of wireless network and identify the information that may
add which provide reliable communication between components.
A wireless network is mainly consisting of different components that always support for
communications by using light wave Propagation and radio through air. Sometimes, the
components are overlap with other network but consideration of special requirement deploying
wireless network. It can be identified the multiple wireless network components.
 User devices: It is an important for wireless network that operates multiple devices such
as PDAs, PC and laptops. The use of device is beneficial for providing better data
communication from one node to another (Ghassemlooy, Popoola and Rajbhandari,
2019). it is mainly referred to clients, operates on entire network. Many devices are
designed according to user whereas some devices are end systems. In this way, it might
be developed communication. It is also support to other mobile application which are
making them practical for people to carry with them. Therefore, user can easily adopt the
existing hardware devices to operate on wireless network.
 Network Interface Card: It is based on the network card which provide interface
between wireless infrastructure and device. NIC easily fits inside any hardware devices
but it will require network adaptor which are available that plug in and remain outside
computer device. Wireless network interface card will able to compile with the network
infrastructure and access. It complies with specific form factors which define both
electrical and physical bus interface. It enables the card to establish communication with
multiple devices.
 Access Point: It is to considered as radio transmitter for wireless network that can
translate network traffic into different signals. The Access point will be established the
connection with existing network by using cable. It allows for wireless network to enable
its computer access to wired (Basar and et.al., 2019). They have more than one access
point on the particular network. In wireless network infrastructure, each access point has
limited range so that it can maintain the connection between devices. Sometimes, it
depends on the environment but it enables computers on network.
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Question-2
Discuss the Main harmful effects in wireless communication system and identify two common
issues, describe general approach to resolve them.
Wireless communication system is making life increasingly convenient but consider with
upside. Sometimes, there are significant challenges that affects on the entire system. It has
examined the security vulnerabilities and risk incurred by inherent nature of wireless network.
Security issue
It is one of most common issue that simply to be equip devices with other software,
enables the PAN connection. The Wireless communication system will establish connection with
devices to inter operate from another (Jagannath and et.al., 2019). in this way, it has chances of
data loss whereas many attackers are trying the access information through network system.
In some situation, an attacker may completely destroy the communication of different
device and send same message to one or more devices. In this way, it will require to adopt high
security level which has significantly detect the location.
Noise issue
It is also another problematic issue in wireless communication system because it has
generated energy interface that degrade overall quality of wireless signals. Sometimes, it directly
affects from radio transmission to network speed. Furthermore, it can be divided into internal and
external. These noises can cause degradation of overall performance in the conventional wireless
communication system.
To resolve the issues of security threats, noise in wireless network, it can be mainly focused
on encryption/decryption technique, authentication and trust management. These are most
common approach that always applied within Wireless communication system for maintaining
overall quality of services.
Question-3
Advantage of MPSK over digital communication system.
Advantage
BPSK (Binary phase-shift keying)  It is the most robust modulation
technique because it contains binary
value 0 and 1.
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 It also travelled long distance when
transmitted from base station to
other subscribe stations.
QPSK (Quadrature phase-shift keying)  It provides a good noise immunity
and generate low error probability.
 The rate of bandwidth is efficient as
compare to BPSK.
MPSK (m-ary phase shift keying)  It is an efficient to utilise the
bandwidth of different transmission
channel.
 It remains constant due to amplitude.
Table:1
Compare between symbol rate and bit rate, identify their ration between 8-PSK.
Symbol-rate Bit-rate
 It is defined the rate at which symbol
occurs and consists of one or more
bits identified by modulation format
(Yu, Xu and Schober, 2019).
 Symbol rate has maximum frequency
span that can be measured.
 It emphasis on the overall rate of
symbol.
 It is defined the as transmission of
number as per bit/ second.
 Bit rate has depended on the frequency
which can easily calculated.
 Bit rate emphasis on the efficiency and
performance of computer.
Table: 2
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Define constellation diagram.
It is based on the representation of signals modulated by different digital modulation
schemes such as phase-shifting key, Quadrature amplitude modulation. The diagram has shown
the various signals as two-dimension place which easily scatter in the complex plane at symbol
sampling.
Question-5
Describe about the advantage and disadvantage of packet switching or circuit switching in
wireless communication.
Advantage Disadvantage
Packet Switching In Packet switching, as packet contain
maximum length which mainly stored in
the memory not disk. It also reduced the
delay time. Moreover, the size of packet
is fixed and entire network improve the
speed of long message transmission
(Zhang and et.al., 2019).
Packet switching will produce reliable
communication. In this way, it is an
efficient for data transmission and
establish a strong connection between
sender and receiver.
Users are shared the same channel
whereas packet switching make use of
bandwidth efficiently.
The packet switching is not used
application if require any delay and
high quality of services.
Protocols are mainly used on the
packet switching which are
complex that require higher
implementation cost.
It is not completely secure if
security protocol were not used
during packet transmission (Tang
and et.al., 2019).
Circuit Switching It has decreased the less delay for data
transmission and widely used for real
time voice services.
Sometimes, Connections are established
between two parties.
The connection are not available
among bandwidths and channels
during conversation.
It is mainly designed for voice
traffic and suitable for data
transmission.
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Table:2
Evaluate that how delay is important parameter for assessing quality of network, identify various
cause of delay.
Delay is the most common parameter within communication network system that will
require for improving quality of services. It can possible when it has reduced delay in data
transmission from one node to another. In this way, it helps for improving overall performance
and efficiency in wireless communication system. Furthermore, it can be identified the causes of
delay in the network communication (Lee, Lee and Lee, 2019). It involves improper planning,
poor site management, malicious attack, error in amplitude phases, drop data packets, decoding
error.
These are common cause of delay in the wireless communication system. In order to optimize
the sequence length of data packet and adaptation rate of scheme with respect to delay
performance.
Packet loss is that when information doesn’t receive in correct location. at that time, it has
reduced poor connection and generate interruption between receiver or sender. A long delay
causes the data packet loss because when travelling information across computer network which
failed to reach their proper destination (Chiou, Pan and Hwang, 2019). It is either caused by
errors in the data transmission which are typically across wireless network.
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REFERENCES
Book and journals
Basar, E. and et.al., 2019. Wireless communications through reconfigurable intelligent
surfaces. IEEE Access. 7. pp.116753-116773.
Chiou, S.F., Pan, H.T. and Hwang, M.S., 2019. Cryptanalysis of the Mutual Authentication and
Key Agreement Protocol with Smart Cards for Wireless Communications. IJ Network
Security. 21(1). pp.100-104.
Ghassemlooy, Z., Popoola, W. and Rajbhandari, S., 2019. Optical wireless communications:
system and channel modelling with Matlab®. CRC press.
Jagannath, J. and et.al., 2019. Machine learning for wireless communications in the Internet of
Things: A comprehensive survey. Ad Hoc Networks. 93. p.101913.
Lee, H., Lee, S.H. and Lee, I., 2019. Deep learning framework for wireless systems:
Applications to optical wireless communications. IEEE Communications Magazine.
57(3). pp.35-41.
Tang, W. and et.al., 2019. Wireless communications with programmable metasurface: New
paradigms, opportunities, and challenges on transceiver design. arXiv preprint
arXiv:1907.01956.
Yu, X., Xu, D. and Schober, R., 2019. Enabling secure wireless communications via intelligent
reflecting surfaces. arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.09573.
Zhang, Y. and et.al., 2019. COCME: Content-oriented caching on the mobile edge for wireless
communications. IEEE Wireless Communications. 26(3). pp.26-31.
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