Antibiotic resistance is deliberated

LITERATURE REVIEW0
LITERATURE REVIEW
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LITERATURE REVIEW1
Introduction
Antibiotics are considered as the medicine that is used to manage and avoid bacterial
infections. The condition of antibiotic-resistance arises when the bacteria alter in reaction
towards the consumption of medicine. In this condition, the human or animals are not
resistant but the bacteria present within the organism develop antibiotic-resistance (Turnidge
et al., 2016). The antibiotic-resistance bacteria infect the animals and humans and
consequently are challenging to treat as likened to the non-resistant bacteria. The procedure
of antibiotic resistance is increasing and emerging globally and is therefore considered as the
major threat towards the global healthcare (Harris, Paterson & Rogers, 2015). Hence, the
primary aim of conducting the literature review is to identify the emergence of such
antibiotic-resistance bacteria and how they inhibit the healthcare providers to prevent various
infectious diseases.
Background
Antibiotic resistance is deliberated as the emerging risk within the global food
security, health and development due to the increasing risk of infectious disease such as
blood poising, foodborne disease, pneumonia, gonorrhoea and tuberculosis (Tacconelli et al.,
2018). Almost every second individual is prescribed with antibiotics during their bad health
condition and hence the risk of antibiotic resistance can extensively affect large number of
population thereby increasing the mortality and prevalence rate of the condition. The risk of
longer stay in the hospital and enhanced medical cost is also associated with antibiotic-
resistance (McCullough et al., 2015). Hence, this study will primarily focus on the emerging
threats of antibiotic resistance linked to the possible factors leading to the condition.
Literature Review

LITERATURE REVIEW2
According to Founou, Founou & Essack (2016), antibiotics are considered as the
“endangered species” who are facing high level of extinction because of global development
of antibiotic resistant bacteria. The researcher had explained that antibiotic-resistant bacteria
can infect the humans either directly through urine or blood or indirectly by consuming
contaminated food. Fish, vegetables and food animals are deliberated as the reservoir of
various antibiotic-resistant bacteria and are also responsible for infecting the food chain
ecosystem. Roca et al. (2015), had highlighted the importance of environment in developing
the threat of antibiotic-resistance bacteria. The excess consumption of antimicrobial agents
among animals and human have resulted in the accumulation of antimicrobial agents within
the environment that is directly influencing the development of antibiotic-resistance bacteria.
Different strategies are highlighted by the researcher to mitigate the threat of emerging
antibiotic-resistance bacteria.
Different recommendation are also suggested by Miller-Petrie, Pant & Laxminarayan
(2017), which will focus on mitigating the risk of antibiotic-resistance bacteria. The
researcher had highlighted different recommendations that must be included as a part of the
national plan under national Antibiotic policies that includes reducing the practice of sub
therapeutic antibiotics in agriculture, improving antibiotic stewardship and hospital infection,
educating the healthcare professionals, general population and policy makers on the use of
antibiotics, reducing the necessity of antibiotics through improved immunization, water and
sanitation and ensuring the political obligations to fulfil the risk of emerging antibiotic
resistance. Harbarth et al. (2015), had focused on the strategy to eliminate the consumption of
antibiotics and reduce the risk of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Antimicrobial stewardship
program within the animal husbandry is considered as the efficient strategy to minimise the
risk of antimicrobial resistance without hampering the productivity. The researcher had also
highlighted the benefit of infection prevention and control measures such as hand hygiene