Educational Attainment And Career Development

Running head: PSYCHOLOGY
Individual Differences
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

PSYCHOLOGY1
Section B- Answer 3
Human intelligence refers to the intellectual ability of individuals that is characterised
by multifaceted cognitive achievements and increased level of self-awareness and motivation.
As measured and constructed by intelligence tests, intelligence is regarded to be one of the
most significant psychological concepts owing to its correlation with a range of variables like
earnings, educational attainment and career development (Sternberg, 2019). Researchers
typically place an emphasis on three general groups in which individuals learn that are
namely, auditory learners, visual learners, and kinaesthetic learners (Rajapakshe, 2018).
However, Howard Gardner recognised eight discrete intelligences.
The theory of multiple intelligences had been formulated by Dr. Howard Gardner in
1983, who was a university teacher of education at the Harvard University. This theory
differentiated human intelligence into a plethora of modalities, and did not consider
intelligence as a concept that was governed by a lone general ability. With the aim of
capturing the complete range of capabilities and aptitudes that individuals possess, Gardner
hypothesised that individuals do not merely possess an intellectual capacity, rather are in
possession of countless kinds of intelligence, together with musical, spatial-visual,
interpersonal, and linguistic intelligences (Chen & Gardner, 2018).
According to the aforementioned theory, all people are able gain a sound
understanding of the surrounding world through musical thinking, logical-mathematical
examination, language, and spatial demonstration, an awareness of other persons, and an
awareness of self. Where persons vary is in the forte of these intellects, and in the methods by
which such intelligences get beseeched and pooled to carry out dissimilar errands, solve
varied difficulties, and advance in numerous domains (Sternberg, 2019). Despite the fact that
difference between intelligences has been explained in great detail, this theory opposes the
notion of cataloguing learners to a particular intelligence. Gardner suggested that the theory
of multiple intelligence must empower all learners, and not limit them to one particular
modality of knowledge. According to Gardner, intelligence can be defined as a
biopsychological possibility for processing process information, which in turn can be
triggered in a cultural situation, in order solve difficulties or generate products that are of
worth in a specific culture. This theory stated that individuals having high musical
intelligence generally have good pitch and are capable of singing, composing music or
playing musical instruments (Sternberg, 2019).

PSYCHOLOGY2
These individuals are expected to demonstrate sensitivity towards pitch, rhythm, tone,
melody, meter and timbre. While the domain of visual-spatial intelligence encompasses
judgment and the proficiency to imagine with the mind's eye, persons with verbal-linguistic
intelligence demonstrate skills in language and words and are normally good at writing,
reading, memorising words and narrating stories. This theory also postulated that logical-
mathematical intelligence helps people to manifest skills related to reasoning, abstractions
and critical thinking, thereby facilitating them to comprehend the underlying philosophies of
causal system. The essential components of bodily-kinaesthetic intelligence are regulation of
one's physical motions and the capability to handle objects competently (Naqvi & Khan,
2019). Gardner particularised that this intelligence also comprises of a sense of judgement,
the objectives of a physical action, together with the aptitude to train responses.
According to this theory, persons who manifest high interpersonal intelligence are
generally categorized according to their sensitivity towards the dispositions, moods,
personalities, and motivations of others, in addition to their aptitude to collaborate, while
effectively working as a part of a crowd. Furthermore, people having high interpersonal
intelligence also effectively communicate and easily empathize with others, and can adorn
the role of either followers or leaders. Furthermore, the theory also elaborated that
intrapersonal intelligence is allied with thoughtful and self-reflective capabilities (Bas, 2016).
This refers to the presence of sound understanding and awareness of the self, apart from
identifying one’s assets and flaws, apart from predicting one's own responses or emotions.
Intelligence of naturalist was the eighth element and refers to people who have the
ready capability of recognising fauna and flora, while making significant differences in the
natural world, and using this aptitude effectively in biological sciences, hunting, and farming.
The most remarkable feature of this theory is that if educators find it problematic to reach a
student following the logical or conventional linguistic pattern of instruction, different other
strategies can be used for facilitating effective learning (Chen & Gardner, 2018). Thus,
Gardner's theory argued that scholars will be better attended by a broader visualisation of
education, where educators use diverse practises, exercises and accomplishments to reach all
pupils, not merely the students who excel at logical and linguistic intelligence. The theory
also provides adults the opportunity to examine their potential that was once prevalent in
childhood, thus fostering their development. However, it has been argued by critics that
Gardner’s description of intelligence is too comprehensive and wide-ranging and there is lack
of supportive empirical investigation.