Analysis of Zoonotic Diseases, Vectors, and Marburg Virus Reservoirs

This report explores various aspects of infectious diseases, starting with zoonotic infections related to rodents, discussing factors influencing their ecology and epidemiology. It contrasts biological and mechanical transmission by arthropod vectors and highlights the importance of host biodiversity in Lyme borreliosis. The report further delves into classical and molecular epidemiology to implicate Egyptian fruit bats as reservoirs for the Marburg virus, describing the virus's natural cycle and its maintenance within the bat population. The study emphasizes environmental, ecological, and climatic factors that contribute to the spread of these diseases, providing insights into transmission mechanisms and potential risks to human health. Desklib offers a wealth of resources for students, including similar solved assignments and past papers.

Exam

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
Zoonotic infection related with rodents......................................................................................3
Discuss the factor which makes rodents important in ecology and epidemiology of infectious
diseases........................................................................................................................................4
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................5
Contrast biological and mechanical transmission of infectious diseases by arthropod vectors..5
Importance of host biodiversity in ecology and epidemiology of Lyme borreliosis..................6
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................6
Describing the ways for classical and molecular epidemiology to implicate Rousettus
aegypiocus (Egyptian fruit bats) as reservoirs for Marburg virus...............................................7
Describe natural cycle of Marburg virus which can help to maintain the population of
Egyptian fruit bats.......................................................................................................................7
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
Genetic infection refers to a disease that can be created due to rodents. There are different
disease which impacts to human by transmission through a different mode. There is a different
factor that are important in ecology and epidemiology related with infectious disease. There is
discussion about the biological and mechanical transmission of Orthopods vector which can
transmit different diseases with the physical mode. There is also a discussion about the
importance of host Biodiversity in the epidemiology and ecology of lyme borreliosis. There is
also discussion about classical and Molecular epidemiology Egyptian fruit bat for Marburg virus
(Trogu, and et. al., 2021).
TASK 1
Zoonotic infection related with rodents
There is some of information related with diseases that can cause due to getting infection by the
rodents. These are the diseases that are not able to make sick to rodents but due to coming in
direct contact these can impact human and cause diseases which is known by zoonotic diseases.
When any person with a specific medical condition like immunodeficiency, chronic illness or
pregnancy can get higher risk of getting such diseases or infection.
Rat bite fever is caused by Streptobacillus moniliformis which is related to bacterial
infection of rodents which can typically show no sign of diseases. This is also known by the
streptobacillary fever, bogger, spirillary fever, streptobacillosis, epidemic arthritic erythema.
This is rare in nature which is spread by rodents. This contains two types of bacteria. Mostly
these types of cases occur in Japan but there are some of the country where specific strains are
found. This country includes Europe, United Kingdom, Africa and Australia. These are the
infection which comes through the mouth, eyes or nose or rodents.
There are many rodents with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus or hantavirus who
generally have no any sign of disease. Here, diseases agent are generally shed in infected animals
urine which can infect human due to inhalation, getting direct contact or accidental ingestion of
that contaminated urine. There is no any specific treatment for this virus. This virus is generally
transmitted through contact with body fluid. For prevention thorough this virus there is need to
focus on restricting the entry of the virus by nests, sealing of holes or cracks in the house, setting
traps (Costa, and et. al., 2019).

Salmonellosis, giardiasis, campylobacterosis are the infection which are generally
occurred or are acquired by getting in contact or due to accidental ingestion of the fecal material
of infected rodents. This can impact the animal with the sign of diarrhea but there might also be
no any sign of any symptoms. Any animal with symptoms of diarrhea can be suspected as the
animal with this zoonotic disease. When any human get in contact with this disease there could
be sign or symptom are like abdominal cramps, vomiting including diarrhea.
Discuss the factor which makes rodents important in the ecology and epidemiology of infectious
diseases
There are various factor which is there able to create the impact and having importance in
ecology and epidemiology of infectious diseases. These factors provides information about the
physical condition and interrelationship between the nature and environment which can impact
the infection conditions and provides information related with infectious diseases which are
spread through the rodents. There is a discussion about some of the factors which are going to be
discussed further (Markotter, and et. al., 2020).
Environmental factor- This is the important factor which is highly associated with the
spreading of infectious diseases within human. This factor can influence the spread of infection
thorough the help of the environment which includes air, water and so on. Rodents are important
in spread of spore or seed dispersal which can lead to create an impact in pollination, energy and
nutrient cycle, seed predation along with modification of plant succession. Here when there crop
is developed or matured then in case rodents infect the crops by biting them for their food but
due to this there is high impact on the food grains which get impacted and due to which there is
high chances of getting a zoonotic infection in humans.
Ecological factor- This precipitate emergence which place people in contact with an
infection of the natural reservoir which is either present due to changing condition or increased
populations. This impact the spread of infection which are there due to rodents. Due to ecology
people get infected when they get touch to the infectious grains or any substance which contains
the virus of rodents that can impact human. This impact the epidemiology of infectious disease
which can lead to create the number of infected human and provides the data related with the
infectious person (Gabriel, and et. al., 2019).
Climate factor- Due to this factor rodents get to some specific region or geographical
location where they can live effectively. Climate play an important factor to provide diversity at

some specific location that can lead to creating risk of infections due to rodents. This is the factor
which is highly associated with the humidity where rodents live and the nearby house where they
get easily their food. This create the high risk of getting zoonotic infection which is caused by
the spread of contaminated food ingestion by human and lead to create infection. This can lead to
created large number of infected population which are large in number and provide the
information which can be used in further research or data collection.
TASK 2
Contrast biological and mechanical transmission of infectious diseases by arthropod vectors
There is biological transmission which occurs when there is reporduction of pathogens
done after or during the transmission either within-host or on the host. Arthropod vector includes
flies, ticks, mosquitoes, bugs and other thoughts which can carry and transmit disease-causing
organism from one host to another. There are various type of transmission from which biological
and mechanical transmission are going to be discussed that can transmit infectious disease with
the help of orthropod vector (Limoncu, and et. al., 2020).
Biological transmission of disease- Various disease-causing pathogen which need to
move from one host to another. For this, many insects and ticks are important vector that help in
transmission of disease biologically. In context to this, the host imports or acquires a pathogen
from one host. Then multiplies and develops within-host parts body and then get transmitted to
another host. There is a chance that orthropod may or may not be multiplied within the pathogen
which can cause disease when undergo sexual portion of life cycle in a host. In case of malaria
intermediate host is human where asexual stages of the parasite can be seen. Obligatory vectors
transmit disease which include pathogens that develop from one life-cycle stage to another.
Malaria is one of the example where vectors develop one state to another where mosquitoes are
an obligatory vector of this disease.
Mechanical transmission of disease- This is the transmission mode of disease where
pathogen occur and are transported through vector organism. Bacteria causes dysentery on hair,
feet or other body or body surface of the host. In this case, there is no development of pathogen
or multiplication on the body of the vector. For example, housefly is a mechanical transmitter of
bacillary dysentery which type of transmission can refer to more or less accidental (Tello-Martin,
and et. al., 2018). During mechanical transmission most house flies can pick up a infectious

agent on their body and can transmit those from physical contact. Through physical contact flies
can deliver infection or pathogens to the human body and can lead to creator mechanical
transmission of infectious disease by arthropod vector.
Importance of host biodiversity in ecology and epidemiology of Lyme borreliosis
Lyme borreliosis refers to the zoonotic, tick borne diseases which can infects humans at
the level of worldwide. This disease has been recognized in the most common vector-borne
disease within North America and Europe. Three are various genospecises of Borrelia burgdoferi
sensu which can cause diseases. Mostly humans are at a high risk in region where there is
presence of highly competent reser4evoirs in comparison to the region where there are less
competent feed ticks. Summer and spring months are most common month in which infection is
frequently infected to humans (ozaffari, and et. al., 2020).
This is the one that can help in identifying the chances and risk of disease which can lead
to create the risk of infection within human. Host biodiversity in ecology helps to deliver the
information which is associated with the infectious disease which can impact due to Lyme
borreliosis. This also provides information related with the physical environment which can
cause highly risk of infection chances for hum due to the physical environment. Due to getting in
connection with plants where Lyme stay. And due to undesired connection with plant provide the
chances to get infected with the Lyme borreliosis.
Epidemiology of Lyme borreliosis provides information about the number of human
population who get infected due to this infection and cause negative impact on the human health.
It also provides information which is associated with the total population worldwide which can
impact human (Amini, and et. al., 2019). There are higher number of patient of Lyme diseases
and due to having very less data and information about the Lyme disease. Epidemiology provide
information about the data related with the patient of the disease which can be used further for
the study of the disease for the research purpose or for the survey which can help to provide the
information about the disease which is associated with Lyme borreliosis. This can also help to
get further information about the study purpose for the research which can be used to get better
understanding about the modified nature of the disease for the future information about Lyme
borreliosis.

TASK 3
Describing the ways for classical and molecular epidemiology to implicate Rousettus aegypiocus
(Egyptian fruit bats) as reservoirs for Marburg virus
Classical epidemiology refes to the study of the population for determining frequency and
distribution of disease for measuring risk of those disease in human being. Egyptian fruit bat
refers to a natural reservoir for Marburg viruses which is referred to as a consistent source of
viruses to the human. There is commutative evidence which provides the suggestion about
different type of bat species that can transmit Ebola virus. There is also an investigation for the
susceptibility of Egyptian rousettes for five known Ebola virus which include Ebola, sudan, Tai
forest, Bundibugyo and Reston (Herndon, and et. al., 2019). It has been observed that 4 type of
Juvenile bats were inoculated with Ebola virus where RNA tissue distribution was very limited
and it has been observed that there were no any bat became viremic. There is also observation of
Sudan viral RNA which was likely widespread, where RNA was designated to multiple tissue
and observed that there was no way of viremic. Marburg virus refers to a positive agent which
create virus disease which have a fertility ratio up to 88% and was detected in 1967. Marburg can
create transmission of human to human with direct contact either mucous membrane in our skin
along with secretion body fluid of other organs which can infect people or human with the
surface material by getting contaminated with their fluid.
Molecular epidemiology refers to a discipline that uses genetic and molecular marker for
tracing disease development within the population to get understand about the transmission of
disease along with population structure and bacterial pathogens evolution. Experimental
infection Egyptian fruit bat was demonstrated which induced virus-specific IgG which shows the
result that it declined by 3 month post-infection when observed the serological peak in
November to December where population in Zambia detected in the September (Mohallal, and
et. al., 2018). It has to provide the information about the spread of virus within country of large
population and deliver the information about their seasonal pattern of infection prevalence of
virus which distributed and migratory behaviour of the bat. It also provides better understanding
about the spread of virus on a large population related with disease transmission and evolution of
pathogen.

Describe natural cycle of Marburg virus which can help to maintain the population of Egyptian
fruit bats
It has been studied that viral life cycle requires nucleocapsids which is from the cell membrane
of host to form infectious particle within host. It has been observed that host cell nucleocapsids
membrane extracts extensions through virus buds to contain nucleocapsid more than one. It has
been determined that, this virus create a large outbreak in Marburg in Germany. This was the
transmission of prolonged exposure of Marburg virus case inhibited by Rousettus bat colonies.
This is the virus spread through human to human by getting direct contact either through skin or
mucous membrane (Ahmed, and et. al., 2020). It can also transmit through different fluid-related
with organs and secretion which can impact human body. This can trasmit through sexual
contact through semen. The survivor Marburg virus got twice tested negative to make insure to
make sexual contact with their sexual partner for safer sexual practice. This can help them to get
prevented from spread of this virus and create negative impact on their health. This virus was
transmitted through sexual transmission through semen. This was persistent virus with immune
privileged site which included testicles and inside of the eye. This was a natural cycle by which
Marburg virus get infected to the large population of Marburg which was related with Egyptian
fruit bat. Due to transmitted through physical contact and getting contaminated by body fluid out
the others to create a spread of virus between one human to another. This natural cycle was a
packing epidemiology of human cases which creating fever due to Marburg virus. It was directly
impacting the health of the human for which isolation was one of the best way to get safe.
Marburg virus was the relative of Ebola virus which created outbreak in West Africa (Júnior, and
et. al., 2020).
CONCLUSION
From the above discussion, it can be concluded that there are different type of virus and
infection that can infect human body and can get transmitted through different modes like
physical contact or with the help of zoonotic infection which is through different flies. In this
report, there is also a discussion about the mechanical and biological transmission of infectious
disease through orthopods vector, This report also consist of the epidemiology and ecology of
lyme borreliosis. There is also discussion about molecular and classical epidemiology of
Egyptian fruit bat for Marburg virus. It also provide information about natural cycle of the
Marburg virus which impact the human population.

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