Aerodrome Safety & Air Navigation

This document provides an overview of aerodrome safety and air navigation, focusing on key aerodromes in the Gulf Region and future implementation plans. It discusses the contributing factors to aerodrome safety and highlights the safety concerns and issues that are still valid in aerodrome operations. The document also includes information on screening of passengers, X-raying of luggage, removal of shoes, and scanning of the whole body as security measures. Overall, it provides valuable insights into the importance of maintaining safety in aerodrome operations.

AERODROME SAFETY& AIR NAVIGATION
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AERODROMES IN THE GULF REGION
Introduction
Airports tend to be very busy places and unfortunately accidents and incidents take place almost
like on a daily basis. There tend to be different explanations for this scenario including:
 Technical breakdown or system failure
 Error due to human beings i.e. when one makes a mistake is impeded or distracted in
their work
 Failure of the organization due to inadequate oversight or otherwise defective procedures
It is for such reasons that there is needed to constantly examine the operational and safety
processes in air navigation to minimize the risks that are anticipated to acceptable levels. Any
new projects or investments that are to be introduced into the industry are to be checked against
the provided criteria that are concerned with safety (Pfisterer, 2017).
Key aerodrome(s) in the Gulf Region and Future Implementation Plans
Seeb International Airport: The air terminal has a limit of about 18 flights at once, in a mix of
flying machine sizes, for example, Boeing 777, Airbus 340 and Boeing 747-400. It likewise had
a different VIP terminal that is nearby the primary traveler terminal, notwithstanding separate
load offices for both import and fare exercises.

It right now works as a noteworthy center point for both Gulf Air and the nation's national
banner bearer Oman Air. Likewise, various global carriers work flights from the air terminal,
including British Airways, Emirates, Indian Airlines, Jazeera Airways, Kuwait Airways,
Pakistan International Airlines and Thai Airways International (Ayeni, Musah, and Udofia,
2018).
Dubai International Airport: The principal highlights of Terminal 3 are a staggered
underground structure, top-notch lounges, different diverse eateries, 180 registration counters,
and 2600 underground parking spots. Phase 2 that will be straightforwardly associated with
Terminal 3 is committed only to Emirates and highlights 10,000m2 of commercial space for an
obligation free and eatery offices, 27 contact doors and 59 traveler stacking spans. It will
likewise incorporate five uncommon aerobridges, equipped for dealing with the prospective
Airbus A380 superjumbos. Phase 3 that will be a downsized adaptation of Phase 2 has been
incorporated into the extension program to suit a bigger number of new A380 superjumbos.

King Abdulaziz International Airport: As the air terminal is located near Mecca, the KSA
government has built an exceptional Hajj Terminal that is utilized by Muslim pioneers amid the
Hajj season. What's more, the air terminal highlights two other terminals. An assortment of
worldwide aircraft offer flights from the north terminal, including Emirates, Air Arabia, Pakistan
International Airlines, Turkish Airlines, Air India, Singapore Airlines, Ethiopian Airlines, and
Royal Brunei. The south terminal is only held for the nation's national banner bearer Saudi
Arabian Airlines.
To deal with expanding volumes of travelers and freight, the KSA government is growing New
Jeddah International Airport that will be built in three phases. The undertaking includes the
modernization of current north and south terminals and moves up to the current runway and
landing strip frameworks to suit the Airbus A380 excessively kind sized. Notwithstanding four
new terminal structures, a fast rail connection, and limit with regards to 80 million travelers for

each annum (Van Eekeren, Wright and Čokorilo, 2018). The development will apparently be
work by neighborhood Saudi organizations at an expense of US$240 million.
Queen Alia International Airport (Jordan): King Alia International Airport is home to the
nation's national banner bearer Royal Jordanian Airlines. Likewise, various universal and
territorial transporters are as of now working flights from the air terminal, including British
Airways, Lufthansa, Emirates, Etihad Airways, Qatar Airways, Gulf Air, Saudi Arabian Airlines
and Air Arabia.

Bahrain International Airport: Bahrain International Airport has effectively settled itself as a
passage into the Northern Gulf, drawing in an assorted scope of worldwide aircraft, including
British Airways, Cathay Pacific, KLM, and Lufthansa. Specifically, Gulf Air works around 400
week by week global and territorial administrations from the airplane terminal, representing 55%
of generally speaking developments.
The air terminal is experiencing a driven extension program approximated at US$350 million
that is booked to begin in 2008. Following its finishing in 2010, the span of airplane's terminal
building will be multiplied, the number of airship stands will increment from 46 to 64, and the
number of extensions will be multiplied from seven to 14. Accordingly, the airplane terminal
will have the capacity to deal with 15 million travelers every year (Van Eekeren, Wright and
Čokorilo, 2018).
The extra doors will include stands to suit five quantities of Code E type flying machine, (for
example, the Airbus A330 or A340 and Boeing 747 or 777), one Code C type flying machine
(Airbus A320 and Boeing 737) and one Code F vast airship (NLA). A current stopping cove will
likewise be renovated to oblige Code F flying machines, giving an aggregate of two stands at the

extended terminal to take into account the new Airbus A380 super-sized airships (Pfisterer,
2017).
Contributing factors to aerodrome safety
 Low light: One can work out the start or end of light utilizing the diagrams on our visual
flight rules site.
 Visual night flying: here are higher dangers and extra necessities for visual flight rules
tasks (NVFR) during the evening
 Weather: Weather may turn out to be challenging to predict. There is data about various
flying activities that will enable you to figure the perfect measure of fuel for the
meteorological conditions in the event of a constrained preoccupation (Lawrenson and
Braithwaite, 2018).
 Turbulence: In-flight choppiness is the main source of wounds to travelers and team and
can occur all of a sudden
 Volcanic ash: Volcanic fiery remains mists have dependably been a factor to think about
when arranging flights.
Safety concerns/issues that are still valid regarding aerodrome operations
Screening of passengers and their carry-on bags: 1960s was the brilliant period of criminals.
Planes are secured regularly however generally by individuals edgy to flee or get a weighty
payment. However, things got somewhat insane sometime later. November 10, 1972. Minutes
after departure, Southern Airways Flight 49 is commandeered by three men shaking explosives
and handguns who undermine to fly into an atomic power plant if the requested $10 million

payoffs aren't paid. Fortunately, there were no exploited people and Cuban specialists figured out
how to grab the criminals (Inoue, Fukuchi and Yamazaki, 2017).
To dodge some other such occurrences, the Federal Aviation Administration chooses to act and
by January 5, 1973, all US carrier explorers just as their lightweight sacks are physically
screened, in this way raising significantly more discussions about the enhancement of airplane
terminal security in the States. That later prompted lightweight packs being screened by X-beam
and metal indicators
X-raying of luggage- Skillet Am Flight 103 (or Lockerbie bombarding) happened in 1988 on an
ordinary departure from Frankfurt to Detroit by means of London and New York. Mid-air an
inside blast struck the plane. The bomb covered up in a radio-tape player left no survivors after
the plane dove into the ground (Kozłowski and Dudek, 2018).
Accordingly, the whole baggage getting onto the plane must be X-rayed on a considerable lot of
flights. The things additionally must be coordinated with the travelers. Already, just lightweight
things would experience metal finders and X-rays.
Keeping bottles small: With regularly developing security concerns and wellbeing measures,
wrongdoers turned out to be increasingly innovative. In 2006, after the intensive observation
including many officers, British police, thwarted a plot to explode peroxide-put together
explosives with respect to flights from the UK to the US and Canada.
The response with respect to security concerns was quick from the British and American sides; it
included a prohibition on bringing any fluids separated from the infant drain through the air
terminal security checkpoints. In any case, such a measure caused an open shock and was
dropped. Rather new limitations showed up over the nations, similar to the restriction of

acquiring fluids greater jugs close by baggage in the EU, or 3-1-1 rule (3.4-ounce compartments
in a 1-quart pack, 1 sack for every traveler) in the US (Van Eekeren, Wright and Čokorilo,
2018).
Removal of shoes: Only months after the 9/11 assaults, al-Qaeda unsuccessfully endeavored
another assault. An aggressor of association, Richard Reid, figured out how to carry a bomb
disguised in his shoes through all the air terminal security checks, nonetheless, as a result of
sweat the touchy inside the shoe was hosed and the flight chaperon who saw Reid endeavoring to
light the breaker raised the alert, henceforth halting him.
To ensure no such assault is rehashed, airplane terminals in a few nations request that you
evacuate your shoes previously going through scanners. However, a few people contend that this
procedure opens individuals to wounds and feet to the parasite (Harris, de Crom, Fouche and
Wilson, 2018).
Pointy objects or knives are not allowed: Everybody knows about the saddest occasion ever of –
9/11. Despite the fact that to execute the assault, the fear-based oppressors did not require
weapons or explosives, they figured out how to catch the planes with box cutters. Strikingly, four
of aggressors set off metal finders, at that point were checked with hand-kept identifiers and still
let through. In those days, blades of such sort were permitted on planes (Pfisterer, 2017).
After the assaults, airplane terminal security was upgraded with better screening and
recognizable proof checks, including disallowance of bringing sharp things more distant than the
screening territory. This likewise affected flying machine security with now impenetrable and
fortified cockpit entryways through which travelers were never again permitted to walk.

Scanning of the whole body- Despite the fact that full-body scanners started to supplant metal
finders since 2007, they progressed toward becoming to be viewed as a need by such
organizations as the TSA after al-Qaeda's fizzled besieging endeavor on Christmas Day of 2009.
One of the travelers snuck plastic explosives sewn to his clothing, yet was halted by another
traveler subsequent to attempting to set off the explosives (Farhan and Fwa, 2015).
the part from enhancing security for the Christmas time frame, a great deal was done on the
execution of millimeter wave scanners that distinguish objects covered underneath individual's
garments by applying electromagnetic radiation just as backscatter X-beam which rather than
conventional X-beam machines identifies the radiation reflecting from the objective.
In any case, there was and still is a lot of study with respect to these gadgets. Backscatter X-
beam is said to have a little yet antagonistic effect on individuals' wellbeing as the radiation is
viewed as cancer-causing. Then again, millimeter wave scanners are just speculated to be cancer-
causing. These gadgets likewise raise security concerns, since they show surface of the skin
under attire that is the reason these days the scanners are changed to demonstrate a more
animation like picture and individuals are offered decision to search by an agent of a similar
sexual orientation.
Region Aerodrome(s) Safety Performance & Safety Data Monitoring and Reporting
Example SPI and ALoSP
Safety Performance Indicator is a data-based safety parameter that is used in monitoring as well
as assessing safety performance.

Target Level refers to the needed level of the safety performance of a system during aviation
activities which are centered about the set organizational safety objective.
An alert level refers to a common criterion used to delineate the acceptable from those that are
not acceptable performance regions for a given safety indicator.
Acceptable Level of Safety Performance (ALoSP) is the minimum safety performance level of
civil aviation in a given State as defined by the programme of the State Safety or of a provider of

a service as defined by the safety management system expressed in terms of targets of safety
performance an safety performance indicators.
SPI Data Template and Trending Chart
Acceptable Level of Safety Performance
By the end of a monitoring period, every SPI’s performance is manifested using its own Alert
and Target achievement result as shown

Thereafter a package of the SPIs’ performance is manifested using its consolidated Alert and
Target achievement result
At the start of a new monitoring period, an organization comes up with its desirable minimum
consolidated Alert and Target achievement results i.e. ALoSP after considering the performance
of the previous periods.

Conclusion
Accidents that occur within the operational zones of aircraft are often due to human error as well
as failure to abide by the provided operational rules and procedures. There are numerous factors
that influence the manner in which employees go about their tasks. While some of the airport
staff shift work, this significantly leads to constant problems. The shifts may result in
communication problems which may, in turn, result in impaired performance.

References
Ayeni, A.O., Musah, A. and Udofia, S.K., 2018. Assessment of Potential Aerodrome Obstacles
on Flight Safety Operations Using GIS: A Case of Murtala Mohammed International Airport,
Lagos-Nigeria. Journal of Geographic Information System, 10(01), p.1
Farhan, J. and Fwa, T.F., 2015. Effects of missing runway performance data on maintenance
management decision making. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 141(10), p.06015002
Harris, E., de Crom, E.P., Fouche, J. and Wilson, A., 2018. Comparative study on the short-term
effects of audio and visual raptor presence on a pigeon population, with a view towards pest
control. International Journal of Pest Management, pp.1-9
Inoue, S., Fukuchi, Y. and Yamazaki, K., 2017, July. Designing the Remote Aerodrome Flight
Information Service Systems Interface Base on Human Centred Design Approach.
In International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (pp. 132-141).
Springer, Cham
Kozłowski, M. and Dudek, E., 2018. The concept of UAS utilization to identify aerodrome
traffic safety hazards. Archives of Transport System Telematics, 11
Lawrenson, A.J. and Braithwaite, G.R., 2018. Regulation or criminalization: What determines
legal standards of safety culture in commercial aviation?. Safety Science, 102, pp.251-262
Pfisterer, H., 2017. European Regulation of Aerodrome Safety Management Systems in the EASA
System (Vol. 21). kassel university press GmbH
Van Eekeren, R., Wright, S. and Čokorilo, O., 2018. EARLY COST SAFETY ANALYSIS OF
RUNWAY EVENTS. International Journal for Traffic & Transport Engineering, 8(3)