Construction and Engineering Literature Review

This assignment is a literature review of various construction and engineering books. It includes a comprehensive list of publications on topics such as suspension bridges, NEC3 contracts, environmental liability, and real property transactions. The list covers a range of editions from 1st to 5th, indicating the breadth of coverage. The books are sourced from publishers worldwide, including Taylor & Francis, John Wiley & Sons, and Cambridge University Press.

1
DESIGN-BID-BUILD CONTRACTUAL MECHANISMS AND APPLICATION OF NEC3
TO DESIGN-BUILD PROCUREMENT STRATE
By Name
Course
Instructor
Institution
Location
Date

2
TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0 Introduction..........................................................................................................................4
2.0 Literature review/materials..................................................................................................5
2.1 Contractual mechanisms...................................................................................................5
2.2Pre-award stages................................................................................................................5
2.3 Why the contract is being established?............................................................................7
2.4 Post-award stage...............................................................................................................9
3.0 The history of NEC3............................................................................................................9
3.1 Early Beginnings...........................................................................................................9
3.2 First Edition................................................................................................................10
3.3 The Second Edition.....................................................................................................11
3.4 The third Edition.........................................................................................................11
4.0 Appraisal of NEC3.............................................................................................................13
4.1Benefits of NEC3.....................................................................................................14
4.2 Limitations of the NEC3.........................................................................................17
4.3 Recent uses of NEC3..............................................................................................18
5.0 Research Methodology.......................................................................................................18
5.1 Approach to Research design..............................................................................19
5.2 Qualitative research.............................................................................................20
5.3Research Proposal................................................................................................20
5.4 Quantitative Research..........................................................................................21

3
5.41Questionnaire......................................................................................................21
5.5 Type of Data........................................................................................................22
5.6 Pilot Studies.........................................................................................................23
5.7 The Research Sample..........................................................................................23
5.8 Ethical considerations..........................................................................................25
5.9 Limitations...........................................................................................................25
6.0 Discussions.........................................................................................................................25
7.0 Conclusion..........................................................................................................................30
8.0 Bibliography.......................................................................................................................35

4
CONSTRUCTION OF A SUSPENSION BRIDGE
1.0 Introduction
In many parts of the world, the construction of Civil engineering projects is very adversarial.
This is particularly evident in the construction of a suspension bridge where the relationship
among the contracted project team is regularly edgy, mostly among the client and the main
contract that is due to the difference in their aims and major objectives which are to protect
individual interests (Affairs, 2016, p. 345).
There are many issues that surround the construction of the suspension bridge. The two main
problems are the disputes which arise due to the poor communication and lack of
collaboration between the different parties who are engaged in the execution of the project.
The New Engineering Contract (NEC3) offers the best solution to the problems encountered
during construction of civil engineering projects and achieves practically all the requirements
for the modern contract.
Suspension bridge is defined a bridge whereby the load-bearing part is suspended underneath
suspension cables on the vertical suspenders. Early 19th century the first ever suspension
bridge was constructed. Suspension cables which are used must be anchored at each other at
the end of the bridge; this is because any load which is applied to the bridge is transformed
into tension in the main cables (Alampalli, 2017, p. 32). The main cables which are used in
this bridge extend beyond the pillars to the deck-level supports, and further continues beyond
the pillars to the deck-level supports and continue to connect with the anchors which are
located at the ground.
The deck (load-bearing portion) is supported by vertical suspender rods which are referred to
as hangers. In many situations the towers may be placed on a canyon or a bluff edge. The rod
may then proceed straight to the major span, or the bridge will in most cases have two smaller

5
spans which link either pair of the pillars and the highway which may be supported by the
suspenders cables or apply a truss bridge to make this link.
This research will be a selection of different types of contracts, contractual mechanisms uses
and interpretation of the NEC3 standard contract form within the construction of suspended
bridge so that it runs smoothly from the start to the end (Alger, 2010, p. 648).
2.0 Literature review/materials
2.1 Contractual mechanisms.
Contracts are considered to be essential pieces of information which make a binding
obligation between two or more parties, hence being evidence that there is a contract which is
existing. The contract documents usually take the form generally to the extent and the nature
of the contract which they represent (Ashworth, 2011, p. 76). The contract documents are
used by the people who are involved in the execution of the engineering projects such as the
engineers, architects and the contractors to convey legal, technical ideas and messages to
different parties in the contract. Due to the reasons which are discussed above, it is very
significant that a uniform approach to the interpretation and production of the contract
documents to be focused throughout the entire construction industry (Birch, 2015, p. 897).
2.2Pre-award stages.
The Upstream or pre-award activities include the following activities.
 Securing a management approval and preparing project case.
All the contracts which are signed are predicated on the urge to obtain the management
commitment and approval at all the appropriate level. It involves the generation of a sound
project case which is aligned with the organisation's functional and corporate strategies
(Broome, 2015, p. 125).

6
The project case sets out the policy, project and the objectives of the contract and all the
issues which affect the decision of the project implementation.
 Assembling the project team which will be tasked with the management of the contractual
procurement.
The need to assemble a team to manage a contractual procurement programme which will be
determined by a number of factors such as the scale of the project, complexity, nature, the
significance of the procurement and the necessary skills and experience but also by the extent
to which it is considered appropriate, beneficial or a requirement to comply with
organisational policy to involve stakeholders in the project. The figure below summarises all
the pre-award activities (Burr, 2015, p. 845).

7
2.3 Why the contract is being established?
The reasons why most of the engineering projects have contracts are: To hold a reasonable
balance between the interests and the requirements of the parties who are involved in the
construction of the suspension bridge (Castleman, 2016, p. 729).

8
The contract also allocates the roles, responsibilities and the risks between the contracting
parties. In most cases, the parties which are contracting will react favourably to the
obligations which are stated.
The reasons why the contract has to be established was to avoid increased costs,
unsatisfactory performance and disputes which are likely to rise if the trust which is needed
to exist between the parties in a construction contract is lacking. The issues which are
mentioned above are likely to rise if there is no trust among the members of the project team.
The contract is also established to reduce the delays in the execution of the project. Before
the parties come in a contract, there has to be well-set deadlines on how the project will be
implemented (Chappell, 2011, p. 90). The contractor who will be in charge of the execution
of the project together with the subcontractors will work towards meeting the deadlines thus
reducing the delays which were to be observed if there was no contract/agreement.
The contract is established to improve the overall quality of the project. Once the different
parties have agreed. The standards which they are expected to meet are set, and thus the
various parties will hire experts in their area to ensure that the quality of their output meets
the standards which were set. In that the overall quality of the project improves (Chappell,
2016, p. 762).
To increase the flexibility of the project. The contract which the project members enter
ensures that all the roles and responsibilities of the project are well outlined and what each
member is expected to do is also outlined to enable the members to be aware of what is
expected from them. After all the roles and tasks have been assigned to each of the members,
there is always room for adjustments to be made which increases the flexibility of the project.
For easy management of finance (Chun, 2013, p. 189). Different parties enter into the
contract with the exact recourses which are required to carry out the implementation of the

9
task in that way the different parties which are involved in the execution of the project does
not misuse the resources which are allocated to them.
All the parties which are involved in the implementation of the project are expected to deliver
in service and technical terms, including the legality of the project and contractual processes
about the domestic law of Sultanate of Oman (Dayaratnam, 2010, p. 42). After the contract
has been awarded to the parties which will be involved in the execution of the project, they
will be expected to deliver exactly what was agreed on.
2.4 Post-award stage
The foundation for successful and effective post-award contract management in most cases
depends on comprehensive, careful and implementation of the pre-award and the upstream
activities.
3.0 The background of NEC3
3.1 Early Beginnings
The UK institution of civil engineers, in 1885 conducted a review of the construction
contracts and the civil engineering designs. In 1986 the creation of the new form of the
contract was commission by the institution of civil engineers which was then chaired by Dr.
Martin Barnes (CBE).
The major reasons behind this approach of procurement were to provide (Elms, 2013, p.
290):
 Simplicity and clarity to shift from the legal processes which promoted the use of
traditional contracts.

10
 To enhance the flexibility of projects. To allow the different plans of contracts for
various construction and engineering fields, and the choice to apply the contract in
various countries in the world.
 Encouragement to efficient and reliable project management
The first Edition of the NEC contract was published in 1993. After eight years of
development (Energy, 2010, p. 256). Currently it has been successful to publish up to
the third edition as discussed below.
 1993 :1st Edition
 1995:2nd Edition (ECC)
 2005:3rd Edition
3.2 First Edition
Latham Report (1994) coincided with the introduction of the NEC, which led to the review of
the UK construction and engineering industry and gave the recommendations on how it was
to be improved. In the Latham Report (1994) it endorsed by saying that the first edition met
11 of the 13 principles which are characterized by a modern contract form which is available
at that given time (Forward, 2011, p. 321).
The 12 principles have a lot of relevance currently. Below are the 12 principles
i. Teamwork and win-win solutions
ii. Risk allocation
iii. An integrated package of documents
iv. Trust fund routes of payment
v. Simple language and guidance notes
vi. Provision for variations
vii. Separation of roles

11
viii. Speedy dispute resolution
ix. The duty of fair dealing to all parties
x. Incentives
xi. Advanced mobilisation
xii. The mechanism for interim payments
3.3 Second edition
The NEC3, 2nd edition was tasked by the Construction and Engineering Contract to come up
with a theory which was not only for the civil engineering projects (Gerber, 2014, p. 438).
The term NEC started being used as the name a range of contracts, which included:
 Professional Services Contract for consultants(ICE, 1995)
 Construction Subcontract and Engineering for subcontractors(ICE, 1995)
 Adjudicator’s(ICE, 1995) Contract
3.4 Third Edition
In 2005 the 3rd edition of NEC was published and was referred to as NEC3 (Gransberg, 2011,
p. 265).
The third edition of the NEC (NEC3) consists a suite of 23 contract documents which are
interlocking and the guideline books some of them are listed below.
 Construction and Engineering Contract (ECC)
 Construction and Engineering Subcontract (ECS)
 Construction and Engineering Short Contract (ECSC)
 Construction and Engineering Short Subcontract (ECSS)
 Term Service Contract (TSC)

12
 Professional Services Contract (PSC)
 Adjudicator’s Contract
 Flow charts for each contract
 Framework Contract (FC)
 Guidance notes
 Guide to contract strategies and procurement.
Figure1: The NEC3 schematic diagram Suite of Contracts
The NEC3 contract is comprised of:
 Nine core clauses.
 Title
 Time
 Termination
 Testing and Defects
 Payment

13
 The Contractor’s main responsibilities
 General
 Compensation events
 Insurance and Risks
 Six major option clauses
 Option A - Activity schedule having prices
 Option B - Bill of quantities having prices
 Option C - activity schedule having target contract
 Option D - Target with the bill of quantities
 Option E - entails Cost reimbursable
 Option F - Management contract
 20 secondary option clauses
 Works Information, Contract Data, Site Information
 Option to insert bespoke clauses ('Z' clauses)
Summary.
In 1986 the creation of the new form of the contract was commission by the institution of
civil engineers which was then chaired by Dr. Martin Barnes (CBE).
The NEC3, 2nd edition was tasked by the Construction and Engineering Contract to come up
with a theory which was not only for the civil engineering projects (Gerber, 2014, p. 438).
The term NEC started being used as the name a range of contracts,
The third edition of the NEC (NEC3) consists a suite of 23 contract documents which are
interlocking and the guideline books
4.0 Appraisal of NEC3

14
The NEC3 form of contract was endorsed by the office of the government commerce (OGC)
on 14 July 2005 as satisfying all the requirements of the government of UK. Which are aimed
at achieving excellence in the construction industry (Hepperle, 2015, p. 32).
The government commerce recommends the use of the NEC3 by members of the public
sector who are in the construction industry to use it in their projects.
The endorsement which was made was renewed in May 2009 and in April 2013 due to the
updated 2013 version of the NEC3.from the literature review which has been carried out
many benefits have been established which are directly associated with endorsement of the
NEC3 in the construction sector. The endorsement has been placed into twelve categories,
and each of them includes examples which were given at various stages of the NEC life. The
list below a list of the key benefits of the NEC3 which have been presented as a result of a
detailed literature review (Hughes, 2015, p. 121).
4.1Benefits of NEC3
An establishment with the contractor and the client.NEC3 has been able to successfully adopt
both the contractor and the client.
The language which is used in the NEC3 is simple and clear which makes it very easy to
understand. The language of the contact is straightforward. It can be easily translated thus
promoting understanding between the different parties who enter into a contract.
There is better clarity in the adoption of the NEC3 in the construction of civil engineering
projects as compared to the tradition contractual mechanisms (Institution of Civil Engineers
(Great Britain), 2015, p. 87).
The flexibility of design. NEC3 offers flexible performance and design specifications which
can allow any combination of the contract or the employer.

15
Contractual Flexibility of engineering /construction payment options and discipline. NEC3
suite of interlocking documents is comprehensive enough to be used on virtually any
engineering and construction project as it is not specific to the discipline and eliminates the
traditional need for different discipline-based forms of contract on a single project (Ismail,
2016, p. 564).
Payment Options; there are six different payment options in NEC3 which include target-cost,
fixed price lump sum, management contract option and, cost reimbursable. It also adopts the
recent developments in construction procurement in which the payment made is based on the
progress which has been achieved as opposed to the quantity of work done
NEC3 is considered as a good Incentives for performance. In the option of the cost contract,
there is an incentive for a contractor to minimize the programme and final target cost when
the pain/gain mechanism has been exercised. The price savings will be a variable percentage
agreed and included in the contract documents (Jankowski, 2017, p. 675).
NEC 3 Reduces disputes; It is well known that project disputes have mainly been brought
about by stubborn adversity to a reasoned argument based on fact, resources and actual cost.
The NEC3 greatly improves the contractual relationships and in most case does not rely on
the legal profession to assist in resolving disputes which in most cases appear in the
traditional contracts.
The actual forecast of compilation and the time which is strictly provided for the contract
events ensures that there are regular updates of the accurate programme. Due to that, there is
a collaborative problem solving which in turn reduces the disputes which are experienced
during the execution of projects (Kimbrough, 2015, p. 245).
The NEC3 contract is Solution orientated partnering and collaborative working between
parties. The main emphasis which is on the dispute resolving as opposed to the opposed to a

16
backward stance as may be expected in a traditional contract, which in most cases provides a
very little incentive for the teamwork and the collaboration.
The NEC3 in most cases provides a very easy framework which is very conducive to the
collaborative working relationships.
The NEC3 is very effective in the management of a project.
The main intention of having the NEC3 endorsed was to come up with a contract that will
encompass good project management into the contractual arrangements. The core values of
the NEC3 are: in the NEC3 every procedure has been designed so that their implementation
should contribute to the effectiveness of the management of the project rather than distracting
(Klee, 2017, p. 84).
NEC3 offers a clear sharing of roles and responsibilities which plays a very essential role in
empowering and motivating people. Unlike the traditional forms of contracting the NEC3
form of contracting a lot of efforts are focused towards the obligations and the liabilities of
the parties which enters into a contract.
By implementing the NEC3 form of contracting it offers very effective procedures and
guidance to the programme and costs which includes the early warnings and other events
which are related to compensation.
The NEC3 contract includes an Early Warning procedure which in most cases obligates with
any party to provide a notification to the other project team members if they foresee a likely
issue that can impact on the project, leading to; increased cost, a delay to the programme
delivery, or reduced performance. It is stated by Shaw (2002) that this is a valuable tool for
both parties because it provides them with an understanding of the likely outcome of the
project, and its proactive response allows the action to be taken early (Knowles, 2014, p. 89).

17
The NEC3 leads earlier close out of project accounts. With the major approval of EWs and
CEs at early stages of the contract, it leads to the contract being easily finalised faster than the
other contract forms (Koch, 2015, p. 176).
4.2 Limitations of the NEC3.
In most cases, the NEC3 is often viewed to have many benefits regarding the contracting
process. But there are some drawbacks which are directly associated with it such as:
i. Language
The language which is used in the NEC3 is considered to be very simple and plain
which in most cases fails to meet the universal approval, Corns.
Some of the scholars such as Valentine (1999) suggests suggestions that the simple
English which is used in the NEC3 is the source of confusion when it comes to legal
matters. However, (Herger (1995) also suggest that suggesting that it makes logical
sense to make the contract understood by those using it (Kraehenbuehl, 2016, p. 76).
ii. Implementation.
For the implementation of the NEC3 caution must be greatly observed in three areas
which are discussed below.
In the selection of the appropriate options and allocation of roles and responsibilities,
a lot of due diligence must be given.
The places of the contract through the project manager in the strong position in order to
control the entire project and ensures that the aims and objectives are achieved, However, the
cost of the employer intervention will be blocked by themselves, even in the cases where the
responsibility lies with the contractor (Kuhlmann, 2012, p. 54).
A great increase in the professionalism which is required from the parties about the tradition
contracting.

18
4.3 Recent uses of NEC3
In the recent past, the NEC3 has been applied in the major civil engineering projects in the
UK, and other parts of the world .below are examples where the NEC3 has been used
recently.
London 2012 Olympic Games, London, the UK for client Olympic Delivery Authority
Summary.
The NEC3 form of contract was endorsed by the office of the government commerce (OGC)
on 14 July 2005 as satisfying all the requirements of the government of UK. Which are aimed
at achieving excellence in the construction industry.
An establishment with the contractor and the client.NEC3 has been able to successfully adopt
both the contractor and the client.
The language which is used in the NEC3 is simple and clear which makes it very easy to
understand. The language of the contact is straightforward. It can be easily translated thus
promoting understanding between the different parties who enter into a contract.
There is better clarity in the adoption of the NEC3 in the construction of civil engineering
projects as compared to the tradition contractual mechanisms (Institution of Civil Engineers
(Great Britain), 2015, p. 87).
5.0 Research methodology
Introduction.
In any research which is carried out the research methodology which is used should clearly
reflect the ability of the researcher to extract sufficient data on the research topic by use of

19
the different methods of data collection which are available at all costs it highly advisable
that the researcher should avoid bias (Letona, 2014, p. 298).
The research was carried out to analyse the selection of different types of contracts,
contractual mechanisms; use and interpretation of the NEC3 standard form of the contract
within the construction to ensure that the projects run smoothly from the start to the end. The
research will focus on the following:
Appraising the basic contractual relationships/mechanism and procedures that are involved at
both the pre- and post-contract stages of the contraction of the suspension bridge and relate
the principle to the formation of the contract in English (MacRoberts, 2014, p. 53).
Applying the NEC3 standard form of the contract to the design and construction scenarios
with the critical awareness of its characteristics and then evaluate the role and obligations of
the parties who are involved in the construction of suspension bridge.
During the selection of the appropriate methods which I was to use in carrying out the
research, I considered the following.
The existing NEC3 literature is available.
The appropriate method to be used in analysing and interpreting the qualitative and
quantitative data.
The number industry professional with the NEC3 experience.
Choosing the appropriate method in carrying out the studying culture of the NEC3 in the
construction of a suspension bridge (Man, 2015, p. 245).
5.1 Research design Approach.
The Strategy to Research

20
There are three different concepts of research which include: validity, reliability, and
representatives. Since there is a very close relationship between the reliability and validity, it
would seem sensible to adopt a research strategy which uses a multitude of the method to
enhance the conclusions and findings.
The research design is of three basic types which include the explanatory, exploratory and
descriptive design (Management, 2015, p. 654). The exploratory research design is best
suited for the research of data which is qualitative. The design was used because the research
topic was new and in most cases, it had not been researched in the previous studies which
have been carried out. The descriptive research was used because of the qualitative nature of
the data (Management, 2015, p. 512). The exploratory research design was chosen for this
study because cause and effect relationship needed to be seen by using quantitative data of
the variables identified. That is the reason for choosing explanatory research design for this
research.
5.2 Qualitative research
Qualitative research approach involves the gathering of factual data by applying science to
obtain the measurements.
Qualitative analysis is defined by Naoum testing the hypothesis or theory. Analysis in this
research was carried out by using the numbers which were evaluated by using statistical
procedures. The method was usually criticized due to its rigid nature. In that, it usually starts
with a clear direction and ends nowhere (Mavin, 2015, p. 378). This is very advantageous in
that it does not allow a lot of deviation from the topic of research.
Nor it does not provide other avenues and themes which will allow further research and
exploration.
5.3Research Proposal

21
I arrived at an agreement that the quantitative and qualitative research approaches to
complement each other. Through the combination of the qualitative and quantitative research
approaches the entire outcome of the research is much better as compared to when carrying
out the research by only one approach.
Stage 1: Literature Review
The initial stage of the project was to revisit the literature of the project and the
implementation of NEC3 form in construction of civil engineering projects so as to ascertain
the overall application of NEC3 in the construction sector and to ensure that the project runs
smoothly from the start to the end (Mcphilip, 2015, p. 623). The literature review was carried
out to help on the formation of angle and questions of research.
5.4 Quantitative Research
5.41Questionnaire
For quantitative questionnaires were adopted which had structured questions which were to
be answered. The main objective of adopting the questionnaires was to produce an prediction
into the perception of the NEC3 and other contractual mechanisms in the construction
industry.it was considered that the questionnaires would provide first had data about the
projects which have already implemented the NEC3.But the questionnaires had the
disadvantages that the questions which are contained in the questionnaires need to be
relatively simple and straightforward so that the respondents can be able to respond to the
questions. The questionnaires also had the disadvantages of not being able to identify the
challenges which the respondents were faced with while answering the questions that make
the feedback obtained from the questionnaires to be misleading. The questionnaires which
were bearing the analysis of contractual relations and the NEC3 in the construction industry

22
were given to the respondents, and they were required to respond to all questions which were
in the questionnaires (Mellewigt, 2016, p. 126).
Question types.
The style of the questions to be included in the questioners to reduce biases and ambiguity in
the answers obtained. To obtain the correct questions to be adopted several principles were
followed such as:
 The questions were easy and clear to understand.
 The questions we either closed or open.
 Either opinion or factual
 Short but comprehensive.
 Nonleading questions.
 Questions were arranged into suitable categories.
 The questions were objective as much as possible.
 The questions were logical as much as possible.
 Attractive as much as possible in their appearance to motivate the respondent to
answer them.
5.5 Data types.
Different techniques were used which were used to do the ‘closed ‘questions they included.
 Checklist
 Likert Scale
 Rating Scale
 Grid
 Numerical Rating Scale
 Ranking

23
In the questions which require opinions to the respondents to give a 5 point Likert Scale was
applied which had the following opinions: (Moskowitz, 2017, p. 875):
i. Strongly agree
ii. Neither agree or disagree
iii. Agree
iv. Strongly disagree
The 5 point scale was selected to enable the researcher to get the neutral answer that was to
allow him or her not to force the judgment one way or the other.
5.6 Pilot Studies
The primary reason of carrying out a pilot study was to analyse and come up with the
wording and the questions which were to be used at the same time ensuring that the
respondents of the questionnaire will not meet any challenge when completing them. The
sample questionnaire was given to few individuals wo were required to respond within the
different civil engineering projects which are under construction to assess its ambiguity and
appropriateness (NEC, 2013, p. 71).
5.7 The Research Sample
Sampling is defined as the process selecting a few individuals from a population with the
main goal of obtaining information about the whole population. For the case of the research
which was carried out the research sample was study a few civil engineering projects
whereby the NEC3 form of contracting has already been applied. The main objective of
carrying out a study on the samples instead of the entire civil engineering projects was to
reduce the time and other resources which would be used to study the entire projects.

24
Sampling also gives the research enough time to carry out the research with a lot of
concentration sins ether area which one is required to study has been greatly reduced.
For the purpose of justification of the sample, the selection criteria of the sample was based
depending on how the sample was agreeing with the following aspects:
 Experience or the Knowledge of NEC contracts..
 Experience or Knowledge of contractual mechanisms.
 Availability of the academic and skill of procurement.
 Preferably involved in the construction of the suspension bridge.
 The influence which was existing within the given organisation.
The personal details of all the individuals who were involved in the study were obtained from
the internet searching such as the author's contacts, publications
Interviews.
The different parties who have been involved in the execution of different civil engineering
projects were interviewed. The interviews were very effective in obtaining the data which
was very specific about the opinions, values, social context and the behaviours. The
interviews were very appropriate in collecting data regarding the NEC3 contracts because the
style of the contract is largely relationship based and hence could be deemed as a social type
of contract which will be judged subjectively by its users (Steinman, 2011, p. 56). Put another
way; attitudinal research is a method used to subjectively evaluate the opinion, view or
perception of a person.
With the aim supporting the data of the questionnaires by providing a very deep insight into
the individual’s experience of the use and the implementation of the contractual mechanisms
and relationships (Miller, 2016, p. 72).

25
5.8 Ethical considerations
In any research or study which is carried out it is important that the ethics of those who are
participating are observed. Ethics refers to the way of doing things correctly to ensure that all
those who take part in the study or research feel secure and remain unhurt all through the
study period. It is carrying out the right actions during the process of research. All the
personal data which those who participated was handled with very high confidentiality to
ensure that the privacy of the participants was achieved (Whitney, 2011, p. 652). The
information which is contained in this report is not based on the author’s opinions rather the
data which was obtained from the primary and secondary source.
5.9 Limitations
During the research, I encountered some challenges which made it very difficult for me to
obtain data. Some of the participants who are in the construction industry were not willing to
be interviewed. Some of the data which was obtained from the secondary sources such as
books and journals did not contain information about NEC3 or other contractual mechanisms.
Which forced me in some areas to on assumptions (Weddell, 2016, p. 53).
6.0 Discussions
The NEC3 has been previously applied in many civil engineering projects in different parts of
the world. From the information which is available, it is very clear that the projects which
implemented the use of NEC3 were carried out successfully. Different options were applied
which includes the conventional activity schedule contract for constructing.
In the projects which have failed to adopt NEC3, it is associated with lack of external and
internal drive. For the UK it was in the state of change because they were driven by the
Latham Report which was published in 1994 (Vincent-Jones, 2016, p. 786).Many projects of

26
civil engineering are missing governmental or external over-riding pressure to enable them to
adopt the NEC3.
The NEC is mostly used in the United Kingdom. Most of the other countries their printed
literature about the NEC3 is very minimal. Most of the information which I obtained was
from papers or industry documents which have been published discussing various elements of
the NEC. It is very essential to remember that the NEC encapsulates good practice, rather
than it necessarily being the founder.
A suspension bridge refers to the type of bridge whereby the load-bearing part is hung below
suspension cables on the vertical suspenders. The first ever constructed suspension bridge
was during the early 19th century. The suspension cables which are used must be anchored at
each other at the end of the bridge; this is because any load which is applied to the bridge is
transformed into tension in the main cables. The main cables which are used in this bridge
extend beyond the pillars to the deck-level supports, and further continues beyond the pillars
to the deck-level supports and continue to connect with the anchors which are located at the
ground.
The deck (load-bearing portion) is supported by vertical suspenders rods which are referred
to as hangers. In some situations the towers may sit on a canyon or a bluff edge where the
road may proceed directly to the main span, otherwise the bridge will usually have two
smaller spans which run between either pair of the pillars and the highway which may be
supported by the suspenders cables or may use a truss bridge to make this connection.
The construction of the suspension project was selected as a complex civil engineering
project because it involves the construction of various structural parts of the bridge which are
very relevant to the civil engineering profession (Trienekens, 2016, p. 75). The construction
of the suspension bridge will involve the many experts from the construction industry which

27
will bring about the different responsibilities to be subcontracted to other parties from the
main contractor. Figure 1 below shows the components of a suspension bridge.
Construction of various components of the suspension bridge.
Deck
The deck which is also referred to as the roadway is the part whereby the vehicles and people
are allowed to pass from one end of the bridge to another. They are made of steel reinforced
concrete, and each deck is a large span.
Steel cable
The roadway or the deck is suspended by the steel cables .they are of different sizes
depending on the span from pone to another. Steel is preferred over iron because it is an alloy
which makes it more superior in compression and tension and is much stronger.
Suspenders
The suspenders are used to connect the deck to the steel cables and also help in shaping the
bridge. In the cases where there are no suspenders the deck is prone to be swayed out of
control they help in reinforcing the deck even more and well as having the steel cables.
Towers

28
The very heavy weight of the steel cables are transferred onto the towers that help the bridge
stay firm the weight of that is supported by the tower is focused onto the ground, reinforcing
the tower feet into the ground and keeping the bridge upright.
Anchorage block
The anchorage weighs more than the cables which are holding the up the deck, this attributed
to the ability to withstand a very big portion of the deck. It must also be strong enough to
withstand the weight of the traffic and vehicles which cross the bridge at any given time.
Mostly the anchorage blocks are made up of concrete as it is relatively strong and heavy. The
anchorage blocks appear at both ends of the bridge.
Foundation tower
The towers must have a strong and secure foundation due to the weight which is pushed
down on the towers. The foundation of the towers is pushed much below the ground to
prevent the tower from tilting and to ensure that they are strong enough and vertical to with
stand the weight from the cables.
Truss
The road is constructed underneath the deck to support it. The truss does not only support the
deck but also it assists in stiffening the deck which on the other hand reduces the chances of it
swaying vertically
The various parties who will be involved in the construction of the suspension bridge include:
The surveyor
The surveyor will be contracted to provide with the provision of information regarding the
site such as the topography, size, features on and beneath the ground and the location of the
site. This information will be very essential in planning and execution of the project.

29
The architect
The architect will assist in the formulation of the requirements and ensure that clients and the
entire project understand the design of the suspension bridge. The involvement of the
architect in the execution of the project is very advantageous in that all the parties who will
be sub-contracted will be made to understand what is expected of them.
The engineers
There are various who will be contracted in the construction of the suspension bridge. Such
as the civil engineers who will carry out the structural analysis of the bridge before
construction to ensure that it meets all the structural requirements. The electrical engineer
who will be involved in the installation of electrical devices and features and also carry out
maintenance and repair to the equipment and machines during the construction period. The
mechanical engineer who will be contracted to fix mechanical components such as the
drainage of the bridge.
The quantity surveyor
The quantity surveyor will be contracted during the early stages of the project
implementation to prepare all the cost plans as soon as the architect is done with the design.
The materials which will be used in the construction are determined at this stage, and all the
changes which require being made are agreed upon at this stage.
The builder/contractor
This is the professional in the physical construction which will be contracted. His role will be
general to construct the suspension bridge.it is his/her role to look for other experts in
different areas to subcontract with them to ensure that the project runs smoothly.

30
All the parties who all discussed above will be involved in the execution of the project. Some
of them will enter into a contract with the client directly while others will be subcontracted by
the main contractor.
7.0 Conclusion
In conclusion, there are many issues that surround the construction of the suspension bridge.
The two main problems are the disputes which arise from due to the poor communication and
lack of collaboration between the different parties who are involved in the execution of the
project.
The New Engineering Contract (NEC3) offers the best solution to the problems encountered
construction of civil engineering projects and achieve s practically all the requirements for
the modern contract.
A suspension bridge refers to the type of bridge whereby the load-bearing part is hung below
suspension cables on the vertical suspenders. The first ever constructed suspension bridge
was during the early 19th century. The suspension cables which are used must be anchored at
each other at the end of the bridge; this is because any load which is applied to the bridge is
transformed into tension in the main cables. The main cables which are used in this bridge
extend beyond the pillars to the deck-level supports, and further continues beyond the pillars
to the deck-level supports and continues to connect with the anchors which are located at the
ground (United States. Department of Commerce. Office of Field Services, 2017, p. 76).
The deck (load-bearing portion) is supported by vertical suspenders rods which are referred
to as hangers the towers sits on a canyon in some situations or a bluff edge.
Construction of the suspension project was selected as a complex civil engineering project
because it involves the construction of various structural parts of the bridge which are very
relevant to the civil engineering profession. The construction of the suspension bridge will

31
involve the many experts from the construction industry which will bring about the different
responsibilities to be subcontracted to other parties from the main contractor.
The research was carried out to analysis the selection of different types of contracts,
contractual mechanisms; use and interpretation of the NEC3 standard form of the contract
within the construction to ensure that the projects run smoothly from the start to the end. The
research will focus on the following (the United States. National Labor Relations Board,
2016, p. 163):
Appraising the basic contractual relationships/mechanism and procedures that are involved at
both the pre- and post-contract stages of the contraction of the suspension bridge and relate
the principle to the formation of the contract in English.
Applying the NEC3 standard form of the contract to the design and construction scenarios
with the critical awareness of its characteristics and then evaluate the role and obligations of
the parties who are involved in the construction of suspension bridge.
During the selection of the appropriate methods which I was to use in carrying out the
research, I considered the following.
The existing NEC3 literature was available.
The appropriate method to be used in analysing and interpreting the qualitative and
quantitative data.
The number industry professional with the NEC3 experience.
Choosing the appropriate method in carrying out the studying culture of the NEC3 in the
construction of a suspension bridge.

32
The office of the government commerce (OGC) on 14 July 2005 approved the contract
claiming that it was meeting all the requirements which have been set by the UK government.
in achieving better delivery of services in engineering and construction industry.
The endorsement which was made was renewed in 2009 may and in 2013 April following the
updated 2013 version of the NEC3.from the literature review which has been carried out
many benefits have been established which are directly associated with endorsement of the
NEC3 in the construction sector.
An establishment of the contractor and the client.NEC3 has been able to successfully adopt
both the contractor and the client.
Simple language is used in NEC3 form of contracting which makes it very easy for the
parties which are getting into the contract to understand each other easily and also all the
terms and conditions becomes very easy to understand
There is better clarity in the adoption of the NEC3 in the construction of civil engineering
projects as compared to the tradition contractual mechanisms.
The NEC3 has been previously applied in many civil engineering projects in different parts of
the world. From the information which is available, it is very clear that the projects which
implemented the use of NEC3 were carried out successfully. Different options were applied
which includes the conventional activity schedule contract for constructing.
In the projects which have failed to adopt NEC3, it is associated with lack of external and
internal drive. For the UK it was in the state of change because they were driven by the
Latham Report which was published in 1994.Many projects of civil engineering are missing
governmental or external over-riding pressure to enable them to adopt the NEC3.

33
An establishment with the contractor and the client.NEC3 has been able to successfully adopt
both the contractor and the client.
The language which is used in the NEC3 is simple and clear which makes it very easy to
understand. The language of the contact is straightforward. It can be easily translated thus
promoting understanding between the different parties who enter into a contract.
There is better clarity in the adoption of the NEC3 in the construction of civil engineering
projects as compared to the tradition contractual mechanisms (Institution of Civil Engineers
(Great Britain), 2015, p. 87).
During the research, I encountered some challenges which made it very difficult for me to
obtain data. Some of the participants who are in the construction industry were not willing to
be interviewed. Some of the data which was obtained from the secondary sources such as
books and journals did not contain information about NEC3 or other contractual mechanisms.
Which forced me in some areas to on assumptions
The NEC is mostly used in the United Kingdom. Most of the other countries their printed
literature about the NEC3 is very minimal. Most of the information which I obtained was
from industrial documents which were published discussing various elements of the NEC.
(Varottil, 2017, p. 65).

34
8.0 Bibliography
Affairs, B. o. N., 2016. White Collar Report, Issues 850-874. 4th ed. Texas: Pennsylvania
State University.
Alampalli, S., 2017. Inspection, Evaluation, and Maintenance of Suspension Bridges. 5th ed.
Chicago: CRC Press.
Alger, A. L., 2010. A Practical Treatise on Suspension Bridges - Their Design, Construction,
and Erection. 7th ed. Los Angels: Read Books.
Ashworth, A., 2011. Civil Engineering Contractual Procedures. 7th ed. Paris: Routledge.
Birch, K., 2015. Quality in General Practice. 3rd ed. Paris: Radcliffe Publishing.
Broome, J., 2015. NEC3: A User's Guide. 6th ed. London: ICE Pub.
Burr, A., 2015. International Contractual and Statutory Adjudication. 6th ed. Chicago:
Taylor & Francis.
Castleman, F. L., 2016. An experiment in the construction of models for the analyses of
suspension bridges: with a study of their application to the deflection theory of suspension
bridge design. 3rd ed. Texas: University of Pennsylvania.
Chappell, D., 2011. Building Contract Claims. 4th ed. Chicago: John Wiley & Sons,

35
Chappell, D., 2016. Legal and Contractual Procedures for Architects. 7th ed. London:
Routledge.
Chun, P., 2013. Keating on NEC3. 1st ed. London: Sweet & Maxwell/Thomson Reuters.
Dayaratnam, P., 2010. International Conference on Suspension, Cable Supported, and
Cable-Stayed Bridges: November 19-21, 1999, Hyderabad. 4th ed. Chicago: Universities
Press,
Elms, D. K., 2013. Global Value Chains in a Changing World. 4th ed. Texas: World Trade
Organization.
Energy, U. S. D. o., 2010. Continued Operation of Los Alamos National Laboratory:
Environmental Impact Statement, Volume 1. 6th ed. London: Northwestern University.
Forward, F., 2011. The NEC Compared and Contrasted. 4th ed. Berlin: Thomas Telford.
Gerber, P., 2014. Best Practice in Construction Disputes: Avoidance, Management, and
Resolution. 7th ed. Chicago: LexisNexis Butterworths.
Gransberg, D. D., 2011. Microsurfacing. 8th ed. Texas: Transportation Research Board.
Hepperle, E., 2015. Land Development Strategies: Patterns, Risks, and Responsibilities. 6th
ed. Chicago: vdf Hochschulverlag AG.
Hughes, W., 2015. Commerce Business Daily, Issues 2254-2291. 1st ed. London: Office of
Field Services, U. S. Department of Commerce, 1999.
The institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain), N., 2015. NEC3 Engineering and
Construction Contract (ECC). Option C: Target Contract with Activity Schedule. 4th ed.
Manchester: Thomas Telford.

36
Ismail, M. A., 2016. Globalization and New International Public Works Agreements in
Developing Countries: An Analytical Perspective. 2nd ed. Los Angels: Routledge.
Jankowski, A., 2017. Interactive Granular Computations in Networks and Systems
Engineering: A Practical Perspective. 4th ed. Chicago: Springer.
Kimbrough, S. O., 2015. Formal Modelling in Electronic Commerce. 4th ed. London:
Springer Science & Business Media.
Klee, L., 2017. International Construction Contract Law. 1st ed. Chicago: John Wiley &
Sons.
Knowles, J. R., 2014. 150 Contractual Problems and Their Solutions. 6th ed. Pris: John
Wiley & Sons.
Koch, E. B., 2015. Challenges at the Bank for International Settlements: An Economist's
(Re)View. 7th ed. London: Springer Science & Business Media.
Kraehenbuehl, J., 2016. The survey, Design, and Construction of Trail Suspension Bridges
for Remote Areas: Design, Volume 1. 4th ed. Paris: SKAT, Swiss Centre for Development
Cooperation in Technology and Management.
Kuhlmann, D., 2012. The Interaction of Contract, Control, and Relational Norms as
Governance Mechanisms in IS Outsourcing Relationships. 4th ed. Manchester:
Diplomarbeiten Agentur.
Lenk, H., 2017. Brazil Customs, Trade Regulations and Procedures Handbook. 2nd ed.
Berlin: Int'l Business Publications.
Letona, M. E., 2014. State Government Provision of HIV/AIDS Prevention Programs:
Towards a Partnership Model of the Contractual Relationship Between State Governments
and Community Agencies. 2015 ed. London: Taylor & Francis.

37
MacRoberts, 2014. MacRoberts on Scottish Construction Contracts. 3rd ed. London: John
Wiley & Sons,
Man,d, 2015. Alliances: An Executive Guide to Designing Successful Strategic Partnerships.
5th ed. Texas: Wiley 2013.
Management, 2015.. Articles for Exam Preparation. 1st ed. Texas: National Association of
Purchasing Management,
Mavin, M., 2015. Construction of Parallel Wire Cables for Suspension Bridges: A
Photographic and Textual [!] Study of the Fabrication of Bridge Cables. 5th ed. Paris: John
A. Roebling's son's Company,
Mcphilip, J., 2015. Federal research: DOE is providing independent review of the scientific
merit of its research: report to the Committee on Science, House of Representatives. 4th ed.
Chicago: DIANE Publishing.
Mellewigt, T., 2016. Management of Interorganizational Relationships. 1st ed. Berlin: Rainer
Hampp Verlag.
Miller, J., 2016. Report on the Foreign Policy of the Czech Republic: between January 2001
and December 2001. 1st ed. Tokyo: Ministerstvo zahraničních věcí České republiky,
Moskowitz, J. S., 2017. Environmental Liability and Real Property Transactions: Law and
Practice. 5th ed. London: Aspen Publishers Online,
NEC, A., 2013. NEC3 Engineering and Construction Subcontract. 4th ed. London: N E C
Publishing Company,.
Powell, G., 2012. Construction Contract Preparation and Management: From Concept to
Completion. 2nd ed. ; London: Palgrave Macmillan.

38
Rowlinson, M., 2015. Practical Guide to the NEC3 Engineering and Construction Contrac.
5th ed. Manchester: John Wiley & Sons.
Steinman, D. B., 2011. A Practical Treatise on Suspension Bridges: Their Design,
Construction and Erection. 4th ed. Jerusalem: John Wiley et Sons.
Steinman, D. B., 2014. A Practical Treatise on Suspension Bridges: Their Design,
Construction, and Erection. 3rd ed. London: Wiley.
The Bureau of National Affairs, I., 2017. Daily Labor Report, Issues 190-210. 3rd ed.
London: Oxford press.
Thomas, D., 2012. Keating on NEC3. 3rd ed. Berlin: Sweet & Maxwell/Thomson Reuters.
Trienekens, J. H., 2016. Paradoxes in Food Chains and Networks: Proceedings of the Fifth
International Conference on Chain and Network Management in Agribusiness and the Food
Industry (Noordwijk, 6-8 June 2002). 4th ed. Paris: Wageningen Academic Pub.
The United States. Department of Commerce. Office of Field Services, 2017. Commerce
Business Daily, Issues 2254-2291. 2nd ed. London: Office of Field Services, U. S.
Department of Commerce.
The United States. National Labour Relations Board 2016. Classified Index of National
Labor Relations Board Decisions and Related Court Decisions. 4th ed. Chicago: National
Labor Relations Board.
Varottil, U., 2017. Comparative Takeover Regulation: Global and Asian Perspectives. 3rd
ed. Chicago: Cambridge University Press.
Vincent-Jones, P., 2016. The New Public Contracting: Regulation, Responsiveness,
Relationality. 1st ed. Chicago: Oxford University Press.

39
Weddell, B., 2016. Choosing the Right NEC Contract. 4th ed. Berlin: Thomas Telford,
Whitney, C. S., 2011. Bridges of the World: Their Design and Construction. 4th ed. London:
Courier Corporation.