HND Public Services Unit 48: Assessment of Youth Offending Approaches

This report provides an assessment of theoretical and practical approaches to youth offending, focusing on governmental policies and initiatives, theoretical perspectives, and guidelines for intervention. It examines the youth justice system, juvenile delinquency prevention programs, and the impact of formal and informal social factors on youth offending behavior, using a case study to illustrate these points. The report also analyzes academic research on the school-to-prison pipeline and discusses suitable intervention programs, such as gardening projects, mental health services, substance misuse support, and peer pressure awareness, highlighting their potential benefits for addressing the complex issues associated with youth offending. This document is available on Desklib, a platform offering a variety of study tools and resources for students.

HND Public Services
2021-2022
Unit 48: Youth Offending
Title: Assessment of theoretical and practical approaches
to youth offending
Assessors
ID:

1. Introduction
Youth offender are generally a person whose age is between 10 year and 17
year and have committed a criminal offense. In other words, young offender are criminal
according to the law and are not an adult and no longer a child (Doana, 2018). Children
below the age of 10 are not reported as Criminals and there for not get charged for a
crime and cannot be arrested. This report5 is going to discuss on the various policies
and initiative taken by the government for the youth offender in order to minimize the
offenses and effective ways to enhance their well being. This report will high light the
several factor due to which the Jane has offended alongwit5h the experiences young
people do to the school to prison line. Furthermore, various reparation and intervention
plan and the public service which may work with the offending service is discussed. At
last how the public service is affected by the young offender is highlighted.
2. Governmental Policies And initiatives in youth offending
 Youth justice system
It is a set of procedure and activities done for managing the young children or youth
who have committed an offense. The main objective of the youth justice system is to
prevent the offenses done by the children and the young generation. When the person
who's age is between the 10-17 year is arrested, The custody officer have to find out the
identity of the parents and the local authority as per the Police and Criminal Evidence
Act 1984 and inform them about the arrest. The appropriate adult is acknowledged with
the ground situation of the Detention (Logvin, 2019). The guilty person would asked to
provide or sign the relevant written document. The police officer may either give the
offender a reprimands or a final warning. The More serious on id final warning, the
reprimands are given only once but the warnings can 2 or 3. In case the offender is
under the age of 17, the reprimands or warning are given in the presence of appropriate
adult person. When the juvenile is formally accused of committing a crime then they
have to make his first appearance in the youth court unless and until the juvenile is

charged along with an adult, the juvenile is charged for assisting and encouraging the
adult and also the vice versa. A juvenile has a right to Bail which can be refused by the
court for the shake of juvenile protection or welfare. When the juvenile bail is refused by
the court, they are normally remanded in the accommodation of the local authority. The
offender must go for trails in youth courts or crown courts where the judges and the
juries listen to the evidences and final decision were taken when the individual is found
guilty for the crime (Bateman, 2022). Now at the conclusion of the trail, the judges will
decide the sentences or the appropriate punishment for the offender which includes
detention and the training order, fine, reparation order, referral order, binding over the
juvenile's parents and ancillary orders.
 Juvenile delinquency prevention Programs
The juvenile delinquency prevention program is an effective way to prevent the young
from committing the crime (Hong and et.al., 2021). It has several key components ,
discussed as follow:-
1. Education:- this program assist the families by providing them with the useful
information. These program teach parents how to raise healthy child, the effects
of drugs, sex, gangs and weapons. All these program aware the youth about the
actions and their respective consequences. These program furnish hope and
open opportunities for youth.
2. Parents – Child Interaction Training Program.:- It is 12 week plan designed to
teach the parenting skills to their parents which have child of 2 – 7 year old and
show major behavioral changes. It assist the parents to how to respond to the
child behavior wither positive or negative .P
3. Prevention programs within the juvenile justice system:- the youth will
receive the intervention support from the state. They will receive counseling, drug
rehabilitation assistance and also educational chances.
3. Theoretical Perspectives
 Formal and informal social factors on Jane's Case Study
The formal and informal social factor that are responsible for Jane's offending
behavior are as follow:-
1. Safety :- As per the case study, Jane was concerned about her own safety

so she carried the knife with her. Thus this is one of the factor which is
contributing in offending the crime. Jane was not confident about about the
area where she was going and the friend with whom she went was also have
bad impression as she heard negative things about him and also aware that
the he frequently gets into trouble (Hoge, 2020). She hesitated while carrying
the parcel but she does not want to show the weakness and scared part of
her so she carried the knife with her, she can easily pull out from the situation
when she does not take knife with her.
2. Emotional Factor :- Jane was not emotionally stable at that time due to
issues at her home. She has suffered panic attacks and anxiety when she
stays at home for long time (Daly and Lewis 2018). She loves spending time
with her family and doing activities with her brother still she left the family
home in order to cope wit the arguments and disagreements. She had a bad
impression about her father. Jane and her mother had discussed bout the
peers and how she should spend time in spite of all these Jane gets involved
in her boyfriends talks. All this reflects that Jane was emotionally weak. Due
to her emotional support lack she wants to be get liked by her boyfriend and
his friends. Thus this lead to offend the crime. When she was emotionally
strong she was not in that position because she can recognize this is not a
good way to impress others.
3. Confident:- Jane was not confident about the place where she was going
and with whom she was was going in spite of all this she went. She was weak
and scared and does not want to carry the package as she know her
boyfriend was doing wrong. Jane requires learning needs so as to understand
the social situations surrounding her and to process the information. This
make her easy target to get exploited . Jane was linked with Mental health
issue and Paranoid thoughts this all are letting down her confident and
increases the chances of getting involved in the criminal offense.
4. Poor parental practice :- Jane's parents are separated and she does not
know about her father anymore. She saw him physically assaulting her
mother on several occasion. In order to cope with the arguments and

disagreements she left the family home. With proper parenting she gets
proper guidance about the life and several situations, due to all this she has
suffering from anxiety and panic attacks. She was a child in need and also
facing problems in school. She loved to do some activities like aerobics, or
watching movies in theater but she stop doing all this. This all are making her
vulnerable.
 Analysed Academic Research and contributed factors to young peoples
experiences
The failure in school will act as important negative turning point within the life of
youth. Those student who receive suspension will host a negative outcome low self
esteems and low academic performance. It increases the high level of anxiety,
dropouts, delinquency, victimization and arrest. The Prentice policies have become
increasingly standardized and procedural thus preventing school authorities from using
their liberty when handling disciplinary sanctions. The increasing use of zero tolerance
policies have contributed in important enhancement in suspension and exclusion across
school in united state. As in sum this group of punishment has indicated an
establishment of school to prison line. This line includes a procedure in which youth
who got punishment under criminalized disciplinary practices will be in contact with the
criminal justice system (Holder and et.al., 2019). For example educational snags, some
negative school experience which include poor educational performance, lack of
attendance in the school classroom, lack in disciplinary records. This all are associated
with low level of academic achievements, occupational instability and economic mobility
and intensified level of young delinquency, criminal justice contact, adult criminality and
incarceration. Various studies have reveled that, the suspension from the school have
contributed to antisocial outcomes as the youth get progress through school and some
researches have gain the focus on fact that school suspension will function as a short
term turning point towards the antisocial developmental outcomes. Yet, the school to
prison line shows a procedure of several year where youth are at greater risk of
incarceration when they are into or through the young adulthood. Thus there is need of
exclusionary discipline within the life course framework in order to examine the impacts
of adulthood while documenting the peculiar mechanism that drive this pipeline. This

raises attention to the goal towards the study (Leamon Robinson, 2018).
4.Guidelines
A. programmes suitable in Jane’s case? Why so?
The programs suitable forb the Janes situation are:-
 Gardening projects at ‘Fairwick Public Park’ :- Gardening is low intensity
workout it helps in body function in various ways. The more time spend at the
garden, the more body gets relaxed. Gardening makes to feel peaceful and
content. Engagement in the gardening will reduce the negative thoughts and
feeling and boost the self esteems. It facilitates the learning about the local food
which could be grown from the surrounding and support better nutrition and can
enhance the healthy eating habits. Gardening also help in developing the skills of
responsibility as by 6taking care of the plants, understanding as they learn about
the effects and causes and more important self confidence from achieving their
goals and enjoying their wn grown stuffs (White, 2018).
 CAMHS–child and adolescent mental health services:- This intervention will
assist and assess the treatment of young people with mental, emotional and
behavioral difficulties. It support to deal with the depression, self- harm, abuse,
violence, anger, bipolar disorder and anxiety. CAMHS include various
professional like Psychologists which help the families to understand the
problem which their child are facing emotionally and mentally. Psychotherapists
which work with the children and families to look over the cause they are
experiencing. The Family therapist which render the families and children a
safety space to discuss their issues. Nurses to support and provide care to the
young people (Ohlis and et.al., 2022).
 Substance Misuse Support and Awareness:- This intervention program
empower the youth with knowledge and skills like physical, emotional and social
effects of alcohol, marijuana, tobacco and other drugs, effect of alcohol abuse in
education, goals and future success. Teens decided to consume the harmful
substances in order to cope up from depression and anxiety, poor health, Grief,
loss and trauma, feeling isolated. The effect of al this will last a lifetime. For
preventing the drug and alcohol abuse the first initiative should be started from
home. Parents should talk to their child and tell about the consequences of
consuming drugs and alcohol. There are several government agencies, school
cummuniti8es who are promoting drug free life. There are also several treatment
available for the people who already have in problem. this will put the young in
care of medical professionals and recovery tools (Bhatia, Mikulich-Gilbertson and
Sakai, 2020).
 Peer Pressure Awareness :- peer pressure is defined as doing of something in

order to feel accepted or being valued by the friend circle. It can be positive or
negative both. This pressure can influence a person to do something which is
harmless or something which has very bad consequences. The negative peer
pressure will decline the self confident, increase depression and anxiety and
decline the educational performance. The youngster can avoid these situations
by simply saying NO when they feel pressurized, should practice saying NO with
a backup it a positive reply, use a code system to discuss with their parents, or
simply get far away from the pressure Which public services may work in
collaboration with Fairwick Youth Offending Service to provide support for the
service zone (Shui Ng and Yu 2021).
B.Which public services may work in collaboration with Fairwick Youth Offending
Service to provide support for the service
The Multi agencies Working can work in collaboration with Fairwick youth
offending services to provide support. It cooperate with local authority children's service,
the police, the health service and assured that all these will work together and prevent
the offending (Stenson, 2019). These agencies are working in a effective way to tackle
crime and disorder problems and identified several success factor as :-
 Strong leadership:- showed the shared vision and values
 sharing of data and focusing on the problem with regular information dealings
(involving researchers)
 communication and agency's co-location with every day contact
 bendable composition including all applicable federal agency, with clear
watching and responsibility of execution.
 Full-fledged trained and skilled in partnership working staff from all agencies
(Wilson, 2018).
this multi agency works on 5C's which are :-
 collaboration – a complete system conceptualization bringing collectively
partners from a wide extent of utility, making up a common perceptive (Case,
2018).
 co-production with the orientation of all partners making known about the
approach
 cooperation in data and sharing of intelligence, through which barrier can be
overcomes easily.
 counter-narrative – partnerships promoting optimistic communication and
aspirations
 community consensus approach – Involving the community members actively,
declining obstacles to actions, and conveying community-level factors.
The efficacious multi agencies working will provide contextual safeguarding and
minimizes the threats to children's safety and well being that exist outside the family.
These help the young people to identify the offending behavior and aware them with the

consequences, these agencies also help the young people in addressing their
difficulties in order to avoid the offend again. They usually carry out the assessment at
the beginning when they meet the young offender, this help in understanding of what
circumstances led the young person get into that trouble and the respective risk they
are posing for themselves. They talk with the young offender and other involved person
like parents teacher and care givers. These agencies also help the young people with -
 Education, training and then employment
 understanding the harm caused due to offending and help the young people to
repair or overcome the harm.
 Paying back the harm which the young people has done known as Reparation
 working for their offending behavior
 speech and language support
 By providing sessions for Literacy and numeracy.
 By providing them with the communication support
 By providing support from CAMHS worker.
 By providing Speech and language support (Latessa and Lovins, 2019)
5. how youth offending impacts public services
Health Services
The young offender have multiple and complex health problems. These are due
to drug and alcohol misuse, mental health issue and a high number of injuries
and fractures. There mental illness varied between stigma, aggression, lack of
coping. This all increasing the work pressure on the healthcare staff. They have
to make extra efforts every time in maintaining the healthy balance in their life
and services which they are providing. The healthcare have to provide them with
proper nurturing environment and provide trauma informed services. This all
impacting the financial situations of the healthcare sector. Sometime the young
offender have to send in the rehabilitative model which focuses on the treatment
with an intervention which includes probation supervision, work readiness,
training, cognitive skills training, and behavior therapy. This all will change the
behavior and reduce the chance of offenses done by the young people. This all
are required heavy funding (Tarakanov, Inshakova and Dolinskaya, 2019). Thus
the offender impacting the health services.
Educational
As the young offender needs special education needs than other youngster such
as a speech, language and communication needs, the young offender generally
have learning disabilities and several trauma and brain injury, these young
offender have faced school exclusion and their school attendance is also very
low thus they needs special education attention. A small team of educational
psychologists (Eps) provide support to the young offender. The safety of other
students has become the major concern for the teachers as well as the parents

also. These young offender have to struggle for their educational needs as this
may affect their employment and reduces the economic growth of the country.
In order to fulfill these educational need government have started many
frameworks and activities which has to be maintained and requires coasting and
man power also thus the education need of young offender have impacted the
educational services (Zeyrek-Rios, Canter and Youngs, 2022).
Investigation agency
The drug and alcohol abuse is increasing by each passing days. Regular patrol
and investigation have to be done by the officer in order to stop the drug
trafficking, drug abuse and the related violence. These young offender in the
disturbed mental health causes several violence or faced accidents and often
includes or encourage the conflicts. In order to avoid all these the investigation
agencies are working hard to stop the drug misuse. These activities are
encouraging the work burden. Thus these impacting the public services (Rogers
and Scally, 2018).
Conclusion
As per the above report it can be concluded that, for the young offender the
government has initiated several initiative and activities done for managing the
young children or youth who have committed an offense. The juvenile
delinquency prevention program is an effective way to prevent the young from
committing the crime. It some key components discussed are Education, Parents
– Child Interaction Training Program, Prevention programs within the juvenile
justice system. There are some of the academic issues which is contributed in
young offense. This report also suggest that multi working agency can help
Fairwick Youth Offending Service in proving support for the services. At last this
this report discuss on how the public services gets affected by the young
offenders due to increased financial burden and work loads.

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