The Irish prison system lacks minimum enforceable rules for prisoners' rights, but it is not a significant obstacle. The European Court of Human Rights imposes obligations on prison authorities to protect prisoner's lives and prevent ill-treatment. However, these obligations can lead to confusion due to conflicting duties. The main causal factor for death and inadequate living conditions is inter-prisoner violence. To improve the situation, prisons should implement segregation, monitor prisoners' mental health, and take measures to prevent risks. Overcrowding is another significant issue affecting prisoners' rights, healthcare, and education. Implementing alternative sentences, such as community justice, can help reduce overcrowding. The Irish authorities have failed to discharge their duty of care to protect prisoner's lives and human rights, despite the European Court's obligations.