This article provides an in-depth discussion on ADHD, including its symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and management. It highlights the importance of early detection and offers recommendations for managing ADHD in children and adolescents.
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Running head: ADHD Name of the student Name of the university Author note
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1 ADHD Table of Contents Introduction:...............................................................................................................................2 Discussion:.................................................................................................................................2 Symptoms and Causes:..........................................................................................................2 Diagnosis:...............................................................................................................................4 Management:..........................................................................................................................5 Recommendation:..................................................................................................................6 Conclusion:................................................................................................................................7
2 ADHD Introduction: The number of children being diagnosed with Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or ADHD has increased in recent years.Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is defined as a psychological disorder usually observed in the children in which they are inattentive, hyperactive and impulsive (Tonget al.2016).While ADHD is quite common in adults in Australia, it is mostly observed in infants and children. While an estimated 6.4 million children of 4 to 17 years in Australia have been diagnosed with ADHD, less than 20% of these individuals seek help from health professionals (Zayatset al. 2019).Approximately 41.3% of adults with ADHD are considered as severe cases. ADHD is more common in men compared to women (Ghoshet al.2016). In Australian while, 12.9% of the male has been diagnosed with ADHD compared to 4.9% of female (Sciberras et al. 2017). Hence it is crucial to managing the signs and symptoms of ADHD in order to reduce the global burden ofdisease.ThispaperwillillustrateSymptomsandCauses,Triggers,Diagnosis, Management, Recommendation in the following paragraphs. Discussion: Symptoms and Causes: As discussed byBrett et al. (2017), inattentiveness, hyperactivity and impulsive behaviour is not common behaviour for children and adolescents.However, children and adolescents with ADHD frequently show these behaviours in their lifespan.The common signs and symptoms of ADHD include impulsiveness, trouble in multitasking, restlessness, poor planning, and low tolerance of frustration, aggression, fidgeting, boredom, depression, and disability (Mooreet al. 2017). The inattentive infants may experience trouble in listening
3 ADHD to School, may have short attention plans (Mooreet al. 2017).They may also experience difficulties in staying focus and being frequent forgetful. In the severity of ADHD, the signs and symptoms may vary from children to children. While some children may more be influenced and exhibit behaviour of inattentiveness, day dream, other children may show more impulsive behaviour and hyperactivity in their schools. The causes of ADHD are not fully understood but researchers showed the evidence that ADHD is not the single factorial disease. Sayal et al. (2018), reported that genes play a massive role in the development of ADHD. As discussed bySawye et al. (2017),in the children and adolescents with ADHD, the chemical neurotransmitter dopamine transported differently in nerve cells of the hippocampus of the brain. The hippocampus of the brain is part of the limbic system which lies next to the medial temporal lobe and is associated with the learning and memory function. However, some experts argued that ADHD is also influenced by society and exposure to lead (Sciberras et al. 2017) . There is also a possible link between ADHD and low birth weight and related problems such as lack of oxygen at birth. Hence, genetics, as well as psychological factors both, play a massive role in the development of ADHD. Triggers: While ADHD is not a curable disorder, it can be managed in order to prevalence. Researchers have identified an array of common triggers that induce the development of ADHD. The triggers include stress, lack of sleep, additives, overstimulation’s, certain foods. 1.Stress: The stress often triggers ADHD episodes, especially in adults. ADHD may cause a perpetual state of stress where individuals are unable to focus and eliminate external stimuli. This stress may be reflected as aggression, violence, frustration in children. The induction of
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4 ADHD ADHDsymptomsaffectstheacademicperformanceofchildrenbecauseofpoor concentration (Prosser, Lambert and Reid 2015). 2.Lack of Sleep: Another possible trigger of ADHD is the lack of adequate sleep.Too little sleep may induce hyperactivity and decline in the reaction time, focus and performance (Mooreet al. 2017). . 3.Foods and additives: Certain foods additives often induce the symptoms of ADHD.The nutrition containing artificial colors and additives more likely to induce abnormal behavior. 4.Overstimulation: The overstimulation such as concert hall, amusement part, and busy supermarkets may trigger the symptoms of ADHD (Prosser, Lambert and Reid 2015).Children who spent the majority of the time in front of technology such as mobile phone or computer and TV often experience ADHD. Therefore, it is crucial to detect the signs and symptoms of ADHDfor the early management of ADHD. Diagnosis: In order to detect the symptoms and signs of ADHD, no single test used.The physicianonlydiagnosischildrenoradolescentsaftertheyexhibitcertainsymptoms frequently for months or more than six months.The diagnosis of ADHD is quite difficult. A different number of health professionals are referred for the children who exhibited typical signs and symptoms of ADHD for more than six months (Marazzitiet al.2016).Health professionals such as paediatricians, child psychologist, and psychiatrists can diagnose ADHD. Some physicians may suggest a period of observation for 10 weeks in order to
5 ADHD diagnosis whether the child has ADHD or not.Then physicians collect the common medical histories such as a family history of ADHD, when symptoms started, where the symptoms started, significant previous events and other coexisting health issues (Fabio and Capri 2017.). This diagnosis usually directly by DSM V which provide health professionals to gain the understanding of the persistent pattern of signs and symptoms of ADHD in patients (Brunoet al.2017). •Physical examination: TodiagnoseADHD,thechildrenreceiveaphysicalexaminationofdifferent anatomy.The screening of vision and hearing assessments are done to detect whether the symptoms are for ADHD or for other health issues. •ECG based assessment: The FDA has approved the use of EEG-Based Assessment Aid (NEBA) System, a non-invasive scan is used for detecting the symptoms and signs of ADHD. In the assessment, the scan measures theta and beta brain waves (Prosser, Lambert and Reid 2015). The beta to theta ratio is higher in children with ADHD compared to the children without the symptoms of ADHD. •Behavioural rating scales are also used for detectingADHD signs and symptoms. Management: In order to manage the symptoms of ADHD an array of pharmacological and non- pharmacological interventions.The interventions are the following: •Behavioural therapy:
6 ADHD The patientsreceive intensive behavioural therapy in order to improve the signs and symptoms of ADHD.These behavioural therapies are given to the patients with the aim of improving, concentrations, reducing hyperactivity, improved social skills, relationship with family members and academic performance (Sawyeet a.l2017).The effective behavioural include parental training in individuals as well as group-based format. The treatment often provides positive parenting strategies to implement in the parental practice and reduce disruptive behaviour of children. The session involves 12 weeks and has shown evidence of improving behaviour children and high satisfaction of children. Classroom-Based therapy is another effective behavioural therapy which provides positive teaching strategies to improve the health conditions of the children in order to improve the academic performance of the children with ADHD (Marazzitiet al.2016).This therapy focuses on the improvement of class routines, daily monitoring the behaviour of children and their progression. The peer interventions include social skill training and adults mediated improved social training. Pharmacological interventions: Psycho-stimulants: Psycho-stimulantssuchasamphetamineandmethylphenidate,alpha-agonist guanfacine and noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine can be given to the patients accordingtothehealthcondition.Thesedrugsimprovethetemporaryincreaseof psychomotor activity by changing the pathways of dopamine. Therefore, children exhibit excellent improvement of performance, attention and reduced hyperactivity (Zayatset al. 2019).
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7 ADHD Recommendation: Considering the signs and symptoms of ADHD, the recommendation is the following: •It is recommended to involve children and adolescents in activities such as relaxing activities, such as yoga, meditation, and exercise. •It is recommended to adequate sleep of 7 to 8 hours of sleep to reduce the triggers •It is recommended to consume nutrition such as vitamin B, fatty acids and magnesium. Any nutrition that induces allergic reaction should be avoided (Zayatset al. 2019). •It is recommended to involve in behavioural therapies such as parenting session and classroom sessions. •It is recommended to allow adequate personal space to improve the health conditions of the children. Moreover, it is recommended to avoid crowded place such as restaurants, busy supermarkets, and high traffics. •It is recommended to spend more time with families rather than with technologies. Conclusion: Thus it can be concluded that ADHD is a disorder usually observed in the children of 4 to 17 years and disrupts the normal development. The children usually show symptoms suchasinattentiveness,hyperactivityandimpulsive.Theothersymptomsinclude impulsiveness, trouble in multitasking, restlessness, poor planning, and low tolerance of frustration,aggression,fidgeting,boredom,depression,anddisability.Theresearch highlighted that in patients with ADHD the chemical neurotransmitter dopamine transported differently in nerve cells of the hippocampus of the brain which further contributed to ADHD.ThecommontriggersofADHDincludestress,lackofsleep,additives, overstimulation’s,certainfoods.Forconductingsuccessfuldiagnosis,ECGbased assessment, behavioural rating scales and physical assessment along with observation can be conducted. The patients receive intensive behaviour therapy in order to improve the signs and
8 ADHD symptoms of ADHD. The other therapies include group based therapy and classroom therapy. The patients are also provided with psychostimulants to improve health conditions.
9 ADHD References: Tong, J., Lee, K.M., Liu, X., Nefzger, C.M., Vijayakumar, P., Hawi, Z., Pang, K.C., Parish, C.L., Polo, J.M. and Bellgrove, M.A., 2019. Generation of four iPSC lines from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of an Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) individual and a healthy sibling in an Australia-Caucasian family.Stem cell research,34, p.101353. Zayats, T., Burton, C., Medland, S.E., Xiao, B., Crosbie, J., Arnold, P., Schachar, R., Johansson, S., Neale, B. and Haavik, J., 2019. Genetics of Adhd Dimensions.European Neuropsychopharmacology,29, pp.S759-S760. Ghosh, M., Fisher, C., Preen, D.B. and Holman, C.A.J., 2016. “It has to be fixed”: a qualitative inquiry into perceived ADHD behaviour among affected individuals and parents in Western Australia.BMC health services research,16(1), p.141. Sciberras, E., Lucas, N., Efron, D., Gold, L., Hiscock, H. and Nicholson, J.M., 2017. Health care costs associated with parent-reported ADHD: a longitudinal Australian population– based study.Journal of attention disorders,21(13), pp.1063-1072. Brett, J., Karanges, E.A., Daniels, B., Buckley, N.A., Schneider, C., Nassir, A., Zoega, H., McLachlan, A.J. and Pearson, S.A., 2017. Psychotropic medication use in Australia, 2007 to 2015: Changes in annual incidence, prevalence and treatment exposure.Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry,51(10), pp.990-999. Moore, E., Sunjic, S., Kaye, S., Archer, V. and Indig, D., 2016. Adult ADHD among NSW prisoners: prevalence and psychiatric comorbidity.Journal of attention disorders,20(11), pp.958-967. Sayal, K., Prasad, V., Daley, D., Ford, T. and Coghill, D., 2018. ADHD in children and young people: prevalence, care pathways, and service provision.The Lancet Psychiatry,5(2), pp.175-186.
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10 ADHD Sawyer, M.G., Reece, C.E., Sawyer, A.C., Johnson, S., Lawrence, D. and Zubrick, S.R., 2017. The prevalenceof stimulantand antidepressant use by Australianchildren and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and major depressive disorder: A national survey.Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology,27(2), pp.177-184. Sciberras, E., Lucas, N., Efron, D., Gold, L., Hiscock, H. and Nicholson, J.M., 2017. Health care costs associated with parent-reported ADHD: a longitudinal Australian population– based study.Journal of attention disorders,21(13), pp.1063-1072. Prosser, B., Lambert, M.C. and Reid, R., 2015. Psychostimulant Prescription for ADHD in New South Wales: a longitudinal perspective.Journal of attention disorders,19(4), pp.284- 292. Marazziti, D., Mucci, F., Vanelli, F., Renda, N., Baroni, S. and Piccinni, A., 2017. Prevalence of Internet addiction: A pilot study in a group of Italian students.European Psychiatry,41, p.S248. Fabio, R.A. and Caprì, T., 2017. The executive functions in a sample of Italian adults with ADHD: attention, response inhibition and planning/organization.Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology,5(3). Bruno, A., Scimeca, G., Cava, L., Pandolfo, G., Zoccali, R.A. and Muscatello, M.R., 2014. PrevalenceofinternetaddictioninasampleofsouthernItalianhighschool students.International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction,12(6), pp.708-715.