Wireless Networking Assignment: Antenna, FDMA/CDMA, Emerging Tech

This assignment delves into the realm of wireless technologies, covering various aspects of wireless communication. It begins by exploring different types of antennas, including Horn, YAGI, Log Periodic, Sector, and Parabolic Reflector antennas, explaining their characteristics and applications. The assignment then contrasts FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) and CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) technologies, highlighting their differences in signal allocation, transmission schemes, and cell capacity. Finally, it examines emerging wireless technologies such as WiFi, LiFi, WiMAX, Bluetooth, and GI-Fi, discussing their features and potential applications. The document provides a comprehensive overview of these technologies, supported by cited sources, making it a valuable resource for students studying wireless networking and related fields.

2017
Wireless Networking
[ T Y P E T H E C O M P A N Y A D D R E S S ]

Table of Contents
1. Questions:-....................................................................................................................................3
Answers:- Types of Antenna..................................................................................................................3
1. Horn Antenna............................................................................................................................3
2. YAGI Antenna.............................................................................................................................3
3. Log Periodic Antenna.................................................................................................................3
4. Sector antenna..........................................................................................................................3
5. Parabolic Reflector or Dish Antenna..........................................................................................3
2. Questions:-....................................................................................................................................3
Answers:- FDMA versus CDMA..............................................................................................................3
3. Questions:-....................................................................................................................................5
Answers:- Latest, Emerging Wireless Technologies...............................................................................5
1. Wireless Fidelity (WiFi):-...................................................................................................5
2. LiFi (Light Fidelity):-...........................................................................................................6
3. WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access):-............................................6
4. Bluetooth:-...........................................................................................................................6
5. GI-Fi:-....................................................................................................................................6
Bibliography...........................................................................................................................................7

1. Questions:-
Answers:- Types of Antenna
1. Horn Antenna: - Horn antennas are viewed as flared waveguides. They could
attempt more conveniently as a consequence parabolic reflector as construct in dish
antenna. Horn antennas are working with satellites or microwaves application. A
waveguide normally used for transferring of EM wave it shall not closely connected
with free space impedances and which results in the reflecting power and the standing
wave. The mismatch is abstained by flaring the end of waveguides that create the
horn antenna. (Antenna Types, 2016)
2. YAGI Antenna: - These antennas were mainly working with the TV receptions,
they are suited for wide frequency range hence they are designed for one frequency
only. These antennas are made up of the one driven element and the one reflector and
the one or more directors. These are built by the aluminium tube and the aluminium
cross members. Yagi antennas have bandwidth in ranges of 30 to the 80 degree which
may provide well in the excess of 10 dBi passive gains. (Antenna Types, 2016)
3. Log Periodic Antenna:- The main advantage of the log periodic antennas is its
broad bandwidth applications. These are constructed by the differents length driven
element. The long range and the short range element is of half wavelength long at
lowest and the highest density of interests. The element of these antennas are fed
with the transmission lines segment. The different state of indications is sent to the
different elements are to be properly set up to attain high directivity and the best gain.
(Antenna Types, 2016)
4. Sector antenna:- Semi-directional antenna is the another form of sector antennas.
These antennas proffer an pie-shaped radiation patterns which is occasionally
installed in what are called as the sectorized array. The bandwidth of the sector
antennas could be in range of 60 to 180 degree with 120 degree being prototypal.
Sectorized array antennas are attached back to back to provide the full 360-degree
coverage. Sector antennas are used greatly for the cellular communications. (Antenna
Types, 2016)
5. Parabolic Reflector or Dish Antenna:- These antennas is used in parallelism
with the horn antennas which is basically made up of metal or the screen mesh. When
the transmission commence EM waves falling onto the wide dish and get radiated into
the air during receptions EM waves fall onto dish and get focused to horn antenna. A
parabolas are like symmetric curves; parabolic reflectors are a surface which describe
that a curve throughout in 360-degree rotations. Parabolic antennas has a very
compresed beam width, usually not outreaching 25 degrees. Parabolic antenna is work
with for the long distance communication links between the buildings or over the
broad geographic areas. Large parabolic antennas are used for the radio astronomy
and that could provides a gain of 10 million or about 70 dpi. (Antenna Types, 2016)
The future of medium- and long-distance wireless links
Broadband Dipole Antenna: Broadband Dipole antennas are basically used for both
short distance, medium distance and Long distance communication. Its propagation
ranges from 1.5 to 30 MHz frequencies.

2. Questions:-
Answers:- FDMA versus CDMA
 With the FDMA distributed signals are to be allocated to a frequency channel. FDMA
are the basic technology in the analog Advanced Mobiles Phone Systems. With the
FDMA each channel could be allocated to only one user at the time. FDMA are work
with in total access communication systems. In contrast, of the CDMA each users is
allocated a seperate pseudorandom binary sequences which modulates carrier and
distributing the spectrum of the waveform and providing each users a particular code
patterns. These technologies are used in ultra-high-frequency cellular telephone
systems in range between 800 MHz and 1.9 GHz band. (RF Wireless World, 2012)
 FDMA distributes the shared medium bandwidths in to the individual channel.
Subcarriers modulated by the information which is to be transmitted and occupy each
subchannels. In contrast, of the Spread spectrums are the techniques of the CDMA.
The compressed and the digitizal voice signals are to be processed in an XOR logic
circuits along with a higher frequency coded chipping signals. The results are that
digital voices are spread over a much widers bandwidths that could be shared with the
other users using the different code. (RF Wireless World, 2012)
 The FDMA relocate only one phone circuit at the time. If the FDMA channels are not
operating, then it remains free and if it cannot be utilize by the other users to amplify
its share capacity. In contrast of the CDMA channel the same bandwidths is clocked
up by all users and they are allocated unique codes which discriminate them from
each others. CDMA employ the spread spectrums techniques in which a ditributing
signal which is unrelated to the signal and have a large bandwidths are work with to
distribute the narrow band messages signals. (RF Wireless World, 2012)
Approach FDMA CDMA
Aim Division of constancy band
into disjoint subband
Dispersion of the sequence
using orthogonal codes.
Terminal Each station have its own
continuous range
Each station could be active
at the same location at same

stage uninterrupted.
Signal separation Detersion in the constancy
domain
Code and the special
receiver.
Transmission scheme Endless Repeated
Cell capacity Bounded Infinite limits on channel
boundry
Advantages Manageable, authorized,
concentrated
Adjustable, less constancy
planning needed, smooth
handover
Disadvantages Determined, contancy are
scarce resource
Circuitous receivers, requires
more complex power control
for transmitters
Comment Particularly associated with
the TDMA and SDMA.
furthermore faces some
problems, higher
complication, lowered
assumption, will be unified
with TDMA or FDMA
3. Questions:-
Answers:- Latest, Emerging Wireless Technologies
1. Wireless Fidelity (WiFi):-
Wifi is the bounded area called wireless technology which support an electronic
equipment to send data and connect to internet using the radio waves. Mostly
electronic devices use WiFi like the PCs, video games and camera and the digital
audio player. Router and Wireless Adapter helps in WiFi operation. Their function are
Wireless adapter on the Personal Computer which converts data into the radio signal

and carry signal with the help of an antenna and the Wireless router gets and decrypt
the signal. Also, it supports to transmit the information to the Internet using the
physical and the Ethernet connection. Data security risks and limited range and the
interference are some facts that strongly affect the performance of the WiFi. (Wireless
Head, 2016)
2. LiFi (Light Fidelity):-
Lifi is an addition of the Visible Light Communications are an arising paradigm in the
list of the beginning wireless technologies. Their speed and usability, flexibilitys and
other advantage make them a good one. LiFi provies wireless communication with
help of the visible light. It adds a range of frequencies and the wavelengths
commencing from the infrared to ultraviolet. By using light from LED LiFi as a
wireless technology helps to send data efficiently and more securely. These wireless
technologies in this way is surely said to replace the WiFi routers thereby becoming
the internet at speed of light. It can use speeds between 3.5Gbit/s per color. (Wireless
Head, 2016)
3. WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access):-
Wireless technologies are gaining more popularity because it is more faster and
doesn’t require any sort of wired connections. This wireless technology supports the
30 to 40 megabit-per-second data rates. It works with Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing and Multiple Input Multiple Output technology for its functioning.
(Wireless Head, 2016)
4. Bluetooth:-
Bluetooth is the limited range of data communication platform which helps in the
connection of devices for the different applications. It is not in ideal form among the
latest and the beginning wireless technologies while there is a need to transfer large
amounts of the data. They occasionally carry data at speeds of up to 721 Kbps. The
aim of Bluetooth as a wireless technology was to enable the users to replace cables
between devices. Uses of Bluetooth are multiuse telephones, File Transfer and
Synchronization. Up to the 8 devices could be connected together. In Bluetooth one
will act as a master and the 7 others as slaves. Bluetooth technology is used in the
devices that are headphones, speakers, wireless mouse, data exchange between mobile
phones etc. (Wireless Head, 2016)
5. GI-Fi(Gigabit wireless):-
GiFi is a wireless communication at a data rate of about one gigabits per second.
GiFi is the first integrated transceiver which integrated on one chip that permits
transfer of video and audio at a speed of 5 GBPS. GiFi have ten times the current
maximum wireless transfer rate in the range of ten meters. GiFi has the number of
applications that could be used in the different places and devices that include
wireless networks, smartphones, mm waves and the media access control. The main
reasons for popularity of GiFi Wireless technology is due to high power
consumptions, low ranges of frequency operations and the slow rate of formers

technologies which include Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. GiFi makes use of very
tiny antenna that could be used by the mobile device. (Wireless Head, 2016)
Bibliography
Antenna Types. (2016). Retrieved August 18, 2017, from
http://www.antenna-theory.com/antennas/main.php.
RF Wireless World. (2012). Retrieved August 18, 2017, from
http://www.rfwireless-world.com/Terminology/FDMA-versus-TDMA-versus-CDMA.html.
Wireless Head. (2016). Retrieved August 17, 2017, from http://wireless-head.net/latest-
developments.html.