Environmental Health and Management

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Environmental Health and
Management
Title: Impact of extreme weather in spreading of infectious diseases in Northern Territory,
Australia.

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Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................3
Background of Study.......................................................................................................................4
Aim of the research..........................................................................................................................5
Objectives of the research................................................................................................................6
Research questions...........................................................................................................................7
Structure of study.............................................................................................................................8
Summary..........................................................................................................................................9
Literature Review..........................................................................................................................10
Introduction................................................................................................................................10
Theoretical background.............................................................................................................10
Impact of extreme weather........................................................................................................10
Infectious diseases due to climate change.................................................................................10
Summary....................................................................................................................................11
Research Methodology..................................................................................................................12
Introduction................................................................................................................................12
Research Approach....................................................................................................................12
Data Collection Procedure.........................................................................................................12
Research Method.......................................................................................................................12
Population and Sampling...........................................................................................................12
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................14
Address Aims and Research Questions.....................................................................................14
Limitations and Recommendations...........................................................................................14
References......................................................................................................................................15
Appendix........................................................................................................................................17

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Introduction
This proposal includes a detailed description regarding the impact of climate in spreading
of several diseases in the Northern Territory, Australia. The weather conditions are greatly
impacting the overall climate and due to these conditions, several infectious diseases occurred in
the environment (Khan, et al., 2015). This research study includes the overall aims and
objectives and background of the study. The methodology will also briefly be described in this
research project. The various approaches and methods of research will also be included in this
paper.

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Background of the Study
This research study includes the proper background as it gives several descriptions
regarding infectious diseases. Climate change is one of the main reasons that create infectious
diseases in the human environment (Davies, et al., 2015). This research includes a deep study
regarding the impact of the weather that create several infectious diseases in Australia (Chretien,
et al., 2015). Climate change impacts the overall environment of Australia by spreading several
infectious diseases as these diseases are created due to the changes occurred in the weather.

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Aim of the research
The aim of this paper includes the analysis of the effect of extreme weather in spreading
of infectious diseases in Northern Territory, Australia. This gives the analysis of the infectious
diseases in Australia.

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Objectives of the research
The several objectives of the project are:
 To determine the extreme weather in Australia.
 To analyse the infectious diseases due to extreme weather.
 To understand the effect of changes in weather on the spreading of diseases in Australia.

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Research questions
The research questions of this research proposal are:
Q1. What is the impact of extreme weather in Australia?
Q2. What is the reason for the infectious diseases spreading in Northern Territory, Australia?
Q3. What are the effects of climate change in increasing the infectious diseases in Australia?

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Structure of the study
This study includes different structure as it gives several aspects related to the impact of
weather on the infectious diseases in Australia. The structure of the study includes the different
aspects like it includes the literature review that gives the description of the title. After doing a
review, the proper process of research methodology is also included in the structure of the study.

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Summary
The overall summary of the introduction includes that infectious diseases are increased in
Australia due to the impact of extreme weather (Chen, et al., 2012). It has been found that the
increases in temperature affect the transmission of vector-borne diseases and the warmer
temperature affect the overall process of the disease (Verelst, et al., 2016).

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Literature Review
Introduction
Climate change is one of the important reasons that increase infectious diseases and
affect the health of humans in the overall environment. The human-driven climatic changes that
influence the process of human health that involves infectious diseases and other types of health
problems (Wu, et al., 2016). This literature review includes the thoughts of various authors
related to the increase in infectious diseases due to extreme weather.
Theoretical background
The theoretical background of this topic includes the overall description related to the
impact of extreme weather in the infectious diseases of Northern Territory, Australia (Xu, et al.,
2012). Environmental change is one of the main problems that increasing infectious diseases and
affects the health of humans (Confalonieri, et al., 2015). As the climate of Australia changes
continuously and this is the reason to spread the infectious diseases in the country and create the
risk of affecting the health of the people.
Impact of extreme weather
The extreme weather is the reason for destruction and death. The various situations like
flood and drought arise due to the extreme weather. The extreme weather highly impacted the
health of the people as several diseases have occurred (Tun-Lin, et al., 2000). The extreme
weather also includes the significant loss of life and illness and several costs in transportation
(McMichael, 2015). Mainly, the extreme weather highly impacts the health of humans as this
increase the infectious diseases in the northern territory, Australia.
Infectious diseases due to climate change
The climate change gives a great effect on infectious diseases and it increases the
infectious diseases. The several numbers of diseases well known to be climate-sensitive like
malaria, dengue, cholera and many other diseases. Climate change increases the temperature and
affects the overall weather (Karimkhani, et al., 2017). The infectious diseases are all occurred
due to climate change as the weather plays an essential role in the occurrence of the diseases.

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Summary
The summary of the literature review includes that it has been discussed about the
theoretical background of the topic that is the impact of climate change in the occurrence of the
infectious diseases (Dennis and Fisher, 2018). The impact of extreme weather has been discussed
in this section of the proposal. As it has been analyzed that the extreme weather provides several
impacts on the health of humans (Mirsaeidi, et al., 2016).

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Research Methodology
Introduction
This part of the proposal includes several methods that are used to conduct research in a
proper manner. The research methodology is one of the important sections of the proposal. The
methodology includes different research approaches and data collection process (Taherdoost,
2016).
Research Approach
The research approaches are too effective and too important in the research process. The
research approach is a plan and procedure that includes the different steps of broad assumptions
to the proper method of data collection, analysis and interpretation (Smith, 2015). Among all the
research approaches, the deductive approach has been used in this proposal (Glesne, 2016).
Data Collection Procedure
Mainly, there are two methods of the collection information that are adopted in several
other research methods which are the primary method and secondary method of gathering data
(Smith, 2015). The secondary process of the data collection process is used in this proposal.
Research Method
The qualitative method is used in this proposal that gives the various views of different
authors (Krishnaswamy, 2016). This method is also called the second-hand method as it is
already published by the authors based on the research topic (Hair, 2015). The other method used
in the research project is a quantitative method that includes the primary data collected by the
respondents based on the surveys.
Population and Sampling
The population and the Sampling process are used in the primary data collection process.
As in this method, the respondents are selected for taking responses that considered as

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population (Machi and McEvoy, 2016). In the secondary method, the population and sampling
are not used (Jackson, 2015).

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Conclusion
Address Aims and Research Questions
This proposal has been discussed aims and research questions based on the impact of
change in climate on the infectious diseases in the Northern Territory, Australia. The aim of the
proposal is related to the analysis of climate change. The research questions discussed in this
research proposal is also related to the analysis of the impact of change in environment and the
occurrence of infectious diseases due to climate change (Cann, et al., 2013). The proposal has
been discussed about the overall research methods used in this proposal.
Limitations and Recommendations
The research proposal has several limitations that impact the overall study based on the
particular title of the research. The main limitations occurred in the research project are related to
the unavailability of resources, small sample size, lack of proper methodology (McNabb, 2015).
As the limitations are essential for the research as it helps in the analysis of validity problems
and systematic errors.
The recommendations of the research study help in doing the research in a systematic
manner and also include the correct information relevant to the topic. The researcher required to
use the exact study based on the topic so that no misinformation can be created among the
people. The information needs to be valid and proper so that the proper analysis can occur.

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References
Cann, K. F., Thomas, D. R., Salmon, R. L., Wyn-Jones, A. P., & Kay, D. (2013). Extreme water-
related weather events and waterborne disease. Epidemiology & Infection, 141(4), 671-
686.
Chen, M. J., Lin, C. Y., Wu, Y. T., Wu, P. C., Lung, S. C., & Su, H. J. (2012). Effects of extreme
precipitation to the distribution of infectious diseases in Taiwan, 1994–2008. PloS
one, 7(6).
Chretien, J. P., Anyamba, A., Small, J., Britch, S., Sanchez, J. L., Halbach, A. C., ... &
Linthicum, K. J. (2015). Global climate anomalies and potential infectious disease risks:
2014-2015. PLoS currents, 7.
Confalonieri, U. E., Menezes, J. A., & Souza, C. M. D. (2015). Climate change and adaptation of
the health sector: the case of infectious diseases. Virulence, 6(6), 554-557.
Davies, G. I., McIver, L., Kim, Y., Hashizume, M., Iddings, S., & Chan, V. (2015). Water-borne
diseases and extreme weather events in Cambodia: Review of impacts and implications
of climatechange. International journal of environmental research and public
health, 12(1), 191-213.
Dennis, S., & Fisher, D. (2018). Climate Change and Infectious Diseases: The Next 50
Years. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore, 47(10), 401-404.
Glesne, C. (2016). Becoming qualitative researchers: An introduction. Pearson. One Lake Street,
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458.
Hair, J. F. (2015). Essentials of business research methods. ME Sharpe.
Jackson, S. L. (2015). Research methods and statistics: A critical thinking approach. Cengage
Learning.
Karimkhani, C., Colombara, D. V., Drucker, A. M., Norton, S. A., Hay, R., Engelman, D., ... &
Dellavalle, R. P. (2017). The global burden of scabies: a cross-sectional analysis from the
Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. The Lancet infectious diseases, 17(12), 1247-
1254.

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Khan, S. J., Deere, D., Leusch, F. D., Humpage, A., Jenkins, M., & Cunliffe, D. (2015). Extreme
weather events: Should drinking water quality management systems adapt to changing
risk profiles?. Water Research, 85, 124-136.
Krishnaswamy, K. N. (2016). Management Research Methodlogy: Integration of Principles,
Medthods and Techniques. Pearson Education India.
Machi, L. A., & McEvoy, B. T. (2016). The literature review: Six steps to success. Corwin Press.
McMichael, A. J. (2015). Extreme weather events and infectious disease
outbreaks. Virulence, 6(6), 543-547.
McNabb, D. E. (2015). Research methods for political science: Quantitative and qualitative
methods. Routledge.
Mirsaeidi, M., Motahari, H., Taghizadeh Khamesi, M., Sharifi, A., Campos, M., & Schraufnagel,
D. E. (2016). Climate change and respiratory infections. Annals of the American
Thoracic Society, 13(8), 1223-1230.
Smith, J. A. (Ed.). (2015). Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. Sage.
Taherdoost, H. (2016). Sampling methods in research methodology; how to choose a sampling
technique for research. How to Choose a Sampling Technique for Research (April 10,
2016).
Tun‐Lin, W., Burkot, T. R., & Kay, B. H. (2000). Effects of temperature and larval diet on
development rates and survival of the dengue vector Aedes aegypti in north Queensland,
Australia. Medical and veterinary entomology, 14(1), 31-37.
Verelst, F., Willem, L., & Beutels, P. (2016). Behavioural change models for infectious disease
transmission: a systematic review (2010–2015). Journal of The Royal Society
Interface, 13(125), 20160820.
Wu, X., Lu, Y., Zhou, S., Chen, L., & Xu, B. (2016). Impact of climate change on human
infectious diseases: Empirical evidence and human adaptation. Environment
international, 86, 14-23.

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Xu, Z., Etzel, R. A., Su, H., Huang, C., Guo, Y., & Tong, S. (2012). Impact of ambient
temperature on children's health: a systematic review. Environmental research, 117, 120-
131.

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Appendix
Source: (Forbes, 2016).

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Source: (science.sciencemag, 2015).