Adverse Health Effect and Particulate Matter Article 2022

Running head: ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECT AND PARTICULATE MATTER
Adverse Health Effect and Particulate Matter
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECT AND PARTICULATE MATTER
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Introduction
In modern world the issue of air pollution is one of the major concerns for the
different countries of the world and it is related various health related adverse conditions.
This exposure to the environmental pollutants is responsible for almost 5 million premature
deaths around the world due to the diseases such strokes, diabetes, heart attacks, lung cancer,
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and respiratory diseases and this deaths are more than
death cases of tuberculosis, AIDS and malaria. One of major types of air pollutants in the
modern world is the particulate matter and it is made up of small and minute airborne
particles such as dust, carbon particles, soot and drops of liquids. Based on the sizes of the
particulate matters, the PMs are named as PM 10, PM 5 (World Health Organization, 2020).
However, apart from these particulate matters, there are various other air pollutants such as
nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) that have serious health related
effect on the body of the individuals. According to the data of the World Health Organization
(2020), it is observed that the worldwide air pollution accounts for 29 per cent of all diseases
and deaths from the lung cancer, 17 per cent of all diseases and deaths from the acute lower
respiratory infection, 24 per cent of all deaths from the stroke, 25 per cent of all diseases and
deaths from the ischemic heart diseases, 43 per cent of all diseases and deaths from the
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (World Health Organization, 2020). The health risks
associated with the particulate matters are much crucial as it can penetrate deep into the lung
passageways and thereby enters into the bloodstream.
PICO Question
P- Exposure to the air pollutants (PM, SO2, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3))
I- Reduction of air pollution by fuel policy

ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECT AND PARTICULATE MATTER
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C- Withdrawal of old vehicles
O- Reduction of air pollution and reduced rate of adverse health effect.
Search Strategy
In this systematic review study the researchers conducted a literature search process in
the online databases in order to get the relevant articles from the databases. As a part of this
the researchers used mainly three databases and from those online sources the 5 articles were
selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria set by the researchers. The researchers
conducted the search in the online databases such as CINAHL, ScienceDirect, PubMed.
Initially the key words like “ Air pollution”, “ health effect”, “adverse health”, “particulate
matter”, “pulmonary disease”, “cardiovascular disease”, “Cohort study” was used by using
the Boolean operator AND, OR in between the key words to identify the most relevant
articles.
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
As a part of the inclusion and exclusion criteria the researchers used a few criteria.
For inclusion criteria, only the articles published after 2016 were included. Moreover, other
inclusion criteria were the language of the article that was the articles published in English.
As a part of the exclusion criteria, apart from the cohort studies and observational studies, all
other studies were excluded from the final review analysis. Along with this those articles
were also excluded from the study which only had the access of the abstract portion of the
study. As a part of the study outcome the researchers searched for those articles that are
associated with the disease incidents among the human populations. In this regard, it can be
stated that the main advantages of selecting cohort study is the fact that it can help the
researchers to assess the long term effect of the air pollution on the health of the human

ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECT AND PARTICULATE MATTER
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beings. Another advantage of this method is the fact that this study method can help to
identify the relationship in between the exposure and outcome of a particular conditions. As
a part of the limitations, it can be stated that this methodological approach is very much time
consuming and may lead to loss of follow up cases of the subject populations due to the long
running process of the study.
Study Results
From the above search process the researchers selected 5 articles for the final review
based on the exclusion and inclusion criteria of the study and all of the studies were
conducted in different regions and those studies were reporting about adverse health related
consequences due to air pollution.
Author
name
and
Year
Research
Setting
Study
Design
Study
Population
Exposure Outcome Bias/
Confoundi
ng factors
Results
Kim et
al.
(2018)
Korean
General
population
Cohort
Study
432,587
general
population
of Korea
PM 2.5 Onset of
AF
NA AF was
observed
among
350
population
per
100,000
population
per year.
Significant
relationshi
p was
reported
among the
long term
exposure
and onset
of AF.
Moreover,
the effect
was more
prominent
among the