Advanced Construction Project Management

This article discusses the importance of sustainable production, design, and construction in advanced construction project management. It covers topics such as nanotechnology, recyclable materials, green materials, automation and robotics, and more. The article also highlights the impact of energy-saving technologies and regulations on reducing the demands related to building construction. It provides insights into the use of advanced technologies like 3D printing and building information modeling (BIM) in the construction industry. The article concludes with a discussion on project supply chains and recommendations for sustainable construction practices.

ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT
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Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.................................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................3
SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION/MANUFACTURING.....................................................................................3
Nanotechnology..................................................................................................................................3
Recyclable materials............................................................................................................................4
The green materials.............................................................................................................................5
Automation and robotics in construction............................................................................................6
Hybrid construction.............................................................................................................................7
3d printing technologies......................................................................................................................7
SUSTAINABLE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION...........................................................................................8
Nearly Zero Energy Building..............................................................................................................10
Recycling building materials and components;.................................................................................10
De-construction.................................................................................................................................11
Construction Waste Management.....................................................................................................12
Building Information Modelling and ICT Integrated design and implementation..............................14
Intelligent decision support systems.................................................................................................15
DEFECT ANALYSIS..................................................................................................................................16
Total quality management systems...................................................................................................16
Quality control process......................................................................................................................17
Lean construction..............................................................................................................................17
3D laser scanning...............................................................................................................................18
Augmented reality (AR).....................................................................................................................19
Real-time BIM models.......................................................................................................................19
PROJECT SUPPLY CHAINS.......................................................................................................................20
Definitions.........................................................................................................................................20
CONCLUSION,RECOMMEDNADTIONS AND LIMITATIONS.........................................................................22
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................................23
APPENDIX..................................................................................................................................................27

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The sector of the building possesses unequivocal effects on economic growth as well as
the rate of employment within the countries. These structures are also very important as far as
the environmental issues are concerned. The energy that is consumed within the building usually
falls in the range of 20-40% in the case of the oil producing countries. In countries like the USA,
the building accounts for 40% of the primary energy used. In other countries like China, this
percentage us given as 30 %( Eadie et al 2013).
When energy-saving technologies are used as well as regulations of the energy efficiency
management, the demands that are related to the building can be effectively reduced.
Construction materials of more value like roofing slates, ashlar blocks, lintels, tiles, decorative
items, and bricks have been recycled and reused. This has helped in minimizing wastage of
resources. The discovery of the new trend in construction, that is, recycling of materials has now
become a great deal in various sectors for an increased role of waste products. Use of robots
improves efficiency and saves on manpower in the sector of construction. Project success is
achieved when its performance indicators like safety, quality, labor productivity, cost, and
schedule and material consumption are brought to an optimum level.
Wood defect quantitative detection scheme and wood species qualitative scheme are
simultaneously proposed based on 3D laser scanning point cloud. The potential of BIM to
effectively change the building industry is being explored through teaching, practice as well as
research by the engineers in various community fields. The management of wastes encompasses
collection, transportation, treatment, storage, disposal and recovery of the wastes. The process is
therefore defined as a comprehensive, rational as well as an integrated approach towards
achieving and maintaining an acceptable quality of the environment as well as the support of

sustainable development. This particular paper highlights the above factors under specific topics
including project supply chain, sustainable design, and construction, defect analysis and
sustainable production and management.
INTRODUCTION
The project management refers to a practice of starting, planning, controlling executing
as well as closing the work being carried out by a team in order to achieve specific goals as well
as meeting the particular criteria of success within the specified period. The main challenge
experienced by project management is netting the objectives within the present constraints. The
construction project management, in particular, involves the use of various tools that enhances
efficiency as well as sustainability (Mok, Shen and Yang 2015).
SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION/MANUFACTURING
Nanotechnology
Many applications based on nanotechnology have been developed in the sector of construction to
improve the durability and performance of components of construction, building safety, energy
efficiency, and easy maintenance. Features that could only be attained using micron-sized
coating like self-cleaning has now become an important tool in the market for nanotechnology
applications in construction and textile. The process involves the use of nanoparticles like TiO2,
Al2O3 or ZnO which are applied as a final coating to bring the characters to the surface. These
nanoparticles also help in making the concrete stronger, durable, quick compacting, self-healing,
air purifying and fire resistant (de, Patah and de 2015).
Nanotechnology has allowed the thriving of materials having better insulating properties like
nanostructured aerogels, vacuum, and nanofoams, better structures capable of regulating the use

of energy. The technology has also resulted in new construction materials, the nanocomposites
including the flame-retardant, new lightweight and self-healing materials.
The nanomaterials used in construction include;
Silicon dioxide -for flame-proofing, mechanical strength reinforcement and light transmission.
Titanium dioxide – for rapid hydration.
Carbon nanotubes – for crack prevention and mechanical durability.
Copper nanoparticles – for welding in steels.
Quantum dots – for mediation of electrons in solar cells.
Silver – for biocidal activity in coating and paints.
Some of the nanoparticles also prevent the surfaces from the bad smell, fungus, and mold.
Recyclable materials
It was seen that before the knowledge of recycling construction materials came into place, a lot
of resources could go at waste and a huge amount of money could be invested just for the
construction sector. Wastes from demolition were broken down and used as foundations for new
constructions of roads and pavements, as a result, there is an encouragement for recycling old
concrete as the crushed aggregate but this may need more precautions.
Construction materials of more value like roofing slates, ashlar blocks, lintels, tiles, decorative
items, and bricks have been recycled and reused. This has helped in minimizing wastage of
resources. The discovery of the new trend in construction, that is, recycling of materials has now
become a great deal in various sectors for an increased role of waste products. Large quantities
of wastes and by-products have now found extensive and greater beneficial uses in construction.

There are two popularly known construction materials in common use all over the world which
are by-products. They include blast-furnace slag a by-product from steel and iron industry in the
form of grounded granular and the fly ash waste from coal-burning furnaces.
The green materials
Even though concrete has been in use for a long time for construction purposes, it has some
adverse effects like the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere resulting in climatic
change. Therefore, alternatives to concrete which include green building materials have been
devised to help reduce this effect. The green materials include;
Straw Bales – this goes back to the days when the naturally occurring resources were used to
construct houses. They are used to create walls inside the frame replacing other building
materials such as the concrete(Serpella et al 2014).
Grasscrete -this is where the concrete is only used in constructing walkways, sidewalks and the
floors leaving some areas for the growing of grass.
Hempcrete – is concrete like material from the inner fibers of hemp plant bounded with lime to
create concrete-like shapes which are strong and light.
Rammed Earth – this is where walls are made from dirt tightly tamped down in wooden forms.
Bamboo – it provides an alternative to rebar and concrete construction in areas which cannot be
easily accessed because it is light and a fast-growing natural resource.
Wood – trees absorb carbon dioxide and less energy is also required to process them into
finished construction products.
Recycled Plastic – the creation of concrete from recycled plastics and trash has helped reduce
the emission of harmful gasses to the atmosphere.

Timbercreek – this is a building material made from a mixture of concrete and sawdust.it is
lighter than concrete and therefore reduces the transportation emission.
AshCrete – is a concrete alternative that uses fly ash instead of traditional cement.
Mycelium – is the root structure of mushrooms and fungi.it can be encouraged to grow around
the straw and then dried by air to create bricks.
Ferrock – it uses recycled materials like steel dust from the steel industry to create a building
material similar but stronger than concrete.
Automation and robotics in construction
Construction involves working in risky and dangerous conditions and is labor intensive,
therefore a lot of research has been done to come up with robotics construction where robots are
used to help human workers in construction sites. Use of robots improve the efficiency and saves
on manpower in the sector of construction. Project success is achieved when its performance
indicators like safety, quality, labor productivity, cost, schedule, and material consumption are
brought to an optimum level. The system of automation and robotics in the construction industry
has the following advantages;
a) Uniformity and higher accuracy in final products.
b) Higher safety for workers and the public as robots are used for dangerous jobs.
c) Production increase and efficiency of work with reduced costs.
d) Reduction of specks of dust and noise within the industry.
e) The improved environment of work relieving workers from unconducive working
conditions.

Hybrid construction
This is a construction method combining the in-situ concrete with precast concrete to make a
high-quality concrete totally different from the two. The integration helps achieve the accuracy,
speed and high quality in in-situ and precast components. The construction aids in buildable
simple competitive structures with a lot of efficiency in construction.
Hybrid construction has the following advantages
 Safety – hybrid concrete construction helps reduce the number of accidents in the
industry by providing a conducive working environment.
 The precast and the in-situ make construction process relatively simple and logical.
 Hybrid construction also ensures a faster speed, quality, and economy resulting in
reduced cost in the construction process.
3d printing technologies
In the construction industry,3D printing can be used to create construction components or print
entire buildings. It facilitates faster and accurate construction of complex items and also lowers
the cost and wastes produced in the process.
Management in the production process
This includes the collaborative methods which can be used to improve the production
management in the design and construction of infrastructure projects(Zheng et al.2016).
Different approaches have been used in designing and construction management each having its
own principles. The common basic principles defining production management include;
Collaboration – the project is executed by supervisors and companies who work together in
production management.

Transparency – the processes and final products from the production process should be made
aware to all the parties involved.
Improvement – it should involve the workforce in improving performance and problem-solving.
SUSTAINABLE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
In order to improve the energy performance in a building in existence, the process of
refurbishment has been identified as one of the crucial technique to reduce the GHG as well as
combating climate change. There is however little that has been done to determine how the
behavior of human affects the solution selection of the refurbishment. This kind of problem is
obvious for the case of the high rise buildings found in the sub-tropical cities like the case of
Hong Kong(Yeheyis, et al 2013).
Acceptable Sustainable of refurbishment
The list shown below is a representation of a sample study in Hong Kong regarding sustainable
refurbishment.
Table 1: Energy measurement deliverables(Hwang and Ng 2013)

According to the table shown above, the energy efficiency appliance selection that has been
marked S1w was actually ranked as the most efficient as well as utmost acceptable method The
study indicated that the use of the by the home appliances consumes a lot of energy. This implied
that the efficiency appliances by making reference to various reference schemes(Hwang and Ng
2013).
The use of low energy lamps that have been marked T5, as well as S1, became the second most
acceptable method as per the case study. The process of upgrading the existing fluorescent
fixtures of light was considered to be one of the mainframes of commercial lighting. The (T5
fluorescent) commonly known as low energy lamps can actually help in the reduction of the bills
of the energy, cut down on the frequency of the changing rate of the bulbs, saving on energy.
With support from the government regarding low energy lamps like the strong subsidies, these
particular lamps of low energy have gained widespread usage by the locals(Zhang, Zuo and
Zillante 2013).
Nearly Zero Energy Building
The sector of the building possesses unequivocal effects on economic growth as well as the rate
of employment within the countries. These structures are also very important as far as the
environmental issues are concerned. The energy that is consumed within the building usually
falls in the range of 20-40% in the case of the OECD countries. In countries like the USA, the
building accounts for 40% of the primary energy used. In other countries like China, this
percentage us given as 30%.When energy-saving technologies are used as well as regulations of
the energy efficient, the demands that are related to the building can be effectively
reduced(Hwang, Zhao and Toh 2014).

The idea of reducing the consumption of the energy in the building has led to the emergence of
the concept of the low energy building which is commonly referred to as the LEB. According to
the pioneer scholars on this particular concept, the ZEB concept does not need the extra energy
demand which is used for space cooling and space heating. It is therefore defined as a meeting of
the needs of energy from non-carbon emission generations of energy while at the same time
lowering bathe running as well as the installation cost(Mir and Pennington 2014).
Recycling building materials and components;
Recycling of the demolitions as well as the construction wastes materials that are generated at
the site of the construction in increasingly important. The benefits of environmental recycling are
very important. The present estimates have shown that if it would have been p[possible to
recycle all the asphalt as well as the concrete blocks that are produced from the countries like the
USA, the total energy saved would have been equivalent to the removal of 1 million cars from
the roads or saving 1 billion gallons of gasoline.
Besides saving on the energy used such initiatives of recycling helps to keep the materials out of
the landfills. Other than the environmental benefits that have been discussed in various sectors
above, this particular process has economic benefits. Most of the recyclers have started charging
for some percentage of money before they can accept the materials to be recycled. Recycling
thus reduces the cost of material disposal.
De-construction
The concept of de-construction should never be taken to mean demolition but instead, it should
be used to mean "breaking down" or analysis of something so as to get its true significance
which may not be exactly what had been intended by the researcher. It is possible for engineers
to deconstruct several myths in the construction industry. In the construction industry, the term

"breaking down" or deconstruction is applicable in the cases where the engineers are interested
in the comprehensive analysis of the building.
Modern methods of construction;
3D volumetric Construction
It is also known as modular construction
It involves producing three-dimensional units in controlled conditions of the factory prior to
taking it to the site.
Precast Flat Panel System
Wall and floor units are produced off-sites elsewhere in a factory later to be erected on-site to
form structures that are robust(Park et al 2013).
Tunnel from
This is a form of a system of formwork that allows the contractor to effectively build monolithic
walls as ells slabs in a single or one operation on a daily circle.
Insulating Concrete Formwork
It consists of twin-walled as well as expanded polystyrene panels which built quickly so as to
create formwork for the walls of a building.
Construction Waste Management
Waste is basically defined as a portable object that has been abandoned by the owner. This kind
of definition is rephrased to be understood as a sign of inefficiency of the current society as well
as the representation of the misallocated resources. The management of wastes encompasses
collection, transportation, treatment, storage, disposal and recovery of the wastes. The process is

therefore defined as a comprehensive, rational as well as an integrated approach towards
achieving and maintaining an acceptable quality of the environment as well as the support of
sustainable development(Ogunde et al 2017).
In order to ensure that the construction wastes are properly managed, the UK government has
developed a strategy alongside the assistance from other group members like the experts,
journalism and the practitioners. The management of wastes in the construction industry is
perceived to be very intricate considering that it is possible to have wastes generated at each and
every stage of the construction project.
The management of the wastes takes into account three principal components that are related to
the wastes management including materials, labor and finally the machine wastes. The formation
of the physical wastes takes place during the losses that occur at the construction stage. The non
–physical wastes such as cost overruns and time results from poor management(Eriksson 2013).

Figure 1: Construction waste cycles(Hwang and Ng 2013)
Strategies used in waste management by the UK government.
Figure 2: Strategy layout of the waste management(Hwang and Ng 2013)
Building Information Modelling and ICT Integrated design and
implementation
Integrated design has been found to be one of the crucial parts of the process of building. In one
of the case studies in Zeeland, there has been development if a new paradigm for the process of

the integrated building which has been achieved through a combination of the building products
as per the manufacturing as well as the construction sites(Tamošaitienė, Zavadskas and Turskis
2013). This is regarded as an open system for product design. This particular concept has been
implemented through a process called Manu Build which presents a mass of customization
technique. This technique allows the designs of the buildings to be customized.
Also, the application of the BIM is meant to support the integrated design. Taking a case study of
the European FP6 research project on "Open Information Environment" which basically dictates
that any expenditure of 1% on the project cost translates to almost 70% of the life cycle cost
commitment to the building. The use of BIM allows for engineers to carry out the performance-
based design. It is through this mechanism that the information on future building performance
can be considered.
Figure 3: Integrated design with BIM(Shen et al 2015).
Intelligent decision support systems.
One of the fundamental human processes at the center of interaction is with the world is decision
making. It is obvious that people will always make both good as well as poor decisions. When

the technique of the artificial intelligence commonly referred to as AI is used in the generation of
the alternatives in regard to decision making in the project management, the resultant system is
called intelligent decision support system (IDSS).
In other words, IDSS can be defined as the interactive computer mechanism that are used to
help decision-makers in data utilization, model understanding as well as relevant knowledge to
be used in solving ill-structured, semi-structured or just unstructured problems. The decision
maker forms part of the system. The basic structure of the IDSS is as summaries below.
Figure 4: Schematic illustrations(Shen et al 2015).

The system is therefore used to assist in the overcoming of the human cognitive biases and
limitation through the provision of the rational basis for alternative comparisons.
DEFECT ANALYSIS
Total quality management systems
The quality management system is just a set of rules defined in different documents and policies
of a company. It highlights the achievement in the production of goods and services within the
company and their delivery to the customers. The quality management system is specific to the
services and products offered by the company making it flexible and can be manipulated
according to the needs of the company’s manager. The management system is a process which
starts from the planning stages of the company where the goals and the products and services to
be dealt with are considered. It then goes to the production or creation process and finally the
delivery to the customers. The system has some challenges, managing the inspection of the
product without managing the input which determines the quality of the output.
Quality control process
This is a process which ensures that consumers receive products free from defects to satisfy their
wants. The process should be done in the correct way to ensure that customers are not at risk.
Quality control process stands on two pillars that support it i.e., six sigma which ensures that the
needs of the customers are met by the product and that the product has zero defect and statistical
process control (SPC) which controls the quality of the product by closely following the
production process(Zhang, and Fan 2013). Quality control process has helped the company to
improve safety, reduce liability risks, maintain or improve its position in the market, increase
customer loyalty and gain new customers in the market.

Lean construction
The lean process was seen to be successful in the manufacturing industry and therefore the
techniques were borrowed into the construction industry to help eliminate waste products and
maximize the profit. Lean construction is whereby the production system is designed in a manner
to minimize wastage of materials, effort and time in order to generate the maximum possible
amount of value.
Lean construction work under the following principles;
o Perfection pursued by continuous improvement
o Waste elimination
o Make remaining value adding steps flow not interrupting by managing the interfaces
between different steps.
o Clearly identify the process that delivers what the customer values and ignoring non-
value adding steps.
o Precisely specify a value from the perspective of the ultimate customer.
o Let the customer pull don’t make anything until it is needed, then make it quickly.
These principles of Lean can apply to procurement, design, logistics, construction and
production planning.
3D laser scanning
The pricing as well as grading of the wood are usually subject to the specific kind of the item as
well as the defects present. The analysis of the defect is usually done by the method of
coordinate system. The 3D point consists of three coordinates X, Y and Z, and color information
RGB. In order to assess the quality of wood to correctly depict the commercial value and the
physical property of different wood products, two major issues have to be checked, the wood

defects and wood species. The laser scanning schemes and spectral analysis are used to detect the
external defects in woods while other detectors like gamma rays, X-rays and microwaves are
used to detect the internal defects in woods surfaces.
The 3D scanner is used in the object's 3D reconstruction because the technology is
nondestructive and uses laser processing with high scan accuracy and fast scan speed. (Brioso
2015).
Augmented reality (AR)
This is a technology that expands the world physically by adding digital information layers into
it. The augmented reality is of four types; marker-less augmented reality, marker-based
augmented reality, projection-based, and superimposition-based augmented realities. The
technology of AR can be displayed on devices like handheld devices, glasses, screens, mobile
phones and involves simultaneous localization and mapping, depth tracking and other comments
like cameras and sensors for data collection on user's interactions then sending it for processing,
processing, reflection and projection as in Lampix which can project workspace on any
surface(Ribeiro et al 2013)..
Marker-based augmented reality uses the camera to produce results only when the marker is
sensed by the reader. Simple patterns like QR code are used as markers as they require less
processing power to read and can easily be recognized. Marker-less AR uses velocity meter,
digital compass or accele4rometer found within the device to provide information based on the
location. Projection-based AR uses laser plasma technology to project 3D interactive hologram
into mid-air.

Real-time BIM models
The building information modeling that is commonly referred to as the BIM is an emerging
technology used in the building modeling, integrated project delivery as well as collaborative
design(Bresnen 2013). The potential of BIM to effectively change the building industry is being
explored through teaching, practice as well as research by the engineers in various community
fields. The present adoption of BIM in education as well as design facilitates the application of
the games in the process of the design. This kind of application has been possible in real time
because of the following reasons:
The 3D geometric data of BIM assist the generation level as well as a mapping in the games
The object-oriented programming is allowed with the real-time BIM tool development since it is
feasible to have them constructed.
PROJECT SUPPLY CHAINS
Definitions
Sustainable procurement approaches, e.g. Public-Private Partnership
There is an urgent need to ensure incorporation of the sustainability considerations in the projects
of the infrastructure that are delivered through public-private partnerships commonly referred to
as PPPs.In one of the case study regarding this particular subject, it was discovered that the
considerations on the sustainability role in the Flemish PPP project were actually limited(Varajão
et al.2014). It appears that neglect is as a result of the challenges experienced in the formulation
of measurable criteria of social integrity. Public-private partnerships refer to those long –term
integrated contracts that are used for the public infrastructure provision. Public-private
partnerships are arrangements which allow the private parties to fully participate or and provide
support deemed necessary in the infrastructure. The PPP project usually leads to a contract for
the private entity in the delivery of public services which re infrastructure-based.

ICT supported supply chain integration and web-based supply chain
management;
A supply chain referred to a network of suppliers, warehouses, manufacturers, retailers as well as
distributors who through coordinated activities and plans developing the product through the
conversion of the raw materials into the finished goods. There are several approaches involved in
the supply chain management that are used to integrate distributors, suppliers, and manufacturers
in the functions (Banihashemi et al.2017). This includes material transformation, material
procurement as well as material distribution. The use of Web technologies like e-SCM allow for
the integration as well as synchronization of all the information and processes regarding SC. The
application Web-based techniques allow for the reduction of the cost of the transaction by almost
80% as opposed to the private network costs. The applications of the Web-based techniques are
used as direct integration with the structure of the Enterprise Application Integration.
Design integration and Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DfMA)
approaches;
Design for manufacturing and assembly commonly referred to as DFMA is a technique for the
cost and cost optimization of the subsystems, manufacturing processes as well as the whole
system. Through ensuring minimized operations in the assembly, it will help in the elimination
of the redundancy of the components; facilitate manufacturing and assembly of the product
which is generally cost-effective in terms of the requirement of the materials, labor, and parts
production as well as overhead.
Tracking and managing the production process for a new building
Production tracker refers to the advanced intelligence tool used in business that allows one to
properly track batches in the entire door-to-door process starting from the raw material reception

to the shipment process in real time. The production tracking covers both non-productions as
well as the production stages of the process (Aliverdi, Naeni and Salehipour 2013). The most
utilized processes include the inventory, production lines, and quality labs among others.
Through this process, it will be possible for one to locate the exact position of the material at any
time. The historical data can be effectively be analyzed and the findings used in the optimization
of the entire process. The real-time tracking tool is therefore used as a compliment in the
planning perfect considering that it will allow for the identification of the potential problem in
the process of production and give notification for the remedial measures to be put in place.
CONCLUSION,RECOMMEDNADTIONS AND LIMITATIONS
The research that has been done under the construction sector has improvised techniques for the
improvement purposes in construction. It was suggested that a regulatory body be assigned to
closely monitor and control the standards of construction project management. Therefore, for
improvement in the sector of construction, application technologies like BIM which would
facilitate the development in the sector should be encouraged as this will help reduce the wastage
of materials and improve on the efficiency of construction process. It has been established that
the main factor influencing production is the management, it is therefore recommended that
proper training based on the management issues should be practiced to bring the construction
process to success.
It is important note that despite the aggressive steps that have been incorporated in the
construction n management, some of the techniques are in their trial stages. This implies that
they cannot effectively be relied upon for making conclusion in research work. BIM technology
while can be used in the construction for prediction of the results relies entire on expertise of the
operator. The national associations and regulatory bodies involved in the construction process

should have regular workshops to educate members on the management techniques and carry out
regular inspection to ensure that high standards of construction are met. The government should
also set standards and enforce the set standards to practice in order to ensure that the resources
allocated in the construction sector are not misused and enact policies to promote standards,
implementations and penalization of erring professionals.

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APPENDIX
Conventional project management scheme