Analysis of Wireless Sensor Networks in Agriculture

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MITS5003
Wireless Networks and Communication
Case study 1
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Contents
A).....................................................................................................................................................2
B).....................................................................................................................................................2
C).....................................................................................................................................................3
D).....................................................................................................................................................4
E)......................................................................................................................................................5
F)......................................................................................................................................................5
G).....................................................................................................................................................6
H).....................................................................................................................................................7
References........................................................................................................................................9

List of Figures
Figure 1: Cloud application.............................................................................................................6
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A)
There are multiple variety of wireless technologies that are being used for the implementation of
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) in the world today, these technologies are chosen on the bases
of the particular requirements, the abundance of power, rules and regulation provided by the
local radios, how dense the sensor that is being used is, distance at which the sensor can be used
and will work properly, the frequency of requirement of the sensor to be read, the available
amount of data that is required for the implementation of WSN and the infrastructure that is to be
obtained from the organization that are working in this field (RadioCrafts, 2017). In present time,
there are various firms that are having the use of the wireless network. Maximum of the
organizations presently have a usage of either IOT or wireless network. These technologies are
made to perform on many different systems having variety of platforms while having to perform
on a system to any other one; here we can take an example of ZigBee, IEEE 802.15.4. Every
time radio signals transmit, the signal will eventually lose its dependency upon the period of time
and the covered distance. In the condition or situation of a significant displacement among the
transmitters and the receivers, the respective signals wouldn’t have the ability to do the
communication on its own. Also in order to provide the transmitters and the receivers with the
have communication among themselves and each other, it is highly required for the lower signal
to have the high frequency of the value 2.4 Giga Hertz. Other than that, the propagating process
of the radio signal will be observed not to work up to the mark in association with wall of the
trees or some other obstacles, if there is a frequency over 2.4 GHz. The devices such as KNX
RF can even be taken in use at a frequency of 433 Mega Heartz, while Wireless M-Bus also offer
a narrowband option at 169 MHz giving the best range of any technology.
B)
Provided: The rate at which the data is being produced: 5 Kilobytes per minute
Conversion of unit of rate from kilobytes per minute to kilobytes per second
For the conversion of unit of time from minute to seconds= 5kb/minute = 5/60 kb/ second
For conversion of unit of data from kilobytes to bytes= 5*103/60 bytes/second
5000/60 = 250/3
= 83.33 Bytes/ Second
We are now having the information that, 1 byte = 8 bits
Hence, conversion of unit of data from bytes to bits
83.33 Bytes per Second = 83.33*8 Bits per Second
Therefore, the capacity of the channel of the device = 666.6 Bits per Second
2

As per the information provided in the given question, total no. of obstacles of the sensor: 2500
Traffic that is being observed at the control unit =
667*2500 =
167500 Bits per Second =>
Conversion of unit of data from bits per second, to megabits per second
= 1.66 Megabits per second
C)
Thermal Noise=
NO= k * T * B
Provided: temperature observed and measured inside the farm (T) = 200 C
Conversion of the unit of temperature, from oCelsius to Kelvin
= 20 + 273.15
= 293.15K
Here, k is the Boltzmann’s Constant= 1.3803 * 10-23Joul/ Kelvin
Band Width = 20 Mega Heartz
NO= 293.15 * 20 * 10 * 1.3803 * 10-23
= 8092.698 * 10-17 Watt per Heartz
Converting the unit of band width from Watt per heartz to dbW
10log10(8092.698 * 10-17)
=-130.9
Converting the unit of band width from dbW to db
= -130.9 + 30
100.92 dB
3

The total value calculated of the produced noise in the whole scenario=
As per the given information in the question, the thermal noise is observed to be 5% of the total
noise that has been produces in this scenario, hence
NO / 0 .005
= 100. 92 / 0. 005
= 2018. 4 db
D)
Based on all the formulae with respect to the noise ratio,
The S * N * Rdb will be= 10 log10= ( Psignal / Pnoise )
= S * N * R = Psignal - Pnoise
We are already having the information that,
Noise = 100. 92
S / N in db = 10 log10( S / N )
We also have the information that,
S / N = 63
Therefore we can clearly say that,
10 log10(63) = 18
Replacing the magnitude of S/Ndb
Psignal - Pnoise = 18
Psignal = - 100. 92 + 18
Signal Power = 82. 92 db
We now have the information that
Channel capacity (C) = B log2 ( 1 + S / N )
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667 = B log2( 63 + 1 )
667 = B log2( 2 ) 6
667 = B ( 6 )
Obstacle’s Bandwidth ( B ) = 111. 54 Hz
For multiplex B / W
B / W= 111.54 * 2500
B / W= 112 * 2500 Hz
B / W= 280 * 103 Hz
B / W = 280 Kilo Hz
E)
In order to calculate the free space, (Chaudhary, et. al., 2016)
20 * log10 ( d ) + 20 * log10 ( f ) - 147. 56 db
Where d represents the distance between two antennas
F represents the frequency of the antennas
Hence we can say,
d= 0.5 * Diagonal Distance
d = .5 * √9+9
= . 5 * √18
= . 5 * 4.243
= 2.12 KM
The Bandwidth that is required in order to sense the obstacle = 112Hz
Therefore, the frequency between the two antennas = 886000056Hz
The free space = 20 * ( log10 (886000056)) + 20 (log10 ( 2.12 ) ) - 147. 56
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= 20 (2. 94743 ) + 20 ( 0. 32634 ) + 147. 56
= 58. 95 + 6. 5627- 147. 56
= Free space = 82. 083 db
F)
In order to find out the Power of transmission Ts
We are now having the information that,
Signal Power = Ts - (Attenuationloss) – Free Space Loss
82.92 = Ts – 30%* Ts – 82.083
Ts = .837/.7
= 1.2 dB
Hence, the power of transmission =1.3mWatt
G)
Following mentioned are considered to be the basic functionalities that are provided to a user if
they are practising in the area of cloud computing application for the effective use of the sensor
data in agriculture (Swathi and Manasa, 2013).
 Minimum expenses must be used in creating the setup of the infrastructure because it
may be obtained from the organizations that provide the services for cloud computation.
One of the organizations that can be taken as example for this scenario is the Amazon
Web Services or AWS.
 The quick provisional and release features that allow the optimized usage of the
resource provided by the agriculture.
 Fair chances provided on the demand for the distribution of data, collecting the data, and
the process of aggregating which may turn out be very essential for the further studies in
the agricultural sector (Swathi and Manasa, 2013).
The Elastic feature of cloud computing has made it to work on a huge database in an easy way,
which in future can make a sufficient supply chain management of good related to agriculture.
6

Figure 1: Cloud application
 The one place where of all the information that is related to the agriculture is stored,
on the cloud which can be made to be accessed by all the users at a single period of
time.
 Management of all the data that is associated to land, data that is associated with the
location of the farm, data associated with the area that is covered by the farm and the
data associated with the soil that is present in the farm, by the help of the central
supporting systems for decision making (Swathi and Manasa, 2013).
 Maximum possible information provided for the ways to share and integrate the
agricultural sector.
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 Elimination of the issues faced by the farmers while learning the technical
knowledge.
 Managing the basic knowledge about the efficiency of agriculture is also a very
important functionality that must be present in a cloud computing system to make the
user understand the purpose of the whole system.
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H)
Internet of things (IOT) is a technology or a concept that has multiple definitions; it basically
covers more than one sectors of daily life such as connecting houses, connecting the local areas,
connecting vehicles and routes, roads to device that tracks the behaviour of the individual. It is
estimated that a trillion devices that are connected to the internet will be available to everyone
with phones as the basic physical senses of an application such as hearing and watching,
connecting all of those connected objects (Muruganandanam, et. al, 2015). Internet of Things has
made it possible for a billion objects to have a communication on worldwide internet protocol
network. In the year 2010 and 2011 the amount of daily physical elements and device that are
cabled to internet was almost 12.48 billion. The major idea of the Internet of Things (IoT) has
been the centre of discussion for nearly two decades, and has gained the attention of many
people who have studied IoT and also the organizations due to its amazing expected effect in
enhancing the everyday livelihood and society. When elements such as home appliances are
cabled to a network, they are expected to work in synergy in association with providing ideal
services as a complete package and not like a collective of independent devices. This is
considered to be important for multiple services and applications associated with the real world,
and a user would, as an example will have its application to create a smart residential area, where
the window can be closed itself immediately when the AC is switched on, or can be opened back
for fresh air whenever the oven is switched on (Muruganandanam, et. al, 2015). The concept of
internet of things is very much essential for people with disabilities; as the technologies that are
introduced in the internet of things may have the ability provide a support system to the human
activities at higher scale like building or society. WSNs are being proposed to be integrated to
the concept of IoT, where nodes of the sensor are estimated to join the Internet in a dynamic way
and then have their usage to team up and accomplish the given tasks. The Wireless Sensor
Networks (WSN) is properly compatible for long-term environmental acquisition of data for
representation of the Internet of things (Muruganandanam, et. al, 2015).
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References
 RadioCrafts, 2017, Which wireless technologies are used in Wireless Sensor Networks?.
[Online]. RadioCrafts. Available at: https://radiocrafts.com/kb/wireless-technologies-
used-wireless-sensor-networks/ [Accessed on 16th May 2019]
 Chaudhary, S., K., Jadoun, R., S. and Mandoria, H., L., 2016, Role of Cloud Computing
Technology in Agriculture Fields. Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems.
Volume 7(3). Pp. 1-7.
 Chen, M., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Mao, S. and Leung, V.C., 2015. EMC: Emotion-aware
mobile cloud computing in 5G. IEEE Network, 29(2), pp.32-38.
 Muruganandanam, K., Balamurga, B and Khara, S., 2015, Design Of Wireless Sensor
Networks For IOT Application: A Challenges and survey. International Journal of
Engineering And Computer Science. 7(3). Pp. 23790-23795
 Swathi, R. and Manasa, V., 2013, Applications of Cloud Computing for Agricultural
Sector. Journal of Information Science and Engineering. 1(3). Pp- 1-5
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