Advanced Project Management for Online Education: Project Selection, Screening, and Portfolio Management at University of Cambridge

This report discusses the University of Cambridge's project to improve online education during the COVID-19 pandemic. It covers project selection, screening, and portfolio management, as well as the use of a TOWS matrix and project portfolio matrix. The report also includes suggestions for screening modules and project types.

Advanced Project
Management

Introduction
The technique of supervising a team's efforts to accomplish all strategic goals while maintaining
within budget constraints is known as process management. This study is usually included in the
project paperwork, which also is created at the outset of the building phase. The three key
constraints are range, schedule, &funding. The majority of investors have 5 phases: start,
characterization, &plan, budgeting, executing, monitoring, &closure. Each of them has certain
tasks that will aid you in meeting their study goal (Afonin, 2019). Project management's purpose
is to structure &administer a project in such a way that its gain a broader &objectives are
fulfilled. It demands the detection &control of threats, as well as careful strategic planning, smart
finance, &open communication across a diverse group of people &department. Project team
involves a variety of components, including Project Plan, Project Schedule, Cost Of the project,
Scope Of work, Team Skill Set, Team working, Team Dynamic, &Management. There are a few
scenarios in the project; it is required to choose one. We will address project selection,
organizational context, project leadership, administration, advance planning &scheduling,
&developing &leading transformation based on the present scenario of the selected company.
The current report comprises of a discussion about the Project Selection &Portfolio Management
along with the type of projects that would expect the company to pursue &provide reasons why.
Along with this, Screening Module suggestions for the project Selection and Project portfolio
matrix together with the TOWS matrix has been also included in current project. Finally, a
recommendation of the organizational Structure and Project governance frameworks is also
made in current report.
A. Project Selection &Portfolio Management
About chosen scenario
The University of Cambridge is considered as the collegiate research university located in
Cambridge, UK. This University founded in the year 1209 & granted a royal charter by Henry 3
in the year 1231, Cambridge is ranked among the most prestigious universities in the world. It is

analysed that Cambridge is the 2nd -oldest university in the world & the world's 4th -oldest
surviving university.
The University of Cambridge, including other UK universities, unexpectedly relocated all
undergraduate and post-graduate education online in the spring of 2020 because to the Covid-19
epidemic. In the summer of 2020, the University of Cambridge announced that all presentations
would be perpetually available on the web until the spring of 2021. This move to distance
courses demands a considerable change in programme format and content, along with
rehabilitation of students and teachers. It also includes an increase in average digital literacy,
tools for online teaching and evaluations, and a reimagining of the student community. This is
one of the most important projects the University of Cambridge has undertaken in current history
(Albinovic, 2021).
Goals of the Cambridge Universality
 Cambridge University announced that all the sessions & lectures will be permanently
online until the summer of 2021.
 To improve the online teaching &initiate big change in the programs & modules structure
& also material.
 To take initiative in order to a re-skilling of all the lecturers & students
 an increase of overall digital literacy including the adoption of software for online
teaching &online exams & a re-thinking of the students’ experience
Directions
In order to improve the online teaching, it is necessary for the Cambridge University to follow
some factors which can provide the right direction in this project –
 Utilize specific &variety of the technology options
 Prepare to work with technology
 Improve the technical skills of the students
 Provide them training
 Connect to students individually
 Online assignment

 Online fee payment
 Consider new learning methods
 Provide collaboration & socialization opportunities
Type of projects you would expect the company to pursue &provide reasons why.
Cambridge Universality is looking forward to pay more attention on the Online learning &also
provide the virtual platform to their students & faculty members so that they can work
effectively &smoothly. The online teaching type of project is mainly considered by the
University so that University can shape &improve the career of their students during the Covid –
Pandemic time period. There are various advantages of online teaching are considered which are
given below -
It is more convenient and flexible to educate online. Teaching online is shown to
provide educators with even more possibilities for participation in learning programmes.
Educating throughout non-traditional class hours is easier for online professors. They also could
educate from anyplace they have Internet connection. Teaching via residence while or going to a
workshop are two instances (Anholon &Sano, 2016). Students' understanding is also improved
through online instruction. Students can engage in course exercises & conversations more
comfortably in an online environment.
This broadens the group of individuals, enhances the chance of diverse viewpoints, and enriches
the course conversation. Simultaneously, the online environment draws identity individuals who
are much more inclined to begin dialogues, ask questions, and communicate with their
classmates and teacher. And, because every learner is obliged to respond to the discussion site,
the instructor has a good idea of how well his or her pupils grasp the content.
The growth of online instruction is also due to its convenience and flexibility. Online instructors
have additional opportunities to participate in teaching programs. For online educators, learning
throughout quasi-class moments is simpler. They may also lecture from anywhere with an
Internet connection. Two examples include teaching via home or attending a conference (Datta,
K, 2020).

It can helpful to way to get to know students on a more personal level. It is analyzed that through
online teaching, Shy students will feel more at ease participating in course activities
&discussions in an online environment. This broadens the pool for attendees, enhances the
chance of diverse viewpoints, &enriches the course conversation. Simultaneously, the online
environment draws self-motivated students who are more inclined to initiate dialogues, ask
questions, &communicate with their classmates &instructor. Furthermore, because each student
is required to provide a response,
 Flexibility & also adaptability
 Decrease the costs & time
 Network related Opportunities
 Online education can cost less due to a variety of reasons.
 Documentation
 Encourage Instructor - Student Time.
 Access to Expertise
 E-learning can helpful to saves time & money.
 With online learning, learners can access content anywhere & anytime.
 E-learning leads to better retention.
 E-learning is consistent.
 E-learning is scalable.
 E-learning offers personalization.
Screening Module suggestions for the project Selection
The main motive of this project is to pay more attention on the online teaching &also
improve the virtual education in the University so that all the students of Cambridge University
can get excellent education without any roadblock. It is necessary for the management &high
authorities of the University to take &appropriate steps &collect all the resources which can
useful to full fill the requirements of this project. In order to maintain the requirements of the
projects, it is mandatory to take care about those factors which can provide the positive aspects
to the project management of the University. The main reason behind in formation of this project
is that this project will helpful to maintain the flow of education even in the pandemic time

period. With the help of this project, University can improve the competencies of their staff
members &also improve the adaptability &knowledge &understanding of the students. After
allocating of all the resources including technological, manpower, administrative &many other
resources, it is necessary for the University management department to follow an appropriate
screening method which can useful to identify the current status &significance of the project.
There are various Screening module are available which can helpful to improve the
screening process such as checklist, simplified scoring, analytical hierarchy, profile. All these
methods are helpful &maintain the effectiveness of the organisation but in con text of the current
situation of the University, Checklist method is suggested. It is determined that Check list
method is beneficial for the development of the project management process &also useful to
provide the fair outcomes. It is analysed that Checklist is considered as the experience-based
strategies which is aid in various way. This method is draw on the inspector's knowledge to
determine the much more critical sections of a system, such as those that are so often used by
customers &those that are highly prone to failure. They draw on the tester's previous experience
with faults discovered when testing comparable technologies (Dimitriadis &Psychogios, 2016).
Recommendation about the Framework
On the basis of the project management scenario, Project Portfolio Matrix is mainly
recommended for the University of Cambridge. The explanation about the Project Portfolio
Matrix is given below -
Project portfolio matrix
This is considered as the most appropriate matrix which can helpful to improve the strategic
planning &implementation of the project. Through this matrix, it is identified that how an
organisation can maintain the strategic planning process &also takes appropriate steps to
maintain their market growth rate &market share. Management department of the University of
Cambridge can utilise this model in order to maintain the project management process. This
project portfolio matrix can helpful to maintain the strategic planning system as a beginning
point for pursuing or rejecting objectives and/or initiatives. The matrix makes it easier to see

&analyse different risk &project kinds. This matrix is mainly recommended for the University
because this matrix is helpful to manage the project portfolio &enhance the project management
operations in an appropriate manner (Dumke &Abran, 2016). A high-level description of the
Boston matrix in relation to the Project Portfolio matrix is discussed below -
 Bread-and-Butter – This is considered as the most effective factor which represents the
“Stars” category. This factor highest the NPV but also mainly consume the large
amounts of cash because of the innovative technology
 Pearl – This factor demonstrate the “Question mark” category, which can potentially be
determined the “problem child” because of amount of cash required to support
appropriate opportunities in order to become a star
 Oyster – This factor mainly represent the “Cash Cow” category which mainly focus on
the Innovative breakthroughs with more effective &high payoff
 White Elephant – This factor mainly concerned about the “Dogs “ category which can
reflecting promise at one time period but has little future potential
Figure 1Project Portfolio Management, 2020

An application of the Project portfolio matrix in context of the Management department
of the University of Cambridge can be made that includes bread-and-Butter which is considered
as the most effective factor and supports the consume the large amounts of cash because of the
innovative technology. Further, an implication about the Pearl factor can be made that comprise
of the Question mark that aim at the determined amount of cash required to support appropriate
opportunities in order to become a star. Further, it has been reviewed that the Oyster factor
represent the “Cash Cow” category that lead and brings to the Innovative breakthroughs which
tend to be more effective &high payoff for Management department of the University of
Cambridge. Finally, the application of the White Elephant can also be made that tend to
reflecting promise at one time period but has little future potential that is effective to predict
potential problems, review progress towards operational goals, manage budgets, and address
stakeholder concerns.
All these four factors are highlight four different prospective which can helpful to maintain the
project portfolio of the University of Cambridge. It is determined that a portfolio matrix is a
graph that is used to identify requirements in terms including both market expansion &particular
market share. The graph's vertical axis represents product demand, while the horizontal axis
represents the market share of a branded commodity within the same industry. Manage
department of the University need to focus on the Bread-and-Butter factor which is mainly
represent the “Start” category in which the technical feasibility &net present value are
demonstrate the high growth rate &high market share (Fachini &et. al., 2018).

B. The Organisational Context
TOWS matrix
This is considered as the most effective matrix &it is determined that TOWS, which was first
outlined by the Heinz Weihrich in 1999. It mixes impact of different factors to generate useful
suggestions as to how to best use the data. The main motive of TOWS is to decrease the dangers
&take advantage of the opportunities, maximize on strengths, & eliminate weaknesses.
University of Cambridge need to utilise this model in order to maintain the effectiveness also &
focus on all these strategies to consider about the strategy of whole organisation , a department,
or a team by examining the external reality (threats & opportunities) &the internal factors
(weaknesses & strengths) (Falcone &et. al., 2018).

Proper utilization of this matrix is helpful in strengthen the strategies of the University in context
of the project portfolio. This model will make sure the success of the project portfolio. All the
strategies of TOWS matrix are needed to consider by the management department of the
University so that University can create the specific link between the success of the project
portfolio &strategies. The main goal of the project is to improve the effectiveness of the online
teaching so that all the students can get good education continuously (Hamzeh, Samad
&Emdanat, 2019).
A TOWS matrix is one method for mapping out an organisation's overall options (or
TOWS analysis). Managers can concentrate on the following important strategies to follow
depending on the conditions by combining the external atmosphere's opportunities and threats
with the benefits and limitations of the internal organisation:

WT situation: Mini-Mini strategy -
This plan indicated that the company had a slim possibility of expanding. It operates in a
challenging environment with few changing options. It lacks significant traits that might enable it
to withstand challenges. According to the findings, the Mini-Mini technique is primarily
intended to eliminate both threats and risks. Mini-Mini strategy is a combination of pessimistic
scenarios, such as an institution's failure, and optimistic scenarios, such as an organization's
survival by merging with that other company.
WO situation: Mini-Maxi strategy -
In context of this strategy, it is analysed that organisation has more vulnerability &weaknesses in
this circumstance, but its environment affords various opportunity in order to address them.
Main aim of Mini-Maxi method is to reduce vulnerabilities while maximising possibilities. This
method is helpful in exploiting these possibilities while lowering or correcting organisational
shortcomings should be part of the plan.
ST situation: Maxi-Mini strategy -
The basic purpose of the Maxi-Mini approach is to enhance a company ’s strengths and
weaknesses while minimising the risks that such competencies represent. A company with strong
money management skills and premium ability may lower its prices to push away rivals.
SO situation: Maxi-Maxi strategy -
In case of this strategy, it is analysed that if any organisation really wants to be in a situation
where its strengths & prospects may be fully used. Such an organisation may lead from its own
strengths, leveraging its abilities to respond to market possibilities. This strategy can helpful to
increase income; organizations within those conditions should consider expanding globally or
diversifying their product offering (Jamshidi, Ait-Kadi &Ruiz, 2017).

The efficient use of this matrix aids in the strengthening of the University's strategies in the
context of the project portfolio. The success of the project portfolio will be ensured by this
strategy. All of the TOWS matrix strategies must be considered by the university's management
department in order for the university to establish a direct relationship between project portfolio
performance &TOWS matrix approaches. The project's major purpose is to increase the efficacy
of online teaching so that all students may get quality education on a continual basis. On the
basis of four main strategies of the TOWS matrix, it is determined that in context of University
of Cambridge, SO situation “Maxi – Maxi strategy will be beneficial which can helpful to
improve the value &productivity of the University.
Recommendation of the organisational Structure
An organisation structure is defined as perhaps the most efficient method that primarily
determines how certain activities are carried out in terms of satisfying an organisation ’s
information. These operations include things like standards, positions, and responsibilities. The
structure of an organization also influences how information is shared across departments within
a company (Kim, 2016). The University of Cambridge must create a suitable institutional
framework that can play a significant influence in increasing the project's chances of success.
The following is a guideline for the University's corporate structure:
Functional Organisational Structure
Most organisations use a functional organisational structure& this is the most frequent of the
three organisational types. The value of this structure is more because it is working as the
upward to downward &also maintain the flow of information. Employees in companies
structured by function are divided into groups based on their job responsibilities. University of
Cambridge need to consider this organisational structure because it can consider all the HR
function, as do workers in sales, advertising, finance, & technical assistance.

Strengths of Functional organisational structure
 Focus on the Specialization
 Operational Speed
 High productivity levels
 Skill growth
 Operational Clarity
 Decreased cost of operation
 Competition between the departments
 Hierarchical structure
Weakness of Functional organisational structure
 Segregation
 Weakening of Common Bonds
 Territorial Disputes
 Slow decision-making
 Lack of Coordination
Impact of organisational structure on project
Organizational structure can helpful to maintain the operational activities &discipline in
an organization. Through Functional organizational structure, University of Cambridge can
easily enhance their project that is online teaching in a smooth manner. Because with the help of
functional organizational structure, University can precede the entire task in an systematic
manner &the flow of information can proceed in a right direction. Functional organizational
structure can provide the positive impact on the project portfolio because it can provide more
advancement like faster decision making, multiple business locations, improved operating
efficiency, eliminates duplication of work, greater employee performance &also reduced
employee conflict &improve the communication (Lock, 2017).

C. Project Governance
Project governance frameworks
The management structure under which project decisions are being made is known as project
governance. An organisation will be able to take an organised approach to both its business as
normal &its business brand, or program, operations in this fashion. The three fundamental pillars
such as structures, personnel, &information all these pillars are sometimes referred to as the
"firm foundation" of project governance. Project governance mainly focused on the policies,
regulations, functions, processes, procedures &also responsibilities (Mavi &Standing, 2018).
There are various kind of project governance framework are available but in context of the
University of Cambridge, two most appropriate project governance framework are considered
which are discussed below-
1. P3M3
P3M3 is mainly known s Portfolio, Programme &Project Management Maturity Model. This
framework is a joint wander between the UK Government & Capita that assumed liability for
materials in January 2014. It is analysed that P3M3 is based on Carnegie Mellon University's
Capability Maturity Integration (CMMI) &uses a similar approach. In the beginning, between
1986 &1991, the Carnegie Mellon College Software Engineering Institute (SEI) made a crude
change to the model. Following that, authorities refined it as the P3M3, which is used when in
doubt &as a checklist of headings for completing any project but also its administrative, portfolio
management, &systems integration (Nica, 2019).

It is critical for organisations to underst&the optimal degree of accomplishment in their goal
in order to optimise return on investment &have a realistic view of what they should achieve.
Not that every organisation will be able to reach the top level, &for others, the middle levels may
be sufficient to suit their business goals &aspirations. Although it is possible to get short-term
execution advantages by using P3M3 to discover &rectify execution flaws, to get the most out of
P3M3, execution modification should be seen as a long-term process (Padalkar &Gopinath,
2016).
There are a variety of reasons why organisations could use a maturity analysis to evaluate
their current performance. There are some level are involved in this framework which are as
follows-

Advantages & Disadvantages of P2M3
The main advantage of the P3M3 is to improve the applicability of the project management,
programme management &also improve the effectiveness of the portfolio management. The
main disadvantage of P3M3 is time consuming framework.
2. Stage-gate
A Stage-Gate Strategy is a theoretical and practical method for bringing a novel product to the
marketplace. The Stage-Gate technique divides the work into numerous parts separated by
decision-making gates. This is referred to as the gate keeping approach.
A stage gate structure, commonly known as cognitive gates, is a construction project technique
that works well for large firms with several teams, organisations, and partnerships. Many of
these phases look at the work to determine if it can move on with the endeavor. A phase-gate
technique is a management concept that splits a project or endeavour into distinct phases, each

with its own set of strategic possibilities. 2021) (Pan & Zhang). A management, steering group,
or governance board decides whether or not to proceed at each gate.
There are various steps are involved in this model which are given below –
In the process of the Stage – Gate, 5 steps are involved such as in the first stage, ideation, second
stage, Concept, in third stage, Development, fourth stage mainly focused about the Testing,
&final step is all about the Launch. With the help of these stages, Company can effectively
manage their project management portfolio.
Advantage &Disadvantages of Stage – Gate
Advantage -
 It prevents you from squandering time &money on unpromising projects.
 In many industries, it's a prerequisite.
 It provides you with structure
 They have the potential to suffocate innovation
 It's not all about the cash.
Disadvantages
 It's frequently done incorrectly
 Your flow will be ruined if you have too many gates.
 It puts an end to the compartmentalization

Suggest one project governance framework
In order to, maintain the project portfolio, P3M3 project governance framework is mainly
recommended for the University of Cambridge. In order to maximise return on that investment
&have a realistic picture of what they should achieve, it is vital for businesses to grasp the ideal
level of achievement in their goals. Not every company should be able reach the top, &for some,
the intermediate tiers may be adequate to meet their objectives. Although it is feasible to get
action to improve benefits by utilising P3M3 to find &fix implementation defects, the best use of
P3M3 is seeing execution alteration as a long-term process (Phanden, Jain &Davim, 2019).
Overview of governance institutions
The overview of the institutional governance is a simplified conceptual framework that
can aptly explain how the behaviour of public sector organizations is influenced by their
interaction with those actors taking part to social life, meaning citizens and institutions. Further,
it has been analysed and reviewed that the Office for Students (OfS) is a vital governance
institution that regulates universities in England. Its aims are to ensure students get good value,
teaching standards are high, that new higher education institutions are credible, and that
universities are making efforts to widen participation.
D. Leadership
In order to manage the effectiveness of the project, it is necessary to select the specific
project leadership role. As per to manage the online teaching project, a project manager role is
more appropriate role because project manager is responsible to manage the project &improve
the success rate of the project of the University.
Project managers are in charge of the planning, monitoring, leadership, performance, and
closing of projects. They are in control of the developer's overall picture, the team responsible
and equipment, cost projections, and the project's success or fail (Roughton, Crutchfield &Waite,
2019).
Project managers (PMs) are in line with vision, managing, & monitoring the effective
completion of the project for an institution, as well as ensuring that they are finished on time, on
money, or within the scope of the mandate in the broadest sense.

Project context refers to the internal and external environment in which a project
operates. The effects of the environment on the project will have an influence, and the program
manager must be informed of this.
Project manager need to focus on the project campaign so that manager can appropriately
maintain their business operation related with the project. Individuals sign up for projects as
volunteer possibilities. Admins develop Campaigns out of Projects for various organisational
&commercial goals. Through social media platforms , project manager can manage the project
campaign (Remington &Pollack, 2016).

E. Advanced Planning &Scheduling
Project Management Methodologies
Project management technique provides a detailed led to economic, which outlines all of the
steps required to successfully execute a project. These project methodologies or strategies define
the regulatory environment, established objectives, verification procedures, processes, and
deliverables. Performance measurement is approached by professional in a precise, rigid, and
repetitive method. The following are two kinds of models and frameworks to consider:
1. Waterfall
The waterfall strategy, often known as sustainable approach, is a methodical and chronological
approach to problem solving. It is made up with static steps that are done next to each other in a
specific order. Even though waterfall method allows managers additional management through
each building project, it just doesn't manage well with unforeseen change requests (erbanoiu &et.
al., 2017).

Phases in waterfall project management
1. Requirements – This phase mainly concerned about the requirements of the organization.
business needs & project requirements both are mainly analyzed & documented
2. Design – After considering the requirements, it is necessary to make a detailed plan in order to
accomplish business & also project goals
3. Implement – after prepared the design &it necessary to implement the project plan & also set
baselines to analyse &measure progress
4. Control – in this stage, compare project performance &productivity with plans & fix problems
which occur.
5. Closure – In last, it is necessary to share project achievements with their clients, get final
approval & close project
Advantages of waterfall methodology
 Low chance for the knowledge loss
 Set the clear &fair client expectations
 Extensive documentation

 Requires minimal client input
 Easy to measure
Disadvantages of waterfall methodology
 Modification are mainly expensive & difficult
 It is determined that no room for error in requirements
 QA becomes a bit irrelevant
 Hard to foresee & prevent problems
 High chance for deadline creep
2. Agile
Agile approach is an incremental, people-centric process that focuses on accepting change after
rigorous consideration. It divides the innovation process into manageable chunks, lowering
project complexity and allowing for changes in final stages. A initiative must conform to the
Agile Manifesto's core ideals and fundamental elements in order to be termed agile. An method
is called agile if it complies to the Agile Manifesto's aims and principles. Rather of specifying
how a project should be managed, the agile method promotes a program management attitude.
The following are some examples of Agile methodologies:

Wide number of frameworks is supported by agile project management. Several frameworks, such
as Scrum Methodology, focus on techniques, while others, such as Scrum & Kanban, emphasis on
work flow management.
Advantages of the agile methodology
The main advantage of this framework is that It is an ideal for the project management in companies
that can follow the fail-fast philosophy. With rapid software deliveries, the agile method provides
value to customers sooner. Because the tasks are continually up-to-date, there is minimal resource
waste.
There are some disadvantages of this framework like In project management; the necessity for
regular communication necessitates additional time &effort from everyone. Projects can carry on
indefinitely since there is no obvious end. Project scope & experienced riot are both very likely
(Zheng &et. al., 2016).

The project management methodologies and methodologies should only be effective if the
University of Cambridge has a practical plan to implement them. A project will fail badly if it is
forced to employ a framework or strategy. If University can take the time and effort to study the
nuances of a technique or framework and fit it to University aims, University will have a quality
outcome. And there are so many alternatives on the marketplace, deciding on the ideal project
management method may be tough.
With the help of increased method, University can identified the most appropriate project
management methodology that is waterfall. There are various factors are need to be follow such
as themes, principles, process &also standards. All these factors are beneficial to manage the
project management process. Waterfall is considered as the most influential project management

framework that can enhance the applicability &adaptability of the project of the University of
Cambridge (Shi &et. al., 2021).
F. Managing &Leading Change
On the basis of the current situation of the University, it is necessary to manage &leading the
change. University of Cambridge is focused about the online teaching so that University can
improve their University level even in the Covid -19 pandemic time period. In order to improve
the technological advancements &enhance the online learning process, University started online
teaching platforms so that University can improve the quality &consistency of the education.
This is considered s the huge change in their organisation. In order to accept the change process
by each &everyone, it is necessary for the University to use the concept of change management
&also apply an appropriate model to encourage the people about the change (Xia, Li &Gao,
2016).
Change management frameworks
Lewin's three-stage approach: This is another change-the-board paradigm that makes it possible
for pyramidal leaders to grasp foundational changes. Kurt Lewin invented it in the 1950s. In the
case of University of Cambridge the model is implemented in the following stages:
Unfreeze stage – At this point, powerful directors are preparing everyone for change. When it
comes to University of Cambridge, department leaders must first prepared themselves for the
shift &underst&why it is necessary. It has a significant impact on the change model since various
people are opposed to change, which is crucial for breaking the mould. Organizational
supervisors make an effort to explain to individuals the rationale for altering hierarchical
techniques &the benefits of doing so.
Change express: - The second stage is when real change occurs. It is widely acknowledged that
the approach necessitates a significant amount of time because directors must embrace new
items, improvements, &adjustments in current organisational methods. University steers progress
in the right direction &makes it easier for representation to take on change successfully via
feasible initiative &consoling heads (Sipes, 2019).

Refreeze stage - It is the final stage in which an organisation becomes stable after
understanding, embracing, &implementing changes. All employees at University of Cambridge
begin to refreeze, just as they begin to rehearse, by pondering new social hierarchies in their
systemised functions. Advocates engage with procured developments calmly &confidently using
their great sense (Turner, 2020).
On the basis of this model, it can be identified that the effectiveness of this model is more
because it can helpful to improve the acceptability of the employees &students about the change
so that they can easily adopt the change. University of Cambridge can adopt this model so that
online teaching change can be smoothly implement &adopt by their staff members &also
students.
Conclusion
According to this report, it can be concluded that it is necessary for the organisation to
focus on the advancement of the project management so that they can effectively make their
project successful. The technique of supervising a team's efforts to accomplish all project
objectives while maintaining within budget constraints is known as project management. This
study is usually included in the project paperwork, which is created at the outset of the building
phase. The three primary constraints are scope, schedule, &funding. The majority of projects
have five phases: start, conceptualization, &strategy, planning, execution, leadership, &closure.
Each of them has certain tasks that will aid you in meeting your project's goals. Project
management's purpose is to structure &manage a project in such a way that its stated goals
&deliverables are fulfilled. In this report, there are various models are applied in which TOWS,
P3M3, Waterfall &Lewin’s three-stage framework are considered.

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