Research Report: Youth Crime in the United Kingdom - 2024

This report, titled "An exploration of youth crime in the United Kingdom," investigates the multifaceted nature of juvenile delinquency in the UK, drawing upon interviews with young offenders aged 14-18 under court restrictions. The study examines the influence of social factors on delinquent behavior, particularly within the context of educational experiences, and applies Tajfel and Turner's Social Identity Theory (SIT) to interpret the findings. The research reveals that social issues are significant for all young offenders when identifying reasons for delinquent behavior, with a stronger perception among males. The report highlights the importance of peer groups in reinforcing pre-existing attitudes towards education and avoiding difficult educational tasks. It also explores the situational factors that support SIT. The report also analyses risk factors by domain, including individual, family, school, peer group, and community, as well as the impact of conduct disorder, race, ethnicity, child abuse, heredity, and drug trafficking. The study concludes with a discussion of the implications of these findings for school practices and educational counselors. The report also offers a comprehensive literature review encompassing the economic and social impact of youth violence, aggression attitudes, media influence, family functioning, peer pressure, drug and alcohol use, traumatic events, and mental illness.

An exploration of youth crime in the United Kingdom
Name: Rajdip Kaur
Student Number: 2011439
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Acknowledgements
I like to say thanks to the young people who took part in this study for sharing their experiences
with me. I'd like to thank the youth workers who took the time to talk with me about this study,
especially Pauline and Charalambous. Thanks to Oliver Sharp and Mark for being vital links with
the youth and for their excitement for the project. I'd also want to thank Cara and Ozarow for their
assistance, as well as my co-workers for their unwavering support, flexibility, and understanding
of the research process.
I am thankful to my supervisor for all of their help and support during this investigation. Their
comments have been quite helpful. Always been upbeat. Also, I'd want to thank my fellow
Trainee Educational Psychologists. Whose friendship and support have made it possible for me
to finish this research thesis? Lastly, I want to thank my family and friends.
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Abstract
For many years, educational issues have been highlighted as a significant factor in young people
being brought before juvenile courts. Social influences play a crucial role in delinquent behavior,
and education systems are important places for teenage peer connections to develop. There's
been a need for professionals involved to be acquired in this area in order to discover
explanations and provide further knowledge about the link; what comes first, affiliation with
deviant friends, or problem behaviors? This study fills a gap in our knowledge about young
offenders' perspectives of their educational experiences, specifically if they mention social
elements when describing the influences on their behaviour. Tajfel and Turner's Social Theory
(SIT), published in 1979, and was used to discuss the findings. Seven young offenders (ages 14
to 18) took part in the study, and all of them were under court restrictions. Individual semi-
structured interviews were conducted with the youth offenders. Inductive Thematic Analysis was
used to analyze the data, and a generative causality model was used to investigate the main
study topic. There was a distinction made between the extent to which social factors influenced
educational perspectives and the extent to which social factors influenced delinquent behaviour.
When it came to identifying reasons for delinquent behavior at school, all of the young offenders
thought social issues were significant, but males thought so more than females. However, prior
to entering delinquent peer groups, poor attitudes of education (in terms of academic
accomplishment and effective teaching) already existed, and these groups simply served to
encourage the behaviour. Support for Social Identity Theory (SIT) was discovered because
teenagers just seem to choose friendship groups based on friends who shared similar ideas on
the importance of education, and in this way, the peer group worked to reinforce rather than
create pre-existing perceptions. Friendship teams were also chosen to avoid difficult educational
tasks. Some of the situational criteria underlying these observations supported SIT, whereas
others, such as the perception of unmet learning needs, did not. The implications of these
findings for school practice and for Educational Counsellors were examined.
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Table of Contents
Chapter 1
Introduction
Research aim
The study aims to identify the reason behind crime in youth and implement strategies to
mitigate them.
Research objectives
Research questions
Significance of the study
Chapter 2
Literature Review
Economic and social impact of youth violence in the U.K
Aggression attitudes in youth
Media Influence
Communities and Neighborhoods
Functioning of family
Domestic Violence and Child Abuse
Insufficient Parental Supervision
Peer Pressure
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Drug and Alcohol Use
Traumatic Events
Mental Illness
Sex
Risk and protective factors
Risk that happens in study:
Developmental Progression to Violence
Protective Factors
Early childhood possibilities for the avoidance of youth violence
Schooling and youth violence prevention
Preventing violence towards young people by tackling alcohol
Social determinants and youth violence prevention
Policy and youth violence prevention
Regional Committee
Chapter 3
Research Methodology
Research Philosophy
Epistemology
Research Design
Nature of the study
Research Methodology
Data collection procedure
Data Analysis
Ethical Considerations
Chapter 4
Data Analysis
Risk Factors by Domain
Individual
Family
School
Peer Group
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Community
Conduct disorder
Race
Ethnicity
Child abuse
Heredity
Drug trafficking
Chapter 5
Conclusion
References
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Chapter 1
1. Introduction
Youth violence is both an important public health issue and an unpleasant childhood
experience, which may have a long-term negative effect on human being. A youth is nation
builder as they do commit crime in their early age as it effects on their future, nation, their
family and to whom face crime. Young children aged 10 to 24 use physical strength or strength
to threaten or injure others, this is referred to as "youth violence." Not even this as the crime is
several others reason behind of crime in youth such as the crime for sex, drugs, rags to riches
etc. Teenagers frequently commit it against classmates who are not linked to them and with
whom they may or may not know personally (Densley, et al., 2020). Fighting, bullying, threats
to weapons and gang-related violence are examples of how violence towards young people is
manifested. A youth may be a victim of juvenile violence, a perpetrator, or in many ways a
spectator of youth violence. Violence against children and teenagers is often linked to other
kinds of violence (Mercy, et al., 2008). Victims of many types of violence share risk and
protective factors, and victims of one kind are more likely to become victims of another type of
violence (Fearn, 2014). A variety of risk factors for adolescent violence relate to toxic stress,
including sadness, anxiety, and aggressiveness as a result of ACE exposure. According to some
study results, chronic or long-term stress (toxic stress) may adversely affect the brain
development of children and adolescents (Densley, et al., 2020; Bastiaens, 2006; Fang & Corso,
2007).
The World Health Organization estimates that around 10,000 people between 15 and 29 years
of age die each year from violence, and many more suffer physical, emotional, psychological,
and social damage because of engaging in violence, watching, or fearing it (Gov.UK, 2017).
Violence against young people hurt many aspects of a youth's life, reducing their chances of
receiving a quality education, finding jobs and keeping good health, and their capacity to
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establish strong personal and social connections (Mercy, et al., 2008). A wide variety of Youth,
social, family, health, and job programs must be effectively implemented to prevent adolescent
violence. In certain regions, high rates of juvenile and other kinds of violence, on the whole,
may act as disincentives for economic investment.
Young individuals are more prone to commit violence than other age groups, either as victims
or perpetrators than other age groups (Sethi et al., 2010; Bellis et al., 2011). Over the years of
physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioural development, attacks and susceptibility to
violence are frequent (COE, 2020). For instance, hormonal and neurological changes like an
increase in the number of stress hormones generated during puberty may raise the chance of
violent or antisocial conduct (London, 2020). Furthermore, throughout adolescence, peer
intercourse may take priority over the influence of parental and other officials, and young
people are initially exposed to violent circumstances, such as sexual experiences, drinking
settings, and illicit drug marketplaces. The ability of young people to overcome these barriers
depends on the quality of their social and emotional abilities, the amount of assistance they get
from their families, and the cultural and social norms they have acquired from their births.
Every day, thousands of individuals in the United Kingdom suffer from adolescent violence.
Juvenile violence affects children in all regions, including urban, suburban, rural, and indigenous
environments. While the amount and kind of youth violence vary by neighbourhood and
demographic group, it affects children worldwide (Gov.UK, 2017).
Violence against young people is a regular occurrence. Just over one in five high school students
experienced harassment in the last year and nearly one in seven reported bullying online
(texting, Instagram, Facebook, or other social media).
Violence against young people is a major source of mortality and injury. Homicide is the third
highest cause of mortality among young people aged 10 to 24 years. A total of 13 young people
are murdered, and about 1,100 people in emergency rooms are treated for nonfatal attack
injuries a day in the USA (Tanner-Smith, et al., 2013).
Violence against young people has a high monetary cost. The cost of medical and loss of
production for murders and injuries connected with nonfatal physical assault alone is above
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$20 billion each year (Densley, et al., 2020). This does not include criminal justice system
expenses, victims' and perpetrators' psychological and social repercussions, and community-
backed costs.
In addition to other forms of violence, including child violence and murder, gang activity also
includes adolescent violence. Bullying and physical combat and teenage sexual harassment and
assault, gang-related violence and gang-related assaults are all instances of violence in
adolescents (Loeber, et al., 2008). Youth violence may start at a younger age and develop over
a length of time until maturity. Adolescence is a crucial period for intervention development
(Bastiaens, 2006). A comprehensive strategy is required to address the socioeconomic causes of
violence such as economic disparity, fast demographic and cultural change, and lack of social
security to effectively reduce violence among adolescents (Mercy, et al., 2008). Health is not
the only factor to take into account, but it is essential (Fang & Corso, 2007). As a consequence,
there are possibilities to act early in the prevention of youth violence and assassination in the
region of America, for example, by incorporating violence prevention in wider initiatives to
enhance the health and resilience of children and adolescents.
1.1. Background
Young violence is a major public health issue in the United States and throughout the world
(CDC, 2016). There are a wide variety of actions, from bullying and physical conflicts to serious
acts of sexual and bodily assault and assassination. Bullying and physical combat are featured.
The rate of youth murder varies significantly from country to country. Males make up 84 % of
the world's victims of adolescent murder, and men also represent the overwhelming majority
of the offenders. From 2000 to 2016, teenage murder rates in the overwhelming majority of
nations have decreased, with the reduction more evident in countries with high revenues than
in countries with low and medium revenues (Bastiaens, 2006).
A significant number of young people are wounded, and every young person murdered in the
act of violence needs hospitalization. Armed assaults are much more likely to result in fatal
injuries compared to attacks using fists, feet, knives, and other non-lethal weapons. Sexual
violence affects a significant percentage of young people and their parents. One in eight
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adolescents, for example, claims to have been sexually assaulted. Bullying and physical
disturbances among adolescents, particularly in metropolitan settings, are very frequent.
According to research performed in 40 developing nations, an average of 42% of men and 37%
of women were often bullied (Fang & Corso, 2007).
The global cost of early mortality, injury, and disability is significantly enhanced by youth killing
and nonfatal violence. Furthermore, young homicide and nonfatal violence have a considerable
and often lasting effect on the psychological and social functioning of a person (Tanner-Smith,
et al., 2013). It may have a damaging impact on the family, friends, and communities of the
victims. Violence against young people raises health, social, and criminal services cost decreases
productivity and depreciates property. It also has a detrimental economic effect.
The physical, mental, and social well-being of young people are affected by youth violence and
should be avoided at all costs. In addition to being the top cause of mortality for adolescents,
more than 400,000 nonfatal injuries occur each year (WHO, 2020). Violence against young
people has broad implications that go well beyond the physical damage it causes. Childhood
trauma, such as youth violence, has been associated with poor health and well-being in
adulthood. The potential for behavioral and mental health problems, such as future aggression,
smoking, drug addiction, hazardous sexual activity and depression, academic difficulties, drop
out of school, and suicide, is raised as a consequence of adolescent violence (London, 2020).
Violence against young people has a waterfall that may affect whole communities. Violence
raises healthcare costs, devalues property, and disrupts social services. Violence against young
persons has detrimental effects on perceived and real safety, community engagement, school
attendance, and economic viability. The immediate and long-term effects of violence put
pressure on communal resources and reduce governments' and communities' money for other
purposes.
One of the reasons, violence against Youth is linked to low academic achievement in the
classroom. People who commit youth violence have lower scholastic performance and are
more likely to leave school or rehabilitate themselves than the average population. According
to a U.S. survey, about 6% of respondents reported having lost one or more school days within
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30 days of polling due to feelings of fear at school or along the way to and from school (Fearn,
2014).
2. Problem statement
While being exposed to violence is linked with increased aggression in teenagers, the
mechanisms behind this association are still unclear at this time. Additional research indicates
that children and adolescents are more exposed to violence in their communities and families,
which is worrisome. To understand the relationship between exposure to violence and
aggressive behavior, it is necessary to recognize that aggressiveness has been described as one
of the "most disruptive and pervasive behavioral issues for children" and that it frequently
persists across environments and relationships. When it comes to describing why children who
see violence grow more aggressive and experience bad consequences, social learning theories
emphasize the significance of cognitive processes in their explanation. In one study, researchers
discovered that adolescents' beliefs about the natural and justified character of aggression
helped to reduce the impact of community and family violence on their behaviour,
demonstrating the significance of cognitive processes in young people's violent behaviours.
Aware of the significant association between adolescent exposure to violence and aggressive
behaviour, it is important to understand the numerous factors that may be used to interrupt
this vicious cycle of violence.
Young people's actions and internalizing symptoms have been the focus of study into
characteristics that may reduce the effects of violence on young people, sometimes known as
protective variables. It is important to understand the effect of violence on adolescent
behaviour; nevertheless, it has been shown that attitudes may serve as a buffer between
exposure to violence and aggressive behaviour. To treat children before they become
aggressive, the current study focused on a protective factor, maternal attachment, as a buffer
against the effects of violence on teenage attitudes. Moreover, given the significance of
teenage attitudes in predicting violent behaviour, it is essential to get a better knowledge of
how these attitudes toward aggression are formed and the factors that affect them. The
context in which violence takes place is one factor that may have an impact on how children
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and adolescents view violence, according to research. Children and adolescents who are
exposed to violence in their families and communities may suffer several consequences
(Tanner-Smith, et al., 2013). Examples include domestic violence having an impact on
teenagers' interactions with and attitudes toward family members and communal violence have
an impact on adolescents' attitudes toward and relationships with classmates or other
members of the community. Because children and adolescents are exposed to violence in a
range of contexts, it is essential to investigate youths' perceptions of violent interactions in a
range of situations, such as relationships between peers and siblings.
Summary
Youth violence is a serious public health concern as well as a distressing childhood
experience that can have long-term consequences for people. Youth is a nation builder
because they commit crime at a young age, which has repercussions for their future,
nation, family, and those who are victims of crime. "Youth violence" is when young kids
aged 10 to 24 use their physical strength to harm or damage others. Not just that, but
there are a variety of other factors that contribute to teenage criminality, including sex
crime, drug use, and rags to riches. It is commonly committed by teenagers toward
classmates who are not related to them with whom they may not have a personal
relationship. Young people are more likely to be victims or perpetrators of violence than
people of other ages. Attacks and vulnerability to violence are common throughout a
child's physical, psychological, cognitive, and behavioral development.
2.1. Aim and Objective of Research
The study aims to identify the reason behind crime in youth and implement strategies to
mitigate them.
 To critically analysis risk factors among youth in UK.
 To explore the preventives measures that can be adapted to control youth violence.
2.2. Research questions
This study aimed to answer the following research questions:
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 What are the major causes of violence in youth in UK?
 What are the key preventive measures that can be adopted to control youth violence in
UK?
 Does the government of UK is doing action to overcome the youth violence and how
much these are effective?
2.3. Significance of the study
This study will throw light about youth violence in the U.K. and create awareness among the
academia and public. It will also provoke other scholars and researchers to explore the matter.
Chapter 2
1. Literature Review
The aim of the study is to identify the situation of violence by youth in the UK. The literature
review section has comprised of the key findings related to the violence in the UK. The study
will consider the literature related to what causes the violence among youth in the UK. The
information collected from the schools and colleges is discussed with respect to the policies and
approaches. Both the qualitative and quantitative information is analysed. The research finding
will help to work on violence of Youth and the limitation of research is that the research could
not find the answer, as they need to give punishment (jail for a long time or not) on their crime.
On any given day in the United Kingdom, a news article concerning adolescent violence will be
published. Whether it's street violence, bullying, or a school shooting, our country's kids are
constantly confronted with aggressive conduct. Youth violence, according to the American
Psychological Association (APA), is a severe type of hostility aimed at causing bodily damage,
injury, or death. Date rapes, murders, and gang violence are other examples of juvenile
violence.
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It is critical for parents and educators of adolescents to understand the prevalence of these
kinds of aggressive actions. Indeed, murder is the third highest cause of mortality among
adolescents aged 15 to 19 (CDC, 2016). As a result, parents and educators must take an active
role in avoiding adolescent violence in their children's lives. To do so, it's critical to understand
what motivates adolescent aggression.
2. Economic and social impact of youth violence in the U.K
On any given day in the United States, a news article concerning adolescent violence will be
published. Whether it's street violence, bullying, or a school shooting, our country's kids are
constantly confronted with aggressive conduct. According to the American Psychological
Association (APA), is a severe type of hostility aimed at causing bodily damage, injury, or death
in youth. Date rapes, murders, and gang violence are other examples of juvenile violence.
It is critical for parents and educators of adolescents to understand the prevalence of these
kinds of aggressive actions. Indeed, murder is the third highest cause of mortality among
adolescents aged 15 to 19 (CDC, 2016). As a result, parents and educators must take an active
role in avoiding adolescent violence in their children's lives. To do so, it's critical to understand
what motivates the total cost of crime in Great Britain and Wales for 2015-2016 is estimated at
£50 billion for humane crimes and £9 billion for corporate crimes (Gov.UK, 2017). Violent
offenses make for the lion's share – nearly three-quarters – of total costs of individual offenses
yet account for less than one-third of all offenses. This is mostly due to the higher physical and
emotional costs of violent crimes. For crimes that are more likely to cause emotional damage,
such as rape and assault, these costs are disproportionately high. The unit cost of homicide was
the largest (€3.2 million). Rape (£39,360) is the most estimated unit cost nonfatal offense.
While company thefts represent almost 90 percent of commercial crime, they account for
about half of the total anticipated company crime spending (€4.2 billion) because of the low
impact of each crime on society. Compared to this, corporate robbery, and burglaries —
expected to cost £2 billion and £1.6 billion, respectively – represent over 40% of crime spending
yet account for just 5% of total crime against businesses (Fearn, 2014).
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Overall security expenditure (estimated at £2.2 billion) includes input money. Intrusive alarms
represent 55% of U.K. safety expenditure (COE, 2020). Consequently, intruder alarms are
expected to cost about 12.2 billion pounds per year, 31 pounds out of 2.2 billion pounds
(Bastiaens, 2006). In this research, it is assumed that intruder alarms are employed solely to
prevent theft or robbery. This is justified since voles show that the offender has authorization to
enter the property, while robbery requires a person's presence at the time of the crime.
Sadness and anxiety in connection with violent crime are probably longer than nonviolent crime
sadness and anxiety. These durations are based on scientific studies examining depression and
the consequences of nonviolent and violent crimes. 58 violently or calmly, certain crimes, such
as robbery (Fang & Corso, 2007). The emotional repercussions of these crimes are thus
dependent on the average duration of violent and nonviolent crimes. Victim of violence has an
impact throughout your lifetime on your psychological well-being. The exposure of adolescents
to youthful abuse is related to many mental health difficulties such as post-traumatic stress
disease, depression, anxiety disorders, and many other psychological problems. These
problems may likely persist throughout infancy and adulthood. Many research has investigated
the connection between bullying and the risk of depression later in life, with a meta-analysis
predicting 30 to 50% more likely to become depressed seven to 36 years later in school
(Bastiaens, 2006). Violence against young people and its impact has a significant bearing not
just on the immediate victim but on family and friends. Relatives and close friends with victims
of teenage violence are more likely to have depressed symptoms; poor environmental conduct
such as infringements of law, physical attack, vandalism, and others; drug use and harmful
alcohol use.
Included in various kinds of violence may be additional youth violence, child abuse, and
intimate partner violence among early children and young adolescents (Mercy, et al., 2008).
Young people who perpetrate or were the victims of child abuse are three times more likely to
be abused later in life, and youngsters who are the testimony of parental abuse are three times
more likely to be abused by the young. In a U.K. study, 50% of males now engaged in serious
violence had been victims of violence in the past, compared with just 12% of teenagers who
were nonviolent (Bastiaens, 2006). The risk of violence later is more than doubled, and the
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likelihood of a bully becoming a victim of violence later increases the risk of 10% becoming a
violent offender adolescent aggression.
3. Aggression attitudes in youth
Social learning explains the attitudes of young people to aggressiveness as having an essential
role in connecting the exposure of young people to violence and aggressive conduct. These
theories indicate that children and adolescents who are exposed to violence begin to see
violence as normal and acceptable, which leads to less use of violence in their inhibitions
(Densley et al., 2020). The theoretical model for social information treatment proposes that
young individuals acquire schemes and scripts, or expectancies, depending on their interactions
with their surroundings. According to Huesmann, the perception of aggressiveness as normal or
acceptable forms has significant cognitions that eventually affect six young people's violent
behavior. Multiple researches investigated young cognitions as mediators of the connection
between exposure to violence and aggressive conduct. For example the view of the
acceptability of aggressiveness from the fourth to sixth graders mediated the connection
between their exposure to community violence and their aggression (as rated by teachers and
peers). Similarly, Youth (aged 10 to 15) views about the standard of aggressiveness have
mediated the cross-sectional and longitudinal connection between their exposure to violence
and aggression. While studies have investigated the impact of young people's convictions of
aggressiveness on their experiences of violence, the bulk of this study focuses on broad
convictions about aggression or belief in romantic connections (London, 2020). Research on the
belief of young people in aggressiveness in pairs and siblings is limited and it is essential to
consider since these connections grow increasingly prominent and powerful in the adolescent
approach.
Causes of aggressive attitude:
There are several factors that can lead to the aggressive attitude in the youth:
3.1. Media Influence
According to studies, media violence affects and may drive teenagers to aggressive behavior.
Although it is difficult to determine whether media violence directly results in adolescent
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aggressiveness, research has shown that playing violent video games increases aggressive
attitudes and behaviours. One study found that violent video games magnify more than
aggressive trends (Loeber et al., 2008). In addition, they increase the angry thoughts and heart
rate, and blood pressure of individuals.
In the meanwhile, these video games reduce "useful behaviours" and empathy. In addition,
violent video gamers frequently interact with other aggressive teenagers, which enable them to
feel accepted and validated for their thoughts and feelings. While video games receive the most
attention, media violence is not limited to them. Violent media may also include the Internet,
T.V., magazines, films, music, publicity, and social media (Houston, 2009). In short, the media is
everything that your teenager sees, hears, or interacts with.
3.2. Communities and Neighbourhoods
The living circumstances of young people may also have a bearing on them, which will make
them more violent. A variety of risk considerations for youthful violence in the community have
been identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), including poor
economic opportunity, high crime rates, and socially disordered neighborhoods (CDC, 2016).
Research also indicates that, in certain places, teenage violence may be transformed into a kind
of 'street justice' due to a lack of police protection. If this is the case, teenagers may have
recourse to violence to defend the neighborhood. Young people are increasingly engaged in
gang violence, turf battles, weapons conflicts, and other forms of violence (Haylock, et al.,
2020).
Teenagers living in economically poor regions may conclude that they can only survive by
joining a gang or participating in violent conduct. Young individuals are more prone to be part
of hostile conduct if violent actions are the norm.
3.3. Functioning of family
It is said that parents are first teacher of children and child in their early age is clank copy as
parents use to teach they follow up in their life. Families have a significant influence in
developing violence towards children and young people. The aggressive and delinquent
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behavior of young people is primarily influenced by their household, which includes their
parents (Densley, et al., 2020). The reasons for family crime have been divided into two groups,
each of which indicates family function components that are connected, but separate from the
other: (1) Parent traits and (2) family interaction features are addressed. It has been shown that
the use of aggressive and criminal behaviors is linked with parental techniques, such as child
punishment and parental monitoring (Tanner-Smith, et al., 2013). In addition to emotional
(warm) cohesion, structural and organizational components, and convictions, additional
elements of family relationships are related to violent conduct.
Research on the role of the community in connection to family work and aggression in young
people has, on the other hand, received relatively little attention. When it comes to the
probability of violence, the family's influence varies from region to area (Kokko, et al., 2006).
Although excellent parenting and robust familial functions may be adequate to protect children
against adolescent violence in neighborhoods that are most economically and socially deprived,
where violence is part of everyday life, the risks posed to children in areas other than the most
devastated areas can outweigh these factors. For example, community-specific factors in low-
income neighborhoods and slums, such as the significance of families as a protecting factor
against adolescent violence, may vary from each other than in higher-income areas (Bastiaens,
2006).
Domestic Violence and Child Abuse
Children that grow up in families where there is violence learn by example, and they may grow
up to be violent adults as a result of this. Aside from that, they are more likely than other
adolescents to be involved in teenage dating violence, either as a victim or offender (London,
2020). The use of harsh parenting methods, as well as marital turmoil, neglect, and rejection,
are all factors that lead to this. Due to the lack of stability and structure in the home, each of
these situations has the potential to culminate in later-life adolescent aggressive behavior
(Haylock, et al., 2020). With violence, teens get a feeling of empowerment and control that they
do not have in their homes.
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For this reason, parents need to assess their parenting style and make any necessary changes to
reduce the likelihood that their teenager would see violence later in life. Educators can help
parents by organizing parenting programs in their schools (Densley, et al., 2020).
3.4. Insufficient Parental Supervision
If parents do not supervise enough, adolescents are more likely to engage in violent behavior or
illegal activities. Adolescents lack the resources to make appropriate decisions or to recognize
dangers when not under adult supervision. Various elements of the parent-child connection
may indicate the future participation of a kid in criminal and violent behavior (Mercy, et al.,
2008). These include child monitoring, parenting discipline and strengthening, the quality of
emotional relationships, and children's parenting. Many studies have indicated that parents
who regularly do not know where their children are, commonly leave their kids unattended, are
more likely to have youngsters engaged in crime or violent conduct (Fearn, 2014). In the U.S.
research of Cambridge-Somerville, inadequate parental supervision may predict violent crimes
up to the age of 45. Hard punishment or punitive discipline showed to predict future violence
(London, 2020).
As a result, these youngsters frequently make improper acquaintances, take needless risks, and
try things that a parent engaged never allows. Indulgent parents often lead to children who are
unmotivated in school and who may lose interest in their future (Fang & Corso, 2007).
Teenagers, in general, need fair and consistent discipline, as well as constant contact with and
guidance from their parents. Adolescent violence is less probable if parents are actively
involved in the lives of their children (Bastiaens, 2006).
3.5. Peer Pressure
Peer pressure is critical in preventing teenage violence, particularly since when children behave
in groups, they are more prone to participate in dangerous or aggressive activities. Teens who
would not ordinarily be angry or violent on their own sometimes feel powerful in a group
setting.
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Additionally, when adolescents are under duress, they are more inclined to be violent or
aggressive. Additionally, they may resort to violence to retain their position within the group.
Peer pressure may influence adolescents' risk-taking behavior (Haylock, et al., 2020).
3.6. Drug and Alcohol Use
Consumption of alcoholic beverages and illegal drugs has long been related to an increased risk
of juvenile violence. Alcohol and drug use both have the potential to enhance aggressiveness
and decrease fear, which raises the chance of teenage violence (Loeber, et al., 2008). Alcohol
use, at an individual level, has a direct effect on cognitive and physical performance and may
impair self-regulation and information processing, and risk assessment. It may make some
drinkers more impulsive and more prone to engage in aggressive conduct (Densley, et al.,
2020).
Young people who start drinking at an early age are either at greater risk of juvenile violence or
are a victim of it. At the level of the community and society, crowded and poorly handled drinks
help to enhance drinkers' hostility. Several studies have shown that violent events frequently
occur in alcohol poisoning conditions. One research has revealed that drug selling participation
between 14 and 16 years has increased the likelihood of violence (Statistics, 2018). Access to
drugs may also represent conditions in the neighborhood that create possibilities for and
strengthen abusive conduct. A US longitudinal research showed that the regular use of alcohol,
marijuana, and/or other illegal substances was significantly related to aggression.
While teenagers use recreational drugs and alcohol to make themselves feel good, the
continued use of illicit materials frequently leads to sadness, rage, and dissatisfaction. Such
feelings may then drive a teenager to behave aggressively and ragingly.
3.7. Traumatic Events
Teens may also engage in violent conduct as a result of traumatic situations. For example,
youths who lose a buddy in a vehicle accident in which they were also involved often get
enraged at the fact that they survived (Kokko, et al., 2006). Because rage is a typical part of
sorrow, these kids' violent outbursts may seem justifiable. While anger is a natural emotion,
20

becoming aggressive against another person is not. When acts of violence occur, they should be
handled immediately.
Teens who have symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may be predisposed to
violence. Violent outbursts are often a consequence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),
and if left untreated, may emerge in very violent scenarios. As a result, it is critical for
adolescents suffering from PTSD to get the necessary counseling and care (Tanner-Smith, et al.,
2013).
3.8. Mental Illness
Another cause of adolescent aggression is mental illness. There are three disorders, attention
deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and
behavioural disorder. Violence includes hyperactivity, focus, restlessness, risk take-off, poor
self-control, and sensational seeking are predicted by many psychological factors linked with
impulsiveness (Bastiaens, 2006). Children and adolescents with attention deficit-hyperactivity
disorders are more likely to be violent and engaged in juvenile violence (Densley, et al., 2020).
Such personalities and behaviours, along with unfavourable childhood circumstances, are
related to specific nervous system disorders and genetic predispositions that may raise the
likelihood of violent behaviour (Kokko, et al., 2006).
Teen mental illness is frequently disguised as another cause of adolescent aggression. For
example, a young person with the bipolar disease may abuse medications. When this teenager
gets violent, drug use may conceal that bipolar illness plays a major role (Bastiaens, 2006). It is
thus essential that teenagers who engage in violent behaviour be assessed for a mental
disorder. By treating the entire individual, you improve your chances of avoiding future violent
outbreaks rather than simply the symptoms.
4. Risk and protective factors
It was an important that in this report on youth violence make it perfect. It is said that
prevention is better than cure. In this report also has done same. There were many risks that
can happen to research, as mitigate them makes pre-plan to combat challenge towards every
single risk that can happen in the report.
21

This study covers five areas of risk and protection: person, family, peer group, school, and
community, which both encompass the neighbourhood and society as a whole. However,
factors do not always fit well into these categories. Broken households are categorized as a risk
factor for the family, but the existence of many such families in a community may lead to
societal disorder (Densley, et al., 2020). The bulk of the risk variables that have been examined
do not seem to have a sound biological basis. Instead, it is hypothesized that social learning or a
combination of social learning and physiological processes will take place. Most risk variable
studies discover and evaluate their predictive value on their own, without taking into
consideration the impact of other risk factors (Mercy, et al., 2008). The accumulation of risk
factors, on the other hand, is greater than any other.
Summary
Understanding the prevalence of such violent behaviors is crucial for parents and
educators of teenagers. Indeed, among adolescents aged 15 to 19, murder is the third
leading cause of death. As a result, parents and educators must play a more active part
in their children's lives in order to prevent adolescent violence. Input money is included
in the overall security budget (estimated at £2.2 billion). Alarms that are intrusive
account for 55% of all safety spending in the United Kingdom. As a result, the cost of
intruder alarms is projected to be around 12.2 billion pounds per year, or 31 pounds out
of a total cost of 2.2 billion pounds. Intruder alarms are thought to be used mainly to
deter theft or robbery in this study. Voles demonstrate that the perpetrator has
permission to access the property, whereas robbery necessitates the presence of a
person at the time of the crime. The sadness and anxiety associated with violent crime
are likely to last longer than the sadness and anxiety associated with nonviolent crime.
These time frames are based on research on depression and the consequences of
nonviolent and violent crime. Certain crimes, such as robbery, can be committed either
brutally or peacefully. As a result, the emotional impact of these crimes is determined by
the average length of violent and nonviolent offenses. Your psychological well-being is
affected by being a victim of abuse throughout your life. Adolescent abuse is linked to a
variety of mental health issues, including PTSD, depression, anxiety disorders, and a
variety of other issues. These issues are likely to last until adulthood. Many studies
22

have looked into the link between bullying and the chance of developing depression
later in life, with one meta-analysis projecting that 30 to 50 percent of bullied students
will have depression seven to 36 years later in school. The impact of violence against
young people affects not only the victim but also their family and friends. Depressing
symptoms, negative environmental conduct such as infringements of law, physical
attack, vandalism, and others, as well as drug and dangerous alcohol use, are all more
common in relatives and close acquaintances of victims of teenage violence.
4.1. Risk that happens in study:
Risk Solution
Loss of data In this research, every single information gets saved on computer as on
mail to me as the data and research keep saved every time. Every note of
the research updates every day or trice in week.
Participants
rejects to give
interview:
In this research, many of the interviews rejected to give interview for their
personal life and happening in the life. In this I managed to motivate them
to provide them genuine information, as it just for study purpose and keep
secret every single information and there will be no recorder will be used.
Hard to find
people that
commit crime
I collect the data for council site and get the meeting juvenile jail and get
contact with them
Hard for me to
believe on
quantitative
In this I choose only good articles, and compare the information with other
articles as well. I wanted to give 100% on the report as make sure the
23

research which
was one is right
or not
every single information is right.
4.2. Developmental Progression to Violence
Scientific theory and research are based on two different views on the development of youth-
related violence: first, the start of violence and its occurrence, patterns, and persistence across
life; and second, the persistence of violence throughout life. There are two paths to aggressive
behavior: one which starts in early infancy and goes on through adolescence, while the other
begins in adolescence (Loeber, et al., 2008).In contrast, the timing of risk variables is considered
in this chapter. It looks at the many traits, experiences, and contextual variables which affect
the participation of children and adolescents in late adolescence — ages 15-18, peak offensive
years (Bastiaens, 2006). Different risk factors may appear in the two developmental stages
according to studies, and the same risk variables may have different impact sizes or predictive
strength in such timeframes.
The start of violence is associated with the onset of risk variables. Prepubescent aggression may
logically only be taken into account by early childhood risk factors. These early risk factors for
violence may, however, be linked to teenage violence or not. In contrast, research indicates
that many young adults experiencing late-coming violence had no children's risk characteristics
linked with early-coming violence (Densley, et al., 2020). Risk factors for teenage violence have
developed for these adolescents.
4.3. Protective Factors
There is much debate over the precise significance of protective factors. They were believed to
be both a lack of danger and a fundamentally separate risk notion. Risk and protective variables
have been viewed frequently as opposing ends of a continuum in the past (Loeber, et al., 2008).
For example, excellent relations between parent and kid may be seen as a protective factor
since they are a proven risk factor in contrast to poor interactions between parent and child
24

(Tanner-Smith, et al., 2013). But a linear connection of this kind (which reduces the chances of
violence as parent-child interactions strengthen) blurs and blends the difference between
hazard and protection.
Protective factors are stated to interact with risk variables as traits or circumstances that
minimize their impact on abusive behavior (the perspective taken in this study). For instance,
although a poor socioeconomic position of the family increases the risk of violence, caring for a
parent may be a protective factor. While the close connection does not enhance the child's
economic status, it shields the young person from certain negative consequences of poverty.
Protective factors may directly influence or not affect violence.
Protective factors were identified because of research in the area of developmental
psychopathology. The researchers have shown that youngsters often escape their effects when
they are exposed to numerous risk factors (Tanner-Smith, et al., 2013). This led to the search
for traits or situations linked to resilience – attributes, which minimize or degrade the
consequences of risk. Protective variables help explain why children and teens with the same
degree of risk may have varied results.
Protective factors are a prominent topic of public health. The use of a seatbelt lowers the risk of
severe injury or death, for example, during a vehicle crash. Identifying and quantifying
protective factors is a very new field with limited data. Protective variables are essential to
prevent violence because they decrease the effects of risk factors.
Like risk factors, suggested protective variables for people, families, schools, peers, and
communities are categorized. During their growth phases, they may vary, interact and have
cumulative effects (Loeber, et al., 2008). Just as risk factors don't always lead to a child or young
person's violence, protective variables don't always lead to individual children or adolescents'
violence. They decrease the likelihood of violence involving young people who are exposed to a
risk factor or a combination of risk factors.
25

4.3.1. Early childhood possibilities for the avoidance of youth violence
The families and the communities in which children and teenagers grow up provide many risk
factors for involvement in adolescent violence. Children who are injured or live in dysfunctional
homes – for example, those witnessing domestic violence, parental drug abuse, or crime – have
an elevated risk of future adolescent aggression (Duke et al, 2010). Other early life risk factors
include a teenager, a single parent being raised, poor parental relationships, and poor
education.
Because early life experiences are important in terms of the likelihood of violence in children,
early life interventions are essential in preventing youth violence (Kokko, et al., 2006). These
treatments work with children and their families from the earliest stages of their lives to
encourage healthy brain development, social and emotional development, and strong support
from families and communities. Effective programs include new parents' home visits, parent
education, and pre-school enrichment courses (World Health Organization, 2009a). These
therapies improve the relationship between parents and their children, give parents the
essential knowledge and skills to understand and look for their children and assist early children
to develop their emotional, social, and learning capacities. They may also involve more support
for the health of families, social well-being, and jobs. Early interventions, along with avoiding
juvenile violence, may have a long-term effect, alongside enhancing their education and
employment outcomes, on reducing other kinds of risk among young people, including alcohol
abuse, cigarette, and drug use, and unsafer sex (Houston, 2009). Such programs may be
extremely cost-effective, leading to health, social, and criminal justice savings that far surpass
the program costs (Aos et al, 2004).
4.3.2. Schooling and youth violence prevention
When children start formal schooling, it is vital to provide a secure school environment that
protects them from bullying and juvenile violence while still allowing them to study and grow
efficiently. Whole-school methods foster an atmosphere free of bullying by including clear
policies and processes for dealing with it, teacher training, family education, the provision of
safe physical surroundings, and an educational curriculum that builds children's life skills
26

(Haylock, et al., 2020). Life skills programs target children's social and emotional development,
including empathy, self-esteem, problem-solving, anger control, and effective conflict
resolution (CDC, 2016). These programs have been shown to decrease teenage aggression and
violence (World Health Organization, 2009b). Additionally, school-based dating programs may
teach youth relationship skills and address gender stereotypes and conventions with the goal of
preventing intimate partner and sexual assault among adolescents.
5. Preventing violence towards young people
There are several things that can contribute to prevent from the violence among young people.
These are:
5.1. Preventing violence towards young people by tackling alcohol
Youth violence is strongly linked to alcohol use, which may decrease aggression and make
individuals more susceptible to assault. Reduced availability and dangerous use of alcohol by
adolescents are important components of violent preventive actions (World Health
Organization, 2009c). The measures for alcohol availability include increased prices, the
establishment and implementation of age restrictions, decreasing advertising and promotion
for alcohol, and lowering the number of stores that are allowed to sell alcohol (CDC, 2016).
With most youth violence in and around drinking institutions such as pubs, bars, or night clubs,
actions to promote responsible server behaviour (i.e. no alcohol sales to minors or those
already intoxicated), increased patron's comfort (such as more seats and fewer crowds),
prohibited promotion of cheap alcohol, law enforcement, and deterrence of antisocial behavior
and aggression.
5.2. Social determinants and youth violence prevention
The length and degree of youth involvement in violence vary considerably. Combat and other
forms of criminality are for many a childhood era from which individuals grow up as they reach
adulthood (CDC, 2016). For others, however, aggression and the behavioural problem may
begin in childhood, lead to serious forms of offense and adolescent violence and continue in
maturity. These children, young people, and their families may require more intensive support,
such as multi-systemic therapy (Densley, et al., 2020). It has been demonstrated that this type
27

of therapy reduces violence, delinquency, and crime among risky young people, combining
psychotherapeutic techniques, such as cognitive therapy, with parental training and other
forms of support to help young people and their families to resolve conflicts with peers,
schools, and neighbourhoods.
Young people who live in areas that are rich in hardships and crime or lack educational and
employment opportunities may have little hope for their future and see violence and crime as
the only way to get their position, resources, and money. In these societies, when chronic
violence occurs, aggressive behaviour may be seen both as a social norm and as a necessary
response to self-defence. This leads to young people getting self-defence weapons and joining
gangs where violence is legitimized and even encouraged (Fang & Corso, 2007). Gangs,
weapons, and the drug markets all offer considerable dangers for youth violence. Young
violence may thrive in places where societal and gender norms allow violent behaviour, where
there are also poor social cohesion, substantial socioeconomic inequalities, growing young
populations, high unemployment, and undeveloped criminal justice systems (Bastiaens, 2006).
5.3. Policy and youth violence prevention
The recommendation of the Council of Europe on injury prevention and promotion, which
includes both intentional and accidental damage, categorizes young people as a priority
(Tanner-Smith, et al., 2013). The World Health Assembly's Violence Prevention Priority
Resolutions (WHA49.25) and the World Health and Violence Report Implementation
(WHA56.24) offer a framework for countries to act to prevent violence. This is supported in
Europe by the European WHO Region Resolution on injury prevention issued by the WHO
European.
5.3.1. Regional Committee
A broad range of risk factors leading to teenage violence is targeted by many broader European
policies, including education, jobs, health and well-being, social inclusion, and human rights.
Violence prevention is also a key component in the implementation of a series of major youth-
oriented programs, including the E.U (Statistics, 2018). Youth Strategy, Agenda 2020: the Future
of the E.U. Youth Policy Council and the European Union Youth in Action Programme. While
28

violence is particularly a hurdle for poor people, it is frequently a hurdle to resolve other health
and social problems, since fear and instability limit individual, community, and financial
participation in the affected areas. Consequently, avoidance of violence is frequently a
prerequisite for the successful implementation of other health and social interventions.
Violence prevention by the World Health Organization: the evidence series examines the
evidence supporting several the preventive methods mentioned in this study.
Recommendations for the WHO Youth. The European report on youth violence reduction and
knife crime brings together information on the prevalence of youth violence in Europe, risk
factors, successful prevention methods, and policy options (WHO, 2020). Risk factors are
effective methods to identify and locate groups and people with a high risk of becoming violent.
They also serve as useful objectives for the prevention and reduction of violence. On the other
hand, risk variables have significant limits on our understanding and usage.
The following precautionary remarks must be considered:
• There is no one risk factor or combination of risk variables that can predict with confidence
whether a child will become violent (Tanner-Smith, et al., 2013). Although low academic
performance is a risk for violence, aggressive trends are not developed by all children who do
badly in school. In addition, many young people are exposed to a range of dangers, but because
of this exposure are not involved in violent conduct.
Chapter 3
1. Research Methodology
The technique of research is the process through which researchers must perform their work. It
demonstrates how these researchers frame their issue and goal, as well as how they present
their findings based on the data gathered throughout the study period (Bryman & Bell, 2007).
Additionally, this research design and methods chapter demonstrates how the research result
will be achieved following the study's goal. As a result, this chapter covers the research
techniques used throughout the study process. It encompasses the study's research process,
from the research plan through the dissemination of the findings (Saunders, et al., 2012). To
29

emphasize, the author discusses the research strategy, design, methodology, study area, data
sources such as primary and secondary data, population considerations and sample size
determination methods such as questionnaire sample size determination and workplace site
exposure measurement sample size determination, and data collection methods such as
primary data collection and secondary data collection. To accomplish the study's goals, both
qualitative and quantitative research methods are recommended. This research study used
qualitative data from all facets of the data source during the study period. Thus, this technique
aims to fulfil the researcher's study strategy and objectives.
2. Research Philosophy
Because social science research can only be understood if the choices that influence the results
of the study are transparent, philosophical comprehension is essential in social science
research. In certain cases, these choices are made based on some fundamental philosophical
concepts, as shown in the accompanying picture, which is not always consciously considered
(Bresler & Stake, 2017). Theories of theoretical thinking, cognition, viewpoints, and the self-
awareness technique are all laid out in philosophical terms, and they are all used to gain
information about reality as well as to organize, conduct, analyse and interpret research and its
findings.
Epistemology
The study of epistemology is concerned with all aspects of knowledge acquisition, scope, and
methods, including a) what constitutes a knowledge claim; b) how it is possible to acquire or
create knowledge; and c) how the extent of knowledge transmission is assessed. Epistemology
is divided into three categories (Bresler & Stake, 2017). Researchers' pursuit of knowledge is
influenced by their epistemological beliefs, which are critical.
When examining the connection between a subject and an object, we may want to consider the
concept of epistemology and how it influences the design of research studies. The reality,
according to objectivistic epistemology, exists independently of the individual mind or is distinct
from the individual mind. Researchers that use an objectivist approach to study are more likely
30

to achieve dependability (stability in the findings gained) and external validity (applicability of
the results to other contexts).
The constructionist epistemology denies the notion of an objective 'truth' that is waiting to be
discovered. It is instead through our interaction with the realities of our environment that we
discover 'truth' or meaning. In other words, independent of human activity or symbolic
language, there is no such thing as a "real world." Constructing research is essential because it
offers background information about a certain subject or issue. Subjectivist epistemology
believes that reality can be represented in a variety of symbols and linguistic systems and that
those systems can be extended and melded following individual goals, to impose meaning on
the world and interpret it in a way that makes sense to them, that is, in a way that makes sense
to them (Bryman & Bell, 2011). According to whether it has been warned about the presence of
a shark in the vicinity (shaking shark), is waiting for a boat (boat), or is anticipating weather
changes (wetter change), a diver may perceive a shadow in the water in a different way
(clouds). Subjectivist research is essential because it explains how a person's life experiences
affect their worldview and vice versa.
3. Research Design
The research design is meant to serve as a guide for conducting the study. The choice of
research method is a critical decision in the research design process because it defines how
relevant data for a study will be gathered; nevertheless, the research design process includes
many linked choices.
As the name suggests, exploratory studies are carried out to clarify a series of issues. The
answers and analysis may not offer a definitive solution to the apparent problem. It is done to
address previously untapped areas of concern. This exploratory phase provides the basis for
more definitive data collection and analysis. It is descriptive and focuses on enhanced
knowledge of existing issues via a data collection process (Bresler & Stake, 2017). The behavior
of a sample population is documented in descriptive research. Research needs just one
variable. The three primary goals of descriptive research are to describe, explain and verify the
findings. For example, a study was undertaken to establish if the senior management of the
31

twenty-first century had a moral right to a significant part of the company's income. Causal or
explanatory research is carried out to determine the impact of specific changes to the existing
standard operating procedures. Experiments are the most frequent technique. Consider studies
done to assess the effect of rebranding on customer loyalty, for example.
This study thus utilizes a descriptive research approach to identify the effects on employee
health, safety, and property damage of occupational safety and health systems in selected
industries. Descriptive research offers an accurate picture of people, events, or situations,
according to Saunders et al. and Miller. This method gives researchers a profile of the key
aspects of their study from a human, organizational and industrial perspective. This approach
enabled researchers to get data from different sources on youth violence in the U.K. And this
helped to analyse the answers to the impact of youth violence on the overall society of the U.K.
4. Method of Research
Qualitative research is a method to study and comprehend the significance of a social or human
issue for people or communities. The research process includes new questions and methods,
data generated usually by the participants, data analysis inductively developing from individuals
to generic issues, and researchers interpreting the significance of the findings. The final written
report is structurally flexible. Those engaged by this kind of investigation promote a way of
looking at research that respects an inductive approach, an emphasis on the individual
meaning, and the significance of making a situation complicated.
Quantitative research is a method for objective hypotheses to be tested by analyzing the
connection between variables. These variables may in turn be monitored, usually on devices, to
evaluate numerated data using statistical methods. The final written report has an introductory,
literary, and theoretical framework, methodology, findings, and discussions. Like qualitative
researchers, researchers have beliefs that theory testing is deductive, that it protects partiality,
controls alternative hypotheses, and can generalize and reproduce the results. To achieve the
major objectives of the study, both qualitative and quantitative methods as well as a
combination of secondary sources were used. Qualitative data supplements quantitative data
32

analysis and interpretation. As the researcher analyzed qualitative and quantitative data, the
outcome is triangulated. Mixed research techniques are an approach to study which involves
the collection of both quantitative and qualitative data, the integration of both kinds of data,
and the use of different concepts that may include both philosophical and theoretical
assumptions. The main premise of this type of investigation is that the combination of
qualitative and quantitative methods gives a better knowledge of a study issue than any
methodology.
When doing qualitative research, qualitative researchers usually use an inductive method,
which entails developing a hypothesis or searching for a meaningful pattern in the data they
gather. Lower-up approaches are often used to describe this method, which includes going
from the individual to the general level of abstraction. However, deductive thinking is required
in the majority of research tasks (see the section on quantitative research for more details).
During their investigation, qualitative researchers did not make use of any default assumptions.
While doing so, however, they explicitly define the issue or subject that they want to
investigate, and they may be led by a theoretical lens, which is an abstract, overarching theory
that serves as the foundation for their research.
In comparison to quantitative research, the process of data gathering and analysis is more
methodical, but it is also more flexible. Text information is gathered via observation and contact
with people, such as participant observations, in-depth interviews, and focus groups, among
other methods. It is not numerically encoded, and it is not statistically evaluated in any way.
It is possible to finish data gathering in phases rather than all at once. Furthermore, researchers
may decide to alter course amid a process and choose either to deal with new problems or to
eliminate questions that are no longer relevant as a result of their findings. A predetermined
number of people may be interviewed or observed in specific situations by the researchers. This
is called a sample size. However, in certain instances, researchers may decide to extend the
data gathering and analysis procedure indefinitely until they are satisfied that no new problems
have emerged. This research study was descriptive.
Summary
33

The qualitative design was employed in the research thesis to investigate the given
research topics as well as to collect a large amount of data and material. This
component of the study required a qualitative approach in order to determine the quality
and richness of the events as well as to learn how this lowest category used their
perceptions of events, in this instance, education, to characterize their own experiences.
The researcher cannot anticipate this kind of information.
In light of the general study issues, the researcher used this approach to investigate the
views of juvenile offenders. In order to get insight into their schooling and avoid
prejudice in early questioning, all of the respondents were invited to the identical
questions during the initial interview. To infer this knowledge, the researcher performed
individual interviews. Focus groups were considered by the researcher at first. However,
she opted against it, citing the possibility that the less fluent participants would not have
spoken their opinions while the more confident individuals would have dominated the
discussions.
This would have resulted in a lack of a diverse range of perspectives from the
participants. Furthermore, the researcher was mindful that some of the queries might
bring up sensitive themes that the participants would not want to discuss in a group
setting.
5. Data collection procedure
There are two main methods of data collection that include primary data and secondary data.
for this research study, the researcher has focused on secondary data collection through
various internet sources, articles, and websites where statistical data is available for youth
violence in the U.K.
Case study research often employs several methods for data gathering, and information is
gathered from a variety of different sources. Data gathering methods include interviews, direct
and indirect observations, questionnaires, and pertinent documents, amongst other things. The
34

information gathered during case studies is often qualitative (words, meanings, and points of
view), but it may also be quantitative (descriptive numbers, tables). Quality data analysis may
be used to aid in the formulation and testing of hypotheses, among other things. The theory-
building method that has been established may be used in the creation of theories. Matching
patterns are a common part of the theory testing process. Ascertaining this is accomplished via
the comparison of anticipated and observed data.
6. Data Analysis
This research study comprises both qualitative and quantitative data from various secondary
sources. A thematic analysis was applied to examine and evaluate youth violence in the U.K.
Data analysis will assess the factors that are mainly responsible for youth violence.
Ethical Considerations
The importance of ethics in research and business, in general, is gaining ground. As a result, it is
critical that grasp the ethical research underpinnings and how they may be applied to your
research project.
In this research qualitative research have a significant lot of duty and are tasked with a wide
range of responsibilities. So that it was worked carefully on participants may not experience
emotional and other hazards because of participating in qualitative research that digs deeply
into difficult subjects. Distress management procedures clearly worked out. In general, it is
impossible to predict which subjects will be painful, and as a result, as a reason, I worked on
study on internet about the questions that might hurt to percipients. I changed question on the
same time as anyone does not feel comfortable. I worked on face reading as make easy to
understand feeling of interviewer.
In addition to the formal establishment of a peer support program composed of a list of
participating researchers, I have done conducted high-stakes studies should participate in
psychological fitness-enhancing activities in the form of a confidence-building module as part of
their preventive measures. Furthermore, such activities help me appropriate monitoring to
provide chances for self-development and self-care, as well as the process of self-reflection and
self-monitoring, among other things.
35

I also worked on the possibility of emotionally demanding research participants, it is important
to investigate and implement methods for emotional distance from the research process. There
should be adequate preparation in place before starting fieldwork, and it should be clear how
the research should be performed and how the connection will be created. I also ensure that
self-disclosure levels, objective emotional displays, and processes for ending relationships are
created and conveyed appropriately.
One of the most important works in the research has done to minimize observer bias and to
seek out authentic data sources as much as possible. I am conducting on health and social
studies, so that constantly enhance their methodological abilities and create new methods. The
development and dissemination of practical methods helpful for me research it is helping me in
the execution of more sensitive qualitative research investigations. Notably, that research aim
work out and get the reason behind of crime in youth, and this research to improve to work on
save youth to commit crime.
On the same hand, in the research, it was promise to every participant that their every single
information will be used only for study propose only and I also not misuse their information.
Summary
Persons, families, institutions, peer groups, and societies are the 4 different types of risk and
preventive variables to think about. The development of aggressive conduct is the outcome of
the interaction of a child's or teenager's features with their surroundings. As a person develops
and matures, risk and preventative variables alter. Some risk factors become more important as
children grow older, while others become less so. As a result, substance abuse is a far greater
risk factor for youngsters aged 9 to 14 than for those aged 14 and over. The likelihood that a kid
or teenager will engage in violent behaviour increases as the number of probability variables
that he or she encounters increases. Protective variables can help reduce risk factors, but they
can't completely eliminate them. Even if they socialize with delinquent peers, adolescents who
cannot accept violence are less likely to be violent themselves, raising the risk of violence within
that age group in general. Adolescents who are subjected to risk factors are more likely to
engage in violent behaviour, even if the dangers do not directly cause it. Scientists believe they
36

are good predictors of adolescent aggression but not the underlying reason. These surveys are
extremely beneficial when it comes to identifying people who might benefit from help. When
dealing with violent risk factors, keep in mind that race and ethnicity are frequently
misinterpreted as risk factors and that risk indicators do not always correlate with violent
behavior. Researchers have identified the sexual maturation process of childhood, which can
take place before or after puberty, and the sexual maturation process of adolescence, which
begins after puberty, as potential starting sites for teenage aggression. Adolescence is the most
violent decade of one's life, lasting a decade. Another way to say it is that the minority of
juvenile offenders who began committing violent crimes displayed greater aggressive
behaviour; nevertheless, the majority of juvenile offenders did not engage in violent behaviour
at the time of their arrest.
Chapter 4
1. Data Analysis
Children go through a phase of growth throughout their first decade of life that has a significant
impact on which they will become as adults. In the beginning, children establish bonds with
their parents or other caring adults and come to realize that they are distinct individuals with
their personalities. To begin, while children are toddlers, they learn communication skills, as
well as how to establish personal connections, explore their environment, and grasp how to
regulate their emotions and interactions with people other than their parents.
The social and intellectual development of children takes on a whole new significance at the
start of the school year. Children are given less relevance in their lives as compared to other
family members, while other people begin to acquire value in their lives. They develop stronger
empathetic skills and a stronger sense of moral conviction as a result of their training. When
children attend primary school, they are encouraged to improve their critical thinking and
problem-solving abilities as well as their social skills (Bastiaens, 2006). Violence in the lives of
children and adolescents may have a detrimental impact on their physical, mental, and
37

emotional health. Furthermore, children and adolescents may be exposed to violence in a
variety of ways at various stages of their development.
Children, who have seen acts of violence may suffer from nightmares, be frightened to sleep, or
regress into baby talk or bedwetting, among other symptoms. Children may be giddy, energetic,
or very angry at times. It is particularly possible for children who have been victims of domestic
violence to lose their capacity to form trusting connections and grow into independent adults.
Moreover, it is probable that children who live in areas where crime is common would have
sleeping difficulties and will be less eager to explore their surroundings. Fear, anxiety, sadness,
and aggression are all possible emotions to experience (DD Brewer, et al., 1995). The teachers
may discover that their pupils are having difficulty focusing at school. While they may not
consider violence to be deliberate, they are on the lookout for anything they may have done
that might be seen as encouraging or contributing to violence, in contrast to others.
Children aren't the only ones that suffer as a result of violent behavior. Those who live in high-
violence settings may find it difficult to keep their children safe or protect them from potentially
damaging influences. Parents who live in high-risk neighborhoods don't allow their children to
play outdoors with their friends or family (Haylock, et al., 2020). While using this approach in
the near term may protect young people from danger, it may also have the unintended
consequence of impairing their healthy development. Parents may feel helpless or powerless in
these circumstances, and they may feel extremely depressed about the situation. Worry,
withdrawal, and despair are common emotions felt by family members of individuals who have
been subjected to violence, particularly their children. Children have difficulty developing
strong, long-lasting relationships with their parents when their parents are unable to act
spontaneously and with joy in these situations. For growth to take place, a connection with a
loving, responsive adult caregiver must be formed first. Children and families who have seen or
experienced violence may find it beneficial to speak with a therapist or counselor to better
understand their emotional, physical, and mental health concerns. Learners and speakers with
a low IQ or a low IQ score have difficulties understanding and communicating with others.
Inattention and hyperactivity are risk factors that have a modest impact size and are often
38

linked with other risk factors that have smaller effects, such as obesity and diabetes (Bursik &
Grasmick, 1993).
The onset of puberty, rather than childhood, is usually associated with a more positive attitude
toward violence. Criminal or violent behavior in the future is predicted by just one factor: kids'
dishonesty and the resulting impact is negligible (COE, 2020).
A prevalent idea as to why violence starts throughout adolescence is that there are many
different perspectives on the subject, but most of these theories have certain fundamental
principles in common with one another. Puberty causes significant changes in a kid's physical
and emotional features, which in turn causes changes in the way the youngster interacts with
others (Fearn, 2014). People begin to gradually wean themselves off their needs on their
parents throughout their late teens and early twenties and to establish a set of ideas, identities,
and skills that will prepare them to function in adult society. Due to the need for independence,
family norms and parental supervision must be reevaluated, leading to conflict and
estrangement from one's parents. On the one hand, people's social networking abilities
improve, but on the other hand, interacting with parents and classmates in new social settings
is pushed to the back of the line. The success and acceptance standards of peers and adults
shift throughout time.
This flexibility may result in significant stress, whether perceived or actual, because of the
changing nature of relationships, social settings, social standing, and performance expectations
(Statistics, 2018). Following studies, young people are drawn to aggressive behavior because
they want to show independence from their parents and the community, while also gaining the
attention and respect of their classmates and teachers. Children who have positive connections
with their parents throughout their childhood, on the other hand, are more likely to be
successful as teenagers than those who do not (Tanner-Smith, et al., 2013).
Adolescents who have been victims of domestic violence may feel some of the same emotions
and problems as younger school-aged children, such as fear, guilt, anxiety, sadness, and
difficulty focusing in school. Additional considerations include teenagers' susceptibility in school
and to neighborhood gangs, as well as the possibility that they would be overwhelmed with
39

despair about their futures and capacity to endure adulthood, all of which should be
considered. Adolescents at this age may not have developed the emotional maturity necessary
for success in life. They may become violent in the future because of their previous exposure to
violence (Bursik & Grasmick, 1993). The likelihood of adolescents being violent is increased if
they see or experience violence. This is especially true if they are acting in response to a
perceived threat.
2. Risk Factors by Domain
Not surprisingly, different risk factors for violence assume importance in adolescence. Family
factors lose predictive value relative to peer-oriented risk factors such as weak social ties to
conventional peers, antisocial or delinquent friends, and membership in a gang. Even
involvement in general offenses, which had the largest effect size in childhood, has only a
moderate effect size in adolescence (Mercy, et al., 2008).
2.1. Individual
When a person is between the ages of 15 and 18, participation in criminal activity becomes a
moderate risk factor for violent behavior in his or her life. Its predictive value diminishes as
children get older, mainly as a result of the fact that adolescents are somewhat more likely than
youngsters to participate in criminal behavior (Houston, 2009).
When it comes to mental health problems, adolescence is linked with a number of them,
including restlessness, trouble focusing, and increased risk-taking, the impact sizes are very
modest. Restlessness and difficulties focusing throughout adolescence may significantly impair
academic performance, making it a significant risk factor. When risk-taking is combined with
other variables in early adolescence, the likelihood of experiencing a change for the better
increases significantly. In a similar vein, if you have a young person who is impressionable and
believes that violence is an acceptable means of expressing themselves, you may anticipate
them to participate in violent behavior (Mercy, et al., 2008).
Being aggressive has minimal impact on the amount of violence that teenage males may engage
in in the future. Puerperal aggression is very uncommon in children between the ages of 6 and
10 years, although it is common throughout puberty. While early adolescent physical violence
40

and crimes against people have only a small impact on the probability of violence in the age
range of 15 to 18, a conflict between early adolescent adolescents and adults has a substantial
impact on the risk of violence in the age range of 15 to 18 years (London, 2020).
Adolescent boys who have antisocial attitudes and beliefs, such as antagonism toward law
enforcement and the idea that violence is an appropriate way of resolving conflicts, are much
more prone than children to participate in antisocial behavior. The intensity of their effect on
future behavior, on the other hand, is not very strong. Although antisocial behavior and low
cognitive capacity have modest to moderate impact sizes throughout adolescence, they are
nonetheless significant (Kokko, et al., 2006).
The likelihood of future violence among teenagers who have taken drugs in the past is
negligible, according to research. There is, however, no scientifically credible evidence that
illegal drug usage is associated with violent behavior. According to comprehensive research, the
overwhelming majority of violent events in which young people are engaged do not include
drug or alcohol usage in the previous 24 hours. Due to these considerations, the risk may be
more closely linked with the socio-cultural contexts in which drug use and violence are more
likely to occur than with the impact of drugs on behavior.
According to research, the majority of violent teenage offenders use alcohol and illegal
substances to commit their crimes. Individuals engaged in criminal behavior have been found to
begin using illegal drugs soon after the start of the violence, which is linked with more violent
behavior and a long criminal career, according to studies of people involved in criminal
behavior. This suggests that drug use may be linked with an increase in violence in the future,
but it does not imply that drug use is the cause of the onset of violence. While it is true that
robbery may serve as a powerful motivator for certain violent behavior, this is a very
uncommon occurrence. The evidence suggests that alcoholic beverages may lead to adolescent
aggression, but that this is contingent on the context and setting in which it occurs (Fang &
Corso, 2007).
41

2.2. Family
When teenagers are growing up, the direct influence that their parents have on their behavior
is frequently overshadowed by the influence that their peers have on them, which is called the
peer effect. Consequently, since the results confirm this theory, the effect of antisocial parents
and a family's poor socioeconomic position are minimized in terms of their total influence on
the risk of children. Adolescence is a period during which there are no moderate or significant
hazards in the home environment (Bastiaens, 2006).
Even though parent-child relationships have a small impact on the total size of teenagers, we
include children who do not receive adequate supervision or monitoring of their activities, as
well as parents who are unwilling or unable to engage with their teens and who do not
appropriately use corporal punishment in this category. The consequences of broken families
and parental abuse are only marginally noticeable. Numerous studies have shown that family
conflict increases the risk of teenage male violence in the home.
Although they have an indirect effect on their children's behavior, parents do have an impact
(Mercy, et al., 2008). Adolescents' friendship groupings are intricately linked to their feelings
toward and toward their parents.
2.3. School
At this time, there are no significant or moderate risk factors for violence in the school setting,
but there is a modestly increased risk of violence in early adolescence as the result of a negative
attitude toward or poor performance in school, especially if it results in academic failure.
Schools have become more violent, with kids, teachers, and administrators all becoming
victims, according to mounting data. A response to violence in their schools, students may
choose to stay at home to escape the danger or arm themselves to protect themselves while at
school, among other options. On the other side, school staff who deal with a high volume of
disciplinary issues and threats of violence regularly may experience fatigue (Mercy, et al., 2008).
Violence is much more frequent in schools that are situated in high-crime areas. Experts also
agree that the majority of children's exposure to violence occurs at home or in the
42

neighborhood around their school, rather than at the school itself. Each school, like each kid, is
unique, and as a result, does not necessarily represent the qualities of the surrounding
community. In a dangerous area, a stable, well-managed school may provide a haven for
children who need to be protected.
It is very uncommon for school gangs to be much less violent than local street gangs, and they
are often considerably younger. Gang activity at schools spiked significantly in the late 1980s
and early 1990s but has since slowed to a trickle in recent years (Bastiaens, 2006). A violent
crime occurs at a rate that is more than twice as high at schools with strong gang involvement,
and these schools are over-represented in neighborhoods with a high level of poverty and
crime.
Peer groups only serve to exacerbate the situation. Young people may be found in both schools
and communities, although schools may have a greater impact than communities because of
the concentration of kids (Statistics, 2018). Regarding academic success, some schools have
organizations that encourage academic excellence while discouraging violence, while others
have clubs that encourage violence while academic brilliance is ignored. In this study, it was
discovered that the risk of participating in violence was significantly affected by the prevalent
peer culture at the school where the students were enrolled, regardless of their own opinions
on the acceptability of violence.
2.4. Peer Group
Adolescents' social development is dependent on their participation in peer groups.
Adolescents who lack social ties or who are surrounded by antisocial or delinquent peers are
more prone to develop violent tendencies. If an adolescent feels rejected by his or her
conventional peers, he or she may nevertheless choose to join an antisocial or delinquent peer
group to gain acceptance from the latter group. It has been shown that social isolation does not
have a relationship with aggressiveness. Involvement in a gang is a third risk factor that has a
statistically meaningful impact. Participation in a criminal gang entails a much greater risk of
violence than delinquent associate involvement (Densley, et al., 2020). Even though each of
these three peer group variables seems to have distinct implications, the impacts of these
43

factors tend to overlap. Additionally, it was shown that all three peer group characteristics were
strong predictors of adolescent aggression later in life.
According to the findings of the study, almost all of the risk variables for juvenile gang
involvement are the same as those for general violence in society. The current study, on the
other hand, has failed to demonstrate that gangs serve as surrogate homes for children who do
not have strong family connections. Criminal justice officials believe that the vast majority of
gang members are African American or Hispanic, with the overwhelming majority being African
American. Investigations of adolescent gang members, on the other hand, have shown that
there are many more white and female gang members than previously thought. In a poll of
almost 6,000 eighth-grade pupils conducted in 1995, 25 percent of white students and 38
percent of female students admitted to being gang members, respectively. It is not possible to
establish if ethnicity is a risk factor for gang membership unless appropriate comparisons are
performed between different ethnic groups.
2.5. Community
Increased community engagement is a beneficial aspect of teenage growth unless the
community presents a danger to health or safety (Kokko, et al., 2006). When evaluated on an
individual level, social disorder and the prevalence of crime and drugs in the area pose a
modest risk of violence, both of these risk variables, however, have a much larger impact at the
neighborhood level, where they are used to determine the average rate of violent offenses
committed by children residing in the area or community (Loeber, et al., 2008).
Economic and social flux, frequent resident turnover, and a high percentage of broken or single-
parent households all contribute to the probability that people would engage in informal
networks of social control in socially disordered areas. As a consequence, adults usually have
little awareness of or control over adolescents' actions, resulting in a high incidence of crime
(Bastiaens, 2006). Additionally, regions suffering economic loss are prone to have a scarcity of
local businesses. It is difficult for young people to resist being pulled into violence in such an
atmosphere. Not only are they on their own after school, but they are also exposed to
aggressive adults and juvenile gangs, have limited part-time employment options, and live in an
44

area with few after-school activities such as sports or youth organizations (Bursik & Grasmick,
1993).
In rural regions, social dysfunction is also a risk factor for violence. According to one research of
rural communities, poverty had a less predictive value for violence than residential instability,
broken households, and other markers of social disorder (Loeber, et al., 2008). Indeed, very
impoverished regions did not exhibit a significant level of residential instability or a high
percentage of damaged houses. However, in cities, the mix of poverty, insecurity, and family
breakdown predicts violence.
Adolescents who are exposed to neighborhood violence feel helpless and powerless over their
life. These emotions may result in feelings of powerlessness and despair. These young
individuals may resort to violence to establish control over their environment. For safety, they
may harm themselves or even join a gang. Adolescents exposed to violence are more prone to
commit violent actions, often as preemptive attacks in response to perceived danger (Loeber, et
al., 2008).
Adults in the neighborhood who commit crimes represent a danger because young people may
imitate them. Drugs that are readily accessible increase the likelihood of violence. As previously
stated, drug usage is linked with an increased likelihood of offending and a long criminal career.
More importantly, the ease with which narcotics are available suggests that significant drug
trafficking occurs in the area – and drug trafficking is hazardous for both consumer and
supplier.
2.6. Conduct disorder
According to a large body of research, this disease is often associated with adolescent violence;
nevertheless, the range of symptoms used to diagnose it include the whole spectrum of violent
behavior, including physical, nonphysical, and attitudes and beliefs that are not illegal. When it
comes to forecasting violence, one of the most important things to ask is: What characteristics
of this illness raise the likelihood of violence? Physical aggressiveness is responsible for the
majority of the predictive power of all conduct disorder-related behaviors, and it has a
moderate to modest impact size when it comes to predicting violence when compared to other
45

behaviors. Despite the significant influence that antisocial attitudes and beliefs have on
violence, they account for just a tiny proportion of all violent occurrences (Loeber, et al., 2008).
The three risk variables were formerly bundled together as a single risk factor because of their
proximity to one another. However, having any of these disorders raises the chance of having
behavior problems in their family, social, and academic life, all of which are risk factors for
violent behavior. Children with ADHD, depression, or anxiety are not more likely than other
children to conduct violent actions.
2.7. Race
It has been widely assumed for many years in research studies that chronic drug use is
associated with future violent behavior, and that it is associated with the majority of research
studies that use basic bivariate predictors of violent behavior. When all other risk variables are
taken into account, the issue of whether race predicts violence becomes crucial. When other
known risk factors for adolescent violence are taken into account, studies often indicate that
race has no substantial impact on teenage violence (Fearn, 2014). Because race seems to be a
risk indicator rather than a risk component, the assertion that race is a risk indicator has more
credibility. Incorporating risk factors such as poverty, single motherhood, low academic
performance, and exposure to neighborhood disadvantage, gangs, violence, and crime, as well
as race, may serve as a proxy for an individual's overall health and well-being, according to
some researchers. Although biological variations are said to have had a minimal part in the
relationship between race and violence, these data demonstrate that the majority of this
connection is dependent on social and political problems.
2.8. Ethnicity
In addition, research has shown that it may be a risk factor, but we do not have enough
evidence to include it on our list of potential risk factors. Ethnic minorities' young may be
discriminated against, making it harder for them to obtain employment (Fearn, 2014). This, in
turn, may lead to further stress in their personal lives when the cultural values and lifestyles of
their families clash with those of the wider community. In addition, their ethnic culture may
function as a protective factor for them in certain situations.
46

2.9. Child abuse
According to teenagers, sexual promiscuity is a significant risk factor for violence. Many early
studies made advantage of methodological flaws, which served as the foundation for this idea.
When doing more sophisticated and controlled longitudinal research, researchers discovered
that the impacts are less, resulting in results that are consistent across both self-report and
official record studies. More recent research on child maltreatment as a predictor of nonviolent
or less severe criminal behavior has found higher impact sizes than previous research. When
the prevalence of violence among children is investigated without consideration of sexual or
physical abuse, it is discovered that neither is a reliable predictor of aggressive behavior in
teenagers. Adult criminal behavior has been linked to sexual abuse, while adolescent violence
has not been linked to adult criminal behavior.
Children who have been abused or neglected are more likely to engage in aggressive behavior
as adults (Mercy, et al., 2008). On the other hand, knowing that a kid has been sexually abused
does not necessarily result in future aggression, since the majority of sexually abused children
do not develop violent tendencies later in life. By the age of 18, 5 percent of abused children
had been imprisoned for a violent crime, whereas just 3 percent of nonabused youngsters had
previously spent time in jail, according to one long-term research (Bastiaens, 2006).
When the percentage of adolescents who engage in violent behavior increases, it seems that
the dangers for teens who engage in violent behavior rise. As a result, when participants in the
1991 Widom research were followed until they were 30 years old, the relative risk of violence
among them was decreased to 1.3 from 1.4. An analysis of longitudinal self-report data that
included a significant percentage of abused children found that there was a 1.2 relative risk of
violence (Loeber, et al., 2008).
2.10. Heredity
Despite this, violent behavior does not seem to be affected by it. While genetic factors may
have a role, the suggested mechanisms are complicated and broad in scope. Neurotransmitters
such as dopamine, serotonin, and GABA have long been suspected of playing a role in
aggressive behavior, but they have yet to be shown to be accurate predictors of aggression.
47

There has been little progress in discovering exact and specific brain patterns that might be
used to predict violent behavior that can be relied on to be accurate predictors.
2.11. Drug trafficking
When children exhibit violent behavior throughout their early adolescence, it is a sign that they
will exhibit much more violent behavior later in life. Because just one research provides
correlations, it is impossible to estimate the average magnitude of the effect. According to
research conducted by Menard et al., selling marijuana was associated with teenage violence
with a correlation of 33, while selling heavy drugs was associated with adolescent violence with
a correlation of 27 in the study. Hawkins and colleagues discovered that the odds ratio for
committing violence by the age of 18 was 3.34 among individuals who began taking drugs at the
age of 14. The odds ratio for violence by the age of 18 was 4.55 for individuals who began
taking drugs when they were 16 years old. In the great scheme of things, it seems that drug
marketing has just a little influence.
Summary
During their first ten years of life, children go through a period of development that shapes who
individuals will become as adults. Children form bonds with their mom and dad or other
caregivers in the beginning, and they begin to recognize that they are unique individuals with
distinct personalities. To begin, children learn communication skills as well as how to form
personal connections, explore their surroundings, and regulate their feelings and dealings with
people other than their family members while they are toddlers. Various risk factors for
violence become more prominent in adolescence, which is not surprising. Peer-oriented risk
factors like weak social ties to relationships with peers and adults, antisocial or delinquent
friends, and gang membership lose predictive value when compared to family factors. Even
involvement in general offenses has a moderate effect size in adolescence, despite having the
largest effect size in childhood. Aggression has a minor impact on the amount of violence that
adolescent boys will commit in the future. Although puerperal aggression is rare in children
aged 6 to 10, it is popular throughout puberty. While early teenage physical violence and crimes
against people have a minor impact on the likelihood of violence in the ages 15 to 18, a dispute
48

between early adolescent teens and adults has a significant impact on the risk of violence in the
ages 15 to 18. Adults who were abused or neglected as children are more likely to be
aggressive. Knowing that a child has been sexually abused, on the other hand, does not always
mean that the child will become violent later in life, as the majority of sexual abuse victims do
not develop violent tendencies. As per one long-term study, by the age of 18, 5% of abused kids
had been jailed for violent offenses, compared to only 3% of non-abused children.
Chapter 5
Conclusion
Researchers have discovered a wide range of personal traits and environmental factors that
enhance the likelihood of adolescents participating in violent behavior, as well as factors that
reduce that likelihood of engagement. These risk and protective variables may be found
everywhere; their effects vary as children get older; they tend to concentrate; and the greater
the number of individuals present, the stronger they seem to become. The goal of public health
is to identify risk and protective factors and then to implement treatments at the optimal time
for the maximum possible effectiveness.
Many important facts have been discovered over years of study on the risk variables that
contribute to the initiation and development of violence. The subject of protective factors has
not received nearly as much attention as it deserves, but this is changing rapidly. Many
fundamental ideas have been found as a result of these studies, including:
The following are the four types of risk and protective factors to consider: individuals, families,
schools, peer groups, and communities. The combination of a child's or teenager's
characteristics with his or her environment results in the development of violent behavior.
It is like risk and protective variables to change over time as a person grows and matures. When
it comes to risk factors, some increase in importance as children grow from infancy to early
adulthood, while others diminish in importance. As a result, substance usage is a much stronger
risk factor among children between the ages of 9 and 14 than it is among children aged 14 and
above.
49

Risk factors are interconnected; as the number of probability variables that a child or
adolescent experiences rises, so does the chance that he or she would engage in violent
behaviour. Although risk factors may be mitigated by protective variables, they cannot be
avoided entirely. Those adolescents who are unable to accept violence are less likely to become
violent themselves, even if they associate with delinquent peers, which raises the probability of
violence among that age group in general.
Violent behaviour among adolescents exposed to risk factors is more common, although the
hazards do not directly contribute to violent behaviour. Scientists think that they are accurate
predictors of adolescent aggression, but they do not believe that they are the primary cause of
the behaviour. When it comes to identifying individuals who may benefit from assistance, these
surveys are very useful.
When addressing violent risk factors, it is important to remember that race and ethnicity are
often misunderstood as risk factors, and that risk indicators do not always correlate with violent
behaviour.
It is difficult to predict violence using a single or a combination of risk factors. This is true even
for individuals who are just exposed to a single risk factor; the vast majority of those who are
exposed to several risk factors do not engage in violent behavior. Likewise, factors that help to
protect youngsters from the risks they encounter may not always ensure that they will not
develop violent tendencies as they grow older.
The sexual maturation process of childhood, which may occur before or after puberty, and the
sexual maturation process of adolescence, which starts after puberty, have both been identified
as potential beginning points for teenage aggression by researchers. Adolescence is the most
violent decade of a person's life, and it lasts for a decade. Another way of putting it is that there
were more instances of violent behaviour among the minority of juvenile offenders who started
committing violent crimes; nevertheless, the majority of juvenile offenders did not engage in
violent behaviour at the time of their arrest.
Risk factors for early adolescent violence include prior participation in severe (although not
necessarily violent) criminal activity and drug usage, being a male, and being aggressive, as well
50

as socio-economic issues/poverty and parental inclinations toward antisocial behaviour. These
early childhood hazards are caused by a variety of characteristics that distinguish the child from
other children, as well as the child's connection with his or her family. When it comes to
adolescents, the most distinguishing characteristics are a lack of social connections with
conventional peers, affiliations to antisocial or delinquent peers, and involvement in criminal
organizations. In addition to committing criminal offenses throughout childhood, performing
severe (though not necessarily violent) acts of crime during one's adolescent years is a
significant risk factor for developing a substance abuse problem. Also conceivable is that drug
selling is a risk factor, but the importance of this has not been determined.
Discovery and understanding of protective variables that assist to prevent and halt violence
may be just as essential as identifying and understanding risk factors in terms of preventing and
stopping violence. There have been numerous protective variables suggested, but only two
have been shown to significantly reduce the likelihood of violence: intolerance of deviance and
school discipline. Other protective factors include parental involvement and school dedication.
While more study on protective variables is needed, they are currently receiving little attention.
Preventing and intervening in violence requires knowledge of risk and protective variables
throughout development, as well as the recognition of when they manifest themselves. What
causes violence to decrease throughout infancy and adolescence is still a mystery to
researchers today. Though most of the research to date has established a solid foundation for
efforts focused on reducing risk factors and increasing protective factors, we must do
everything in our power to ensure that violence does not occur in the first place. We must
prevent violence from occurring in the first place.
Recommendations for protective measures
"Whole-school methods" refer to educational programs and life skills training that are designed
to assist students in dealing with anger, resolving conflict, and developing social skills. To
effectively prevent adolescent violence, a comprehensive strategy is required. Economic
disparity, rapidly changing demographics, and a lack of a social safety net are just a few of the
socioeconomic reasons for violence that must be addressed. To reduce the immediate effects
51

of adolescent violence, improvements in pre-hospital and emergency treatment, as well as
increased access to care, needs to be made.
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