Wireless Communication Networks: A Comprehensive Analysis

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Wireless Communication and Networks

Table of Contents
Question a).......................................................................................................................................3
Question b).......................................................................................................................................3
I)...................................................................................................................................................3
II).................................................................................................................................................3
Question c).......................................................................................................................................4
I)...................................................................................................................................................4
II).................................................................................................................................................4
Question d).......................................................................................................................................5
I)...................................................................................................................................................5
II).................................................................................................................................................5
III)................................................................................................................................................6
Question e).......................................................................................................................................6
Question f).......................................................................................................................................7
Question g).......................................................................................................................................7
Question h).......................................................................................................................................9
References......................................................................................................................................11
Table of Figures
Figure 1: Architecture of VicStock Farm........................................................................................8
Figure 2: Architecture diagram based on the cloud for Wireless Sensor Network.........................9
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Question a)
There is a number of organizations who are using the wireless sensor network emerging with
IOT techniques. It is the mechanism which works from hardware to hardware. There are many
standards which define this network like, IEEE 802.15.4, ZigBee, etc. The transmitted signals
will start losing gradually with the impact of time and distance. For the long distance, the best
frequency for radio signals will be 2.4 GHz and for the same frequency, the short distance
communication can place with proper signals. The environment selection also plays an important
role in the selection of the best frequency for a wireless network. If radio frequency will high
from 2.4 GHz then it will also start losing the signals due to the high range of radio wave. The
decided radio frequency 2.4 GHz will contain 12-inch wave which is enough capable to
penetrate the on way obstacles. Mostly all the electronic devices are set on the 2.4 GHz
frequency (Shaikh & Zeadally, 2016).
Question b)
I)
Given:
VicStock Fam devices’ data information rate = 5kbpm
Here (kbpm = kilo byte per minute)
It can be converted as 5kbpm = 5/60 kbps
 0.0833 kbps
 0.0833 * 103 byte per second (because kilo = 103)
 83.33 byte per second
If we convert byte into a bit, then we know 1 byte = 8 bit So,
 83.33 * 8 bps (here bps = bit per second)
 666.66 ~ 667 bps
So total capacity of all the devices of VicStock Farm is 667 bps
II)
The VicStock wants to tag almost 2500 animals with the sensors and GPS tracker, who lives in
the Farm. These devices will transmit the activity information signals which will help in
controlling the animals on the farm (Liu, et al., 2015).
So we can calculate the total traffic over the control unit:
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Which is = The minimum data information rate of every device * 2500
 2500 * 667
 1667500 bps
 1.6675 * 106 bps
Question c)
I)
Electron’s thermal fermentation is the reason of the thermal noise. The thermal noise can be
calculated by:
N0 = KTB
Given: Temperature = 200c
We know 00c = 273.15 Kelvin
For 200c = 273.15 + 20 = 293.15 Kelvin
Bandwidth = 20 MHz (for the range of 886 MHz – 906 MHz)
And K = 1.3806 * 10-23 J/K (Boltzmann Constant)
Putting values in the formula:
N0 = 1.3806 * 10-23 * 293.15 * 20 * 106 (here 20 MHz = 20 * 106 Hz)
N0 = 8092.6989 * 10-17 W/Hz
Converting Thermal noise from W/Hz to dbW:
 10log10 (8092.6989 * 10-17)
 -130.92 dbW + 30
 -100.92 db
So the thermal noise final value: -100.92 db
II)
Given:
Thermal noise value is 5% of the wireless network thermal noise.
So total noise is equal to thermal noise/5%
It can be written as:
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Total noise = Thermal noise/0.05
Putting value from the last calculated value:
 -100.92/0.05
So Total noise = -2018.4 db
Question d)
I)
We know that SNRdb = 10log10 (Psignal/Pnoise)
After solving this equation:
SNRdb = Psignal - Pnoise
As given in the question the S/N ratio = 63
So from the formula the S/N ratio in decibel:
SNRdb = 10 log10 (63)
 SNRdb = 17.99
 SNRdb = 18
Now putting all the values in the solved equation:
18 = Psignal – Pnoise
Here Pnoise is -100.92 db
So,
 18 = Psignal – (-100.92)
 Psignal = 18 – 100.92
 Psignal = -82.92 db
So the signal power received at the control center is: -82.92 db
II)
The bandwidth of the sensing device
Shanon’s Formula:
Capacity of channel C = B * log2 (1 + S/N) bps
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Calculate channel capacity is: 667 bps
So putting the value in the equation:
667 = B * log2 (1 + S/N)
B * log2 (1 + 63) = 667
B * 6 = 667
So, B = 667/6 = 111.54 Hz
From the above calculation, the sensing device bandwidth is: 111.54 ~ 112 Hz
III)
All the devices which are used on the farm because of the number of animals are 2500 and the
bandwidth of all the devices are 112 Hz. We can assume that no band guard is using for the
network so by applying the FDM scheme (Das, et al., 2016). The multiplex channel’s bandwidth
is:
 112 * 2500
 280000
 280 KHz
Question e)
Free space loss can be calculated by the formula:
Free space loss = 20 * log10 (d) + 20 * log10 (f) – 147.56
In the above equation, d is the length in km between the 2 place antennas and f is denoting signal
frequency here.
The distance d can be calculated with the help of the diagram which is placed below in this
assessment:
Distance d = 0.5 * diagonal of space
d = 0.5 * √18 here ¿ )
d = 0.5 * 4.243
d = 2.12 km
As we calculate that one device needs a bandwidth of 112 Hz. So it can be assumed with the help
of formulas that frequency of channel will be 886000056 Hz.
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Now putting all the values in formula of free space loss:
FSL = 20 * log10 (d) + 20 * log10 (f) – 147.56
FSL = 20 * log10 (2.12) + 20 * log10 (886000056) – 147.56
FSL = 20 * 0.32634 + 20 * 2.94743 – 147.56
FSL = 6.5627 + 58.95 – 147.56
FSL = 82.083 db
So the value of free space loss is: 82.083 db
Question f)
Given:
Loss due to Fading and attenuation in signal power = 30%
Here the transmission power or signal strength Tstrength will be calculated.
We have the values of SNR which is 63 and the minimum signal power which is received at
the control center is -82.92 db.
So the transmission power will be calculated for preventing the fading and attenuation loss in
signal power along with the noise in the control center.
Formula is:
Rmin = Tstrength – Attenuation – FSL
Putting the values in the above equation:
-82.92 = Tstrength – (30% * Tstrength) – 82.083
So, Tstrength = 0.837 / 0.7
Tstrength = 1.2 db
Which can be written as:
Tstrength = 1.3 MW
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Question g)
After analyzing all the features and advantages of two growing technologies Wireless Sensor
Network and Cloud, it is clear that they both can be used to share and store the information
among devices with the applications of the real world. So here these methods can be used to
monitor the system or network in VicStock Farm. These methods are used to make the network
more reliable and to control all the devices which are connected to that network. Wireless Sensor
Network is used for removing the limits of distance the users over the network. An organization
can create or develop their personal WSN for transferring the data with more security. While the
number of users or devices increases the wired network starts losing the data, security, and speed
but the wireless network has more capability that wired network to maintain the users and data
over the network. Cloud storage can also use for private infrastructure and information security.
For example, these methods are also used in predictions with the help of the stored data analysis.
Agriculture department can use the network for controlling the devices and the centralized
monitoring unit for all of them. The sensors are used to measure real-world activities and they
are connected through a wireless network which has a control unit to control all the sensor
devices together. So it can be concluded that the wireless network is growing rapidly and having
many opportunities for the business or industry in every sector (Garcia, et al., 2018).
In VicStock farm there are 2500 animals and they can be categorized or divided into smaller
groups. These groups can be divided accordingly the age, breed or any other criteria for animals.
After tagging all the animals with the sensor devices and GPS systems, they can be controlled
and monitored by a control unit which is maintained by the VicStock Farm. By applying this
technology all the animals can be monitored from a single place and it will save time and help in
growing the business with the help of the collected data through devices. There can be many
types of sensor devices can be used for different activities of animals like feeding, sleeping, etc.
(Shinghal & Srivastava, 2017).
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Figure 1: Architecture of VicStock Farm
Question h)
IOT is the system of the interrelated devices of computing, digital machines, mechanical
machines, people or animals, objects that were provided with the sole identifiers and data
transfer abilities with the help of network without any requirement of interaction between
humans and the computers. IOT has advanced the wireless technology’s convergence, micro-
services, microelectromechanical systems, and the Internet. IOT is playing the major or the best
part for connecting peoples with the help of smart devices, application, and the systems for
gathering and sharing data or the information (Aznoli & Navimipour, 2017).
The information about the VicStock Farm was generated by the internet servers and also
controlled by the cloud network services. The purpose of designing this project is for finding the
benefits and the drawbacks of the system methods or the wireless networks. IOT will provide a
better solution available for cloud services. It will transform the analog to digital things. By this
method, the wired network dependency will be decreased and the services will be provided at a
low cost (Noel, et al., 2017).
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Figure 2: Architecture diagram based on the cloud for Wireless Sensor Network
The above diagram proposed by the used methodology where the customer or the user’s
smartphones will able to gather complete information by cloud architecture. In this figure, the
local server and the LAN services were connected with the cloud that was used by smartphones.
For example, people or users can use wireless technologies such as mobile phones or
smartphones. By these technologies, a person can transfer the data or the information from one
person to another person or more than one person. For using these services by wireless
technology such as smartphones, the internet server or internet connectivity will be required. But
in the structure, that there is a requirement for the system or the devices that have to be
connected with the server that makes easy to control and monitor the whole system.
Consequently, the cloud architecture functionalities were implemented with the use of the XML-
RPC library for installation on the Android platform. Most of the users were using Android
smartphones with IOT services. In the current stage, wireless technology is so important for
analyzing the information, sampled and collected for enhancing service productivity and
efficiency (Kocakulak & Butun, 2017).
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References
Shaikh, F. K., & Zeadally, S. (2016). Energy harvesting in wireless sensor networks: A
comprehensive review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 55, 1041-1054.
Liu, X. Y., Zhu, Y., Kong, L., Liu, C., Gu, Y., Vasilakos, A. V., & Wu, M. Y. (2015). CDC:
Compressive data collection for wireless sensor networks. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and
Distributed Systems, 26(8), 2188-2197.
Garcia, G. T., Sanchez, V. M., Marin, C. N. L., Cortez, J. I., Acevedo, C. A. R., Gonzalez, G. S.
A., ... & Garcia, M. D. C. M. (2018). Wireless Sensor Network for Monitoring Physical
Variables Applied to Green Technology (IoT Green Technology). European Journal of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Science, 2(2).
Shinghal, D., & Srivastava, N. (2017). Wireless sensor networks in agriculture: for potato
farming. Neelam, Wireless Sensor Networks in Agriculture: For Potato Farming (September 22,
2017).
Kocakulak, M., & Butun, I. (2017, January). An overview of Wireless Sensor Networks towards
internet of things. In 2017 IEEE 7th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and
Conference (CCWC) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
Noel, A. B., Abdaoui, A., Elfouly, T., Ahmed, M. H., Badawy, A., & Shehata, M. S. (2017).
Structural health monitoring using wireless sensor networks: A comprehensive survey. IEEE
Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 19(3), 1403-1423.
Aznoli, F., & Navimipour, N. J. (2017). Deployment strategies in the wireless sensor networks:
systematic literature review, classification, and current trends. Wireless Personal
Communications, 95(2), 819-846.
Das, S. N., Misra, S., Wolfinger, B. E., & Obaidat, M. S. (2016). Temporal-correlation-aware
dynamic self-management of wireless sensor networks. IEEE Transactions on Industrial
Informatics, 12(6), 2127-2138.
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