Wireless Sensor Networks: Antenna Design, CDMA and FDMA Analysis

This report provides an overview of wireless sensor networks, focusing on antenna technologies and network protocols. The introduction explains the function of antennas in converting radio frequencies and the importance of radio waves for communication. It discusses key antenna design components such as gain, aperture, and bandwidth, and describes various antenna types, including Yagi, horn, and cellular antennas, highlighting their applications. The report then compares and contrasts CDMA and FDMA in wireless networking, examining their infrastructure, design, advantages, and disadvantages. It emphasizes the simplicity of FDMA and the adaptability of CDMA, while also acknowledging their limitations. Overall, the report offers a comprehensive analysis of wireless sensor networks and their underlying technologies.

Running head: WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
Name of Student
Name of University
Author’s Note

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Introduction
In the field of electronics the concept of the antenna is an electronic device whose main
function is to convert the radio frequency into the alternating current and alternating current into
radio frequency. Antenna is divided into two categories: transmitting antenna which converts the
AC current and convert into radio frequency and other one is receiving antennas which convert
the radio frequency into the AC current. The radio frequency and the AC currents are basically
the information stored in form of data (Song, Nuaymi & Lagrange, 2016). The data is converted
into the radio frequency so that it can be transferred to the large distances and in all directions. If
there is certain information and it has to be transferred to the larger distances and in all the
direction the radio waves are used. Radio waves are the basically an electromagnetic wave
whose wavelength in the electromagnetic spectrum is greater than infrared lights. They operate
in the range of the frequencies 300 Giga Hertz to 3 Kilo Hertz with the corresponding
wavelength of the range 1 millimeter to 100 kilometers (Abdulhamid, 2017). Thus the
wavelength of the 100 km means that the information can be extended to 100 kilometers with the
powerful antenna thus the radio waves are crucial for communication. The first antenna was built
in the year 1888 by the scientist Heinrich Hertz. Today the application of the antenna is used in
various fields for which there are different types of the antenna. To design a antenna there are
basic components which has to be kept in the mind while desgining the antenna (Li et al., 2016)..
They are:
Antenna gain: the antenna gain determines how effective the antenna in its radial pattern.

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Aperture: it the outer round geometrical shape of the antenna (Jariyatantiwait & Yen, 2016).The
apprture is responsible for the how effective the antenna is receiving and fosending the
information.
Bandwidth: the bandwidth is basically the range of the frequencies on which the antenna can
effectively sends and receives the information
Yagi, Horn and celluar antennas are the some of the antenna used for different purposes. Yagi-
Uda array or yagi antenna is directional antenna it is used for the communication for the
frequency which is over 10 mega hertz. The components of the antenna are reflector, single or
multiple directors and single driven element. Yagi antenna has the minimum impedence level
and it can lower the signal strength because of this antennas gain.
The horn antenna is another type of the antenna which is used for receiving and sending the
microwave signals. The microwave signals band are very suitable for the wireless
communication and it also has a large bandwidth. The application of the horn antenna is in the
dish antenna. The size of the horn is very crucial for sending and receiving the signals. Horn
antenna as dipole antenna can minimize the loss of the energy around the edges of the reflector
moreover it also minimize the unwanted signals (Dahiya & Gill, 2016). The advantage of the
horn antenna has the application in the traffic signals to measure the speed of the vehicles.
Over all the antennas for the medium distance communication the digital TV antennas have huge
applications in the future because it provides the HD picture and HDTV for the digital TV. They
have better broadcasting power and supports various channels. For the long range antenna
cellular antenna is the better option.

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Compare and contrast CDMA and FDMA in the area of wireless networking
The infrastructure and the design of the FDMA (Frequency division multiple access) is
separated into multiple frequency small bands or the sub frequency bands. The FDMA terminals
have the frequency of its own. The signals of the FDMA technology is generated through the
filer process in the frequency domain. Therefore the main advantage of using FDMA is that it is
simple and easy to install and easy to configure then the other devices. The main disadvantages
of using FDMA is the frequency range present in the FDMA is not enough and adequate and the
frequency are also rigid in nature (Kitsos, 2016). The other features of the FDMA is that it can be
easily be combined with the TDMA, SDMA for the better usage of the FDMA.
CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access which is one of the major radio systems which
is used in al cell phones. The infrastructure and the design of CDMA is through the expanding of
the spectrum by applying the orthogonal codes. The terminals of the CDMA can be made active
all at once. The signal is generated in the CDMA is through the specially desgines codes and
receivers. The advantage of using CDMA is that it is easily adaptable in nature and can be easily
installed with less planning. The disadvantage of using CDMA as the users of the CDMA
increases the quality of the service decreases and it get self jammed.

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References
Abdulhamid, M. F. (2017). Comparative analysis of distributed power control algorithms in
CDMA. Radioelectronics and Communications Systems, 60(6), 263-271.
Brown, L. V., Zhao, K., Halas, N. J., & Nordlander, P. J. (2016). U.S. Patent No. 9,372,151.
Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Dahiya, M., & Gill, S. (2016). Secured Bluetooth Authentication Using Artificial Neural
Networks. IJRCCT, 5(5), 244-248.
Jariyatantiwait, C., & Yen, G. G. (2016). 5 by 5 Microstrip Antenna Array Design by
Multiobjective Differential Evolution based on Fuzzy Performance
Feedback. International Journal of Swarm Intelligence Research (IJSIR), 7(4), 1-22.
Kitsos, P. (Ed.). (2016). Security in RFID and sensor networks. CRC Press.
Li, L., Li, J., He, B., Zhang, S., & Zhang, A. (2016). A Compact Circularly Polarized Microstrip
Antenna with Bandwidth Enhancement. Progress In Electromagnetics Research
Letters, 61, 85-89.