Agriculture and Sustainable Development: A Case Study of Agrarian Change in Libya

This research study evaluates the drawbacks of the existing economic system in Libya and proposes a more sustainable and productive structure based on agriculture. It critically reviews pre- and post-Gaddafi policies in the agricultural sector and analyses how problems affecting the Libyan agricultural sector impact the mission of changing the economic structure to a sustainable agricultural system.

Agriculture and Sustainable
Development
A case study of Agrarian change in
Libya
1.8. Research aim
The aim of the research study is to critically evaluate the drawbacks of the existing
economic system in Libya, and propose a more sustainable and productive structure based on
the agricultural activities that were undertaken in the country before oil was found.
1.9 Key objectives
 To recognize the prevailing economic policies and structure in Libya.
 To critically review and evaluate pre- and post-Gaddafi policies in the agricultural
sector.
 To critically analyse and evaluate how the problems affecting the Libyan agricultural
sector impact the potential for other economic activities in the modernization of this sector.
 To critically evaluate how problems affecting the Libyan agricultural sector impact
the mission of changing the economic structure to a sustainable agricultural system in a
higher context.
To recognize the prevailing economic policies and structure in Libya.
The Libyan economy performed very well in 2017 in the context of oil extraction and
sale, in spite of this being a period of falling prices. Despite serious internal political
instability, oil extractions in Libya never stopped. Production fell by 0.1 million barrels per
day with a public deficit that reached 28.9% of GDP. However, the inflation rate fell by
4.6%, though the expectation was to reach 22.3% by the end of the year.

To critically review and evaluate pre- and post-Gaddafi policies in the agricultural
sector.
According to Charles Harvie (2020), Libya experienced traumatic economic
consequences due to a long civil war that lead to destroying part of the infrastructure of the
country, halting oil production. The legacy of Muammar Gaddafi’s rule left the country with
the costs of reconstruction. The increased oil revenue may also produce different
consequences on the basis of the non-oil trade balance.
As per the linkage between the research questions and the overall literature review, it
has been found that in earlier times, the economic structure of Libya performed well.
However, in the current situation, the economic data is insufficient given its two main
political factions, security threats, oil production problems, and low global oil prices.
1.10 Research questions
 What are the pre and post Gaddafi policies in the agricultural sector?
 How do problems affecting the Libyan agricultural sector impact the country as it
enters into alternative economic activities, such as capital intensive agriculture production,
including olive farming?
 What are the other model countries with similar social, cultural, and weather
conditions and what are their economic conditions?
 How do problems affecting the Libyan agricultural sector impact the mission of
changing the economic structure in Libya?
 What benefit does diversification provide for long term development methods that
allow a country to avoid economic decline and reap a sustainable boom?

Chapter 2
2.0 Literature Review
This section forms one of the most vital parts of any dissertation and research project, by
facilitating a systematic analysis of secondary forms of data, with a view to establish a better
understanding about a set specific topic. The current dissertation is based on the topic of
agriculture and sustainable development and the research aim of the current dissertation is to
evaluate the main issues related with agriculture development in accordance and relation with
government policy within an emerging economy.
The literature review comprises an effective analysis and discussion about the role of
agriculture in the overall national development, along with an analysis of its effect on poverty
reduction and the economic development of a nation. The present chapter also includes a
review of the literature based on new perspectives stemming from the role of agriculture,
along with a focus and emphasis on small farmers. Moreover, the chapter shall also provide a
discussion on effective rural development and the role of government policies in
strengthening agricultural development. Further, an examination of the relationship between
the agricultural policy and rural development policy is also conducted. Finally, a discussion
and analysis of agricultural policies and related governance is also provided, along with an
analysis of the importance of education, empowerment and engagement in agriculture
policymaking, together with review of Dutch disease issues of economic development.
The literature review is designed to keep in view the context of Libya, while focusing
and emphasising on enhancing our overall understanding of the topic regarding the impact of
changing agricultural policies, along with details surrounding approaches within the
agricultural sector performance in the context of Libya. By way of introduction, the view is
taken that agriculture is a human undertaking that primarily deals with the production of food
and animals, along with the provision of raw materials for industries to ensure the smooth
production of goods and services, with a view to effectively satisfy the needs and wants of
humankind. Further, the development of agriculture within a country mainly depends in the

effectiveness of the agricultural policies that are adopted, which largely depend on the
priorities and particular needs of that specific country.
For instance, in some cases, the concept of industrialisation competes with agriculture,
while in others it runs parallel. Thus, issues related to the development of agriculture at the
cost of industrial development have been a matter of controversy and it is a debatable concept
for both economists and researchers. A literature review can be defined as a method of
critically collecting information on a specific topic or research questions in order to obtain
reliable answers that help a researcher present valid conclusions. In this literature review, the
sources are collected from published books, journals, articles, and other scholarly sources.
The researcher used these to effectively gather, analyse and collect information on the
agricultural development of Libya (Udaykumar, 2015).
As per the view point of Priyadarshini, P. and Abhilash, P.C., 2020, the development of
industries is more important than focusing and emphasising on agricultural development in
the countries like Libya that are rich in oil resources. Thus, the role of agriculture in
economic development and its contribution to GDP is highly questionable.
2.1 The role of agriculture in facilitating better development
Saravanakumar, V., Malaiarasan, U. and Balasubramanian, R. (2020) put forward the notion
that agriculture is a concept that is considered differently by different people. From the view
point of a farmer, agriculture can be defined as regular and everyday practices that fulfil their
family’s needs, given that agriculture acts as a means of earnings for them. From the
perspective of an economist, agriculture can be considered an important sector of the
economy that contributes towards better economic development through contributing to a rise
in GDP (gross domestic product). Further, according to the view point of Griesche, C. and
Baeumner, A.J., 2020, agriculture is a complex term which comprises many vital activities
and a set of actions; it can be defined as a science or farming practice that involves the
cultivation of soil for the purpose of growing crops. Libiya is situated in the North Africa and
it comprises of three historical regions that is Tripolitania, Cyrenaica and Fezzan. According
to Ronald Bruce St John, in the year of 1999 Libiya introduced the socio-economic reforms
which are targeted to liberalise the economy. Also, Libiya resolved the dispute of the
Lockerbie and then it renounced the unconventional weapons. That is why the progress was

made in the following years however it required major improvements in the initiatives in
other economic sectors (The Changing Libyan Economy: Causes and Consequences).
Beside this, the rearing of animals by the way of providing food for the production of
wool and other natural products also forms a vital part of agriculture. Moreover, the
development of agriculture has been directed by many crucial influencing factors, such as the
level of labour productivity along with improvements in land productivity and other
environmental and economic factors. Further, the development of agriculture also varies
according to many other contexts and circumstances associated with this sector that influence
its development level in the economy. In the early years of the 1960s, a significant level of
development was observed in the agriculture sector, particularly during the early signs of
industrialisation. The main reason and cause for the development of agriculture during these
times of industrialisation was based on the fact that a high demand of raw material and other
subsidiary products was created by industries that place more emphasis and pressure on the
effective development of agriculture. It has also been also observed that traditional forms of
agriculture could be transformed and rapidly converted into more modern types by way of
effective adoption of current science-based technology, along with improved agriculture
approaches, which would in turn increase productivity levels. Thus, improvements and
developments in the agriculture sector that comprise the use of improved technology and the
scientific approach would contribute to improved national growth.
Moreover, agriculture plays a crucial role in the economy and in ensuring the
development of countries, as it provides the main source of food, income and employment to
rural populations and supports the development and operations of factories in cities. Further,
improvements in agriculture and land-use are fundamental to achieving food security, poverty
alleviation and overall sustainable development within a country. Economists have observed a
stronger link between multiplier effects and growth of agriculture, in comparison to the non-
agriculture sector. Meanwhile, some economists favour the notion that agriculture plays a
vital role in the overall development of a nation by effectively contributing to GDP and other
growth factors. As per Mohsin Khan and Karim Mezran, the economy of Libiya has affected
during february 2011 which has led to bring down the Muammar Qaddafi regime. Due to the
war, all economic activities have declined and some recovery was seen in the year of 2012.
The next years were far better and optimistic then the previous one (The Libyan Economy
after the Revolution).
In the process of facilitating improved development, it is essential to understand the
agricultural sector, in which farming is the core aspect representing the true fabric of rural

society in many countries around the world. Any sudden changes within the agriculture sector
highly impacts the farming sector, given economically developing countries face severe
consequences in terms of both political and social stability (Demidenko et. al., 2019). In the
process of improving the economic growth of developing countries, agriculture plays a
crucial role within rural development, especially in terms of land-use, where the sector is of
less economical importance. The most important potential contributions of farming within the
agriculture sector with respect to rural development include supporting job opportunities,
environmental services, and ancillary businesses.
In terms of peripheral regions or areas, farming is considered essential within the
agricultural field, because it supports both the social and economic infrastructure. Policies
related to rural development are thus exploiting the contribution of farming, which reflects
the improvement of farm activities and supports ancillary services, which in turn helps
improve the sustainable development of rural areas and regions.
2.2 The role of agriculture in facilitating better development
With regards to the development of agriculture within society, there are several related
factors that may be used and managed, such as agricultural conditions, geographic location
and natural resources. It is useful to bear these factors in mind when determining the
agricultural conditions of different countries, such as Uganda, Zambia, Ghana and Ethiopia.
Barrett et al. (2021) identified various interrelated factors that can be used to determine the
role of agriculture in developed countries such as the UK, USA, and countries in Europe in
light of the globalization process. These factors include the value chain, rapidly developing
technologies, institutional development, innovation, along with environmental development
and any associated changes. It is recognised that these factors are effective in improving
economic development. Various important aspects can be identified that are not essential in
the development of social transformation and are thus considered central objectives in the
development of rural sectors.
On the other hand, Hochberg (2021) identified that the Nigerian government introduced
a different set of policies which facilitated them in working to ensure the continued role of the
agricultural sector. This was done in the absence of a different set of agricultural policies
related to the activation of the agricultural sector. Inadequate funds and improper
implementation of policies are among the main reasons why agricultural countries enlist new
policies and enact social economic reforms. These factors have played a significant role in
influencing the adjustment of policies in the Chinese economy and its economic

development. Moreover, it could be said improved economic development influences non-
agricultural development, including the industrial sectors. There are many sectors in the
Chinese economy where policy adjustments make economic and structural changes to its
economy.
Linke and Ruether (2021) suggest that productivity in agricultural labour and land works
through the application of subsidies and support, and that this is particularly effective in the
agricultural sectors of many Asian countries. All of these policies are essential for the
successful growth in development of agricultural sectors and have a significant influence on
society. Sustainable development in agriculture is essentially related to farming and effective
sustainable development. All of the above factors are thus related to a society's food security,
the textile industry and contribute towards future generations and their daily basic needs. As
per Siddiqui (2021), land reforms in South Africa were not effective policies given they were
dependent on rural inequality. For instance, land reform measures have been used in Libya,
where changes are made in big urban-based absentees for land owners. According to Hussein
Solomon and Gerrie Swart, the policy of Libiya it has stated the two influential school of
thoughts. Under the first approach, the physiological determinants of the Colonel Muammar
Gaddari's features and personality. Due to his military adventurism, he was given the title of
the 'rogue criminal' (Libiya's Foreign Policy in Flux).
Agriculture is a facet of the overarching environmental structure and plays a significant
role in climate change, water scarcity, different types of land degradation, deforestation,
among other changes related to various other processes. This factor is related to agricultural
and sustainable development, which contributes towards the growing population within the
changing environment of a country and its various environmental conditions. This in fact a
debatable position in the overall analysis of the sustainability development of agriculture.
There are many ethical considerations relating to agriculture, and for moral obligations to
work it is important to pursue sustainability approaches. As stated by Ali Mohammed El-
Sseid and et.al.,Gaddari created the ideology on the basis of the Popular Revolution and
under this theory Gaddari praised the nationalism as a progressive force. Under which he
dominated the politics for about four decades (A Pre and post-Muammar Al Gaddafi era and
new historicism).
2.3 Agricultural and economic development
Across the world, the share of economic growth and contribution technological
management which are related to about 32% of the population are employed through major

population and their valuable resourceful task which are related to the different challenges
and practical approaches which are used and manage as per the basic integrity and definite
solution. This affects the growth of GDP when analysing economic development. According
to Shuaibu and Nchake (2021), the physical and economic climates differ between countries,
and there is limited data on countries suffering from a lack of natural resources, sporadic/slow
rainfall and having a fresh water supply chain. The economy of each country is related to its
growth and its dependence on agriculture. Most people experience threats of food insecurity
and do not live in areas of sustainability and agricultural industry (Agriculture and Economic
Development, 2021).
Those in Libya during crisis have experienced food scarcity, which forced them to forgo
work and seek necessities, with limited access to medical facilities. Which are related to
development for the important to mention with the line of correspondent to international
standard industrial classification. Which are related to 1-5 division and represent forestry,
hunting and fishery, cultivation of crops and livestock production. Agoubi (2021) states that
the productivity of cereal has been increasing in Libya, where resources related to economic
growth are managed. Farmers and ranchers rely on purchasing equipment and funding for
maintenance in order to be productive. There are a number of difference sectors that are
related to crop protection products, research and large development processes for managing
high standards and ensuring growth in the financial services and transportation sectors.
Grynberg and Singogo (2021) suggest that the agricultural sector must be successful since it
is important to avoid any decline in the overall economy of a country. Growth in the
agricultural sector will cause the oil sector to become more successful. All of the above are
related to the growth and advantages of a country and the various sectors of its economy. As
said by Anna Sheps, Libya comprises of the Sahara desert that is why it has dry climate, there
is also lack of natural resources, limited supply of water and low rainfall. It can be said that
the a healthy agriculture can not be possible with above mentioned factors. That is why the
country is getting major part of income from the oil industry. Also, the Libyan crisis led to
force the emigration of many laborers in the country. Due to which agricultural production
dropped and resulted in a major increase in food imports. Hence, the residents who have
remained in Libya during the crisis are experiencing life in the desert, forcing them to waive
the necessities that is medical care in order to pay for food (THE CHALLENGES OF
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IN LIBYA).
Further, other nations such as Saudi Arabia, Libya, and Kuwait have been working on
their dependence on oil exports and imports in order to support their GDP and their basic

roles. Mundy (2021) suggests that most modern agricultural policies of many Middle Eastern
countries are related to their economic development and their basic growth. All of their
growth is largely related to the discovery of oil and Middle Eastern countries have witnessed
notable changes in the form of new markets. There has also been considerable technological
and institutional development and innovation within these sectors, in which all resources are
related to the growth of economic development and major practices, which all affect GDP.
Saleh (2021) advises that since 1982 different agricultural and non-agricultural activities
have been undertaken that are related to the sustainability. Such activites have caused
significant changes in the role of markets related to technological and institutional innovation.
The roles of different sectors in both private and civil society form new contexts for the
growth of emerging technologies in agricultural areas.
Libya consists of 90% desert, which can cause significant issues in the use of land in the
agricultural field. In terms of water resources in Libya, there is a high shortage of water,
which limits agricultural production within the country. Libya is one of the driest countries in
the world, where the availability of natural resources, water especially, present a significant
cost. Non-renewable groundwater offers the bulk of the water supply to agricultural workers
within Libya. Therefore, issues relating to the non-availability of water resources must be
resolve.
It is thus important to seek the help of private entrepreneurs in most extensive value
chains in order to influence the emergence of agricultural factors and growth. These value
chains are related to new agricultural policies that help producers and consumers deal and
manage entrepreneurial small holders, who support the growth of the organisational context
and related to production. The large growth in production is affected by staple crops, which
constitute traditional exports, which in turn facilitates discovering new and successful
markets that will be beneficial to meeting the needs of consumers, thus creating a high
demand, which helps both the agricultural and sustainability sectors. Beneficial changes in
market operational departments help meet the changing demands of new users.
Semin et al. (2021) argue that it is essential to manage sustainability growth with an
awareness of diverse issues from a global food supply perspective. There is an emerging
vision of a variety of agricultural factors that can define various regional markets and
facilitate their integration and heir values. However, agriculture faces considerable
uncertainties, which must be managed in order to predict problems in the global food supply
chain. All of these factors are related to different uncertainties that make it difficult to manage
consumer demand among a variety of new users as a result of benefits from the regional

market in order to formulate solutions for the global food supply chain. Further it is important
to capture economies and improve the scale of production and marketing, introducing
different labour intensive commercial farming techniques and different better growth and
functions that are related to production, marketing, labour-intensive commercial farming,
which could further improve production and capacity within the society (Libya - Economic
development, 2021). All these factors are related to an efficient and fair labour market, which
can work, institutionally speaking, to reduce rural poverty.
As per the view point of different sectors, and make enhance capacity for the new forms
and governance, correct market and failure, different regulates. Large sectors of competition,
different engagement strategically in different public private partnership to promote the
competitive from of agricultural and business sector that make more supports in order to
analysis and influence the role of greater inclusion of different small holders and many rural
workers. All these factors are related to the new and enhanced mission, vision and journey of
economic growth in Libya due to agricultural development. This process will further lead to
making changes and the establishment of the basic agenda of Libya, with a view to enhance
and make changes within society to reduce poverty and create growth within the country to
provide relevant support and change in various poverty sectors.
Agricultural development is primarily related to sustainability and removing
unemployment issues within a given country, which will in turn increase GDP and create
more economic growth due to incremental improvements in the social and environmental
growth of businesses. These issues are increasing in the economic development and global
sector, in which major growth in development is related to growth in the agricultural
department, which helps satisfy the basic needs of the people.
2.4 Agricultural development and economic growth
Many studies have suggested a linkage between the dependent nature of a particular type
and economic growth, which are important factors in increasing income and improving the
rural development of household learning. There are different and vital market sectors that
work towards domestically producing different goods and services that are produced and
managed as per the basic growth and development of primary sources for many economists
and work as per the 1980’s time frame.
The use of different rural perspectives shows that agricultural productivity has resulted
in growth and has stimulated both rural and non-farm growth, which especially works
towards improving the growth and achievement of different sources. The role of agriculture

in the rural market (rather than the international market) is included as per the primary and
secondary source of the data, which are related to different aspects and manage the
agricultural perspective in order to create effective growth and make suitable changes for
rural non-farmer growth. This works as per the basis of the infrastructure and investment
climate and is developed within a specific time frame.
All of these factors are related to the growth and linkage effect, which has proven most
powerful, dominated by very small farms. Different aspects and uncertainties have made it
difficult to predict and there are significant calls for caution in managing the global food
supply chain. The role of the agricultural department is the primary focus of many
economists during a period of dvarious environmental and substantial changes. The rural
perspective helps in recognising the growth of agricultural productivity, which contributes
towards non-farmer growth. There has been major growth and success during various stages,
which has helped satisfy the situation and has resulted in a strong investment climate, driven
by broad-based productivity. As per Chen, Li and Li (2020) basic economiesare driven by
small farms. Small to medium and large size farms are used and typically result in more
favourable expenditure, which is related to different patterns in order to promote growth of
different local and non-farmer economies.
As per Deichmann et al. (2018), this could be related to the growth and linkage between
facilities, which can lead towards wider economic growth in many countries which that are
experiencing different levels of industrialization. This is the strategy employed by ADLI in
order to work and manage de-industrialization. Further, it can be said that the use and
management of these different aspects is related to substantial growth and having greater
agricultural productivity. Further, Deichman et al. Posit that the use of agricultural and non-
agricultural growth is related to different founding partners, resulting in an effectively greater
impact on overall growth.
To summarise, all of the above factors are effective when appropriately used and are no
doubt related to one another. Moreover, agricultural factor can have a significant influence on
many countries. There are several important economic elements that are related to supporting
GDP and which can help the country work and manage to work with a view to re-identify the
role of different agricultural processes that can be established based on implemented policies.
The new government in Libya has mainly focused on recognising the role of the private
sector within the economy in order to encourage the field of entrepreneurship and small
business management. In terms of agriculture, the principle of value chain development has

mainly been focused on. Thus, a high level of loss within this field could be resolved
effectively and efficiently.
2.5 Agricultural and poverty reduction
The agriculture of a country is related to increasing growth and reducing poverty within
an society when suitable applicable changes are made. Agriculture is the main sector in
developing countries that works towards reducing or eliminating poverty within society and
develop the living standards of the population. The government highly benefits from the
increased involvement of people within the agricultural sector. Therefore, the agricultural
sector is an important source for developing and growing the national GDP, along with
economy by developing the living standard of people. This is largely because it provides
investment opportunities to people, thus growing the private sector and increasing the number
of suppliers within the agriculture field. As a result. the agriculture industry will receive raw
materials more easily and effectively. There are many benefits related to these governmental
benefits, due to a focus on policy and increasing investments in the development of
agricultural cases. Agriculture is one of the most important sources within a society and its
contribution are considerable in any national economy. Therefore, agriculture provides
effective investment and supports opportunities for the national economy and provides
various benefits to the private sectors, especially when suppliers effectively functioning
within industrial sectors.
Worldwide, agricultural contributes 29% of GDP and employees constitute around 65%
of the labour force. As per Gisanabagabo (2018) the agricultural sector is the main source of
income for the majority of the rural poor. Therefore, agricultural work is an important factor
that helps a society manage food security. Therefore, the agriculture sector reduces the hunger
of people in countries by providing food security for the citizens of developing nations. In
terms of food security, agriculture development has been slow in recent years, resulting from
the growth rate of agriculture production decreasing. The production of grain in the world is
at present at a record low and the commitment of the developing agriculture sector has
decreased, in turn boosting the demand of imported grain from other countries.
This is entirely different to the present condition of developing countries because this
population is expanding, which may negatively impact the agricultural sector, given it will
not be able to produce sufficient food to feed its citizens properly. Therefore, food production
is essentially linked with the daily nutrition of human beings and represents an immediate and
future concern for gaining profitable results in developing countries. Since a stable

agriculture industry plays an essential role in securing food within a nation, it represents a
core need of each and every nation. Therefore, no nation could feed its citizens efficiently
without a proper agriculture base, because hungry people are not productive and cannot
contribute towards developing the country. Food security in a developing country helps in
preventing the people from starvation, which is a serious issue that is mainly faced by small
developing countries. Libya is fortunate to be a sound developing country that does not face
any such issue within its agriculture department.
The agricultural sector can also have a negative effect and create an environment that
results in the consumption of a large amount of water, resulting in resource scarcity,
depletion, pollution, and soil exhaustion. There is also the present issue of global climatic
change, given the recent record of a 30% change in green house gases. It can therefore be
concluded that society can contribute in various ways to reducing poverty. It is thus important
to analyse this reduction and make comparisons betwen countries. Thus it can be said that
negative effects on environment should be taken into account, since they play an important
role in reducing poverty and play an important role across the world. GDP will be about 2/3rd
or more than that effect reduction due to poverty which are related to growth of non-
agricultural sectors.
2.6 Effectiveness of agriculture for development
In the extant research on the effectiveness of the agricultural sector in the development
sector, there are several tools and measures to analyse the ability to manage effectiveness for
growth and development. The household sector is a major determinants in a country’s ability
to participate in the different agricultural markets, which has an impact on its major growth in
sustainability. There are several different environmental factors related to the effectiveness of
the development and major growth in sustainability. One such challenge is that major
smallholders are related to farming and become more productive due to sustainability
changes. Another reason for improving price incentives and making an increment for
effective quality and quantity of different public investment. Further, the product market
works well and manages different sources in order to improve and make financial services to
reduce and expose areas that do not insure risk management.
As per Swesi, El-Anis and Islam (2020), security and livelihood changes within a
society are related to meeting the basic requirements when considering sustainable changes
within a country. Therefore, this is an important tool for the society to manage and work

based on the agricultural department through the use of effective and sustainable processes
due to major irrelevant sources.
2.7 Agricultural and rural development
There are different agricultural factors that must be given attention for rural
development in studies where improving small farmers results in improving income and
productivity, which are related to reducing poverty within society. Many historical studies are
essentially related to agriculture and have indicated a negative relationship between the
productivity and poverty management of east and south Asia in terms of the growth and
development of cereal productivity during the green revolution.
According to the Hamad, Yaakob and Omran (2020), about 50% of changes are related
to 10% of east Asia and 32% in south Asia regarding the growth of the substantial
management of different sectors. The changing agricultural policies are related to the political
situations and cause industrial counties to make several dramatic changes in the structure of
agricultural development and the essential services of different sectors. This line will be
effective and will support rural development due to the concurrent development of the
agricultural sector due to increasing productivity, effective changes and making drastic
demands for different government services and infrastructure and the well-being of society.
In relation to agriculture, the major developments in the rural area context are based on
employment. In developing countries, the share of the overall development in agriculture is at
a very high level. In simple terms, where farmers represent 50% of workforce, there tends to
be high and positive progress in terms of rural development. Regarding the substantial
progress of rural development, the labour force is mainly involved in the agricultural field.
This will primarily lead to a shift in the artificial reduction of employment, which could
destroy the major consequences of the labour force and could result in political and social
disability.
In the farm sector of every country there is high supports for a range of ancillary and
service factories that mainly work towards generating the activities in the supply and
distribution of processing industries. In terms of its rural economy, services such as health
care, basic infrastructure and education have mainly depended on the profitability of every
sector, especially the agricultural sector. In terms of remote and peripheral areas, society
mainly presents a legitimate priority that prevents depopulation, wherein farming falls within
the limited range of economic activities required in maintaining the economic viability of a
particular region. In terms of the agricultural field, farming largely contributes to the

development of rural areas that also provide environmental and cultural services to a
particular sector of a nation or country.
2.8 Agricultural policies
According to Kaarud Mansour Mohamed (2020), agricultural policies are defined as a
set of processes and methods which are used by the agricultural sector in order to attain some
specific goals and objectives. Agricultural policies are the way in which economic resources
can be utilised in an optimal manner for the primary purpose of accomplishing the aims and
goals of society in relation to the agricultural sector. Agricultural policies are aligned with
various economic concepts, which explain the behaviour of economic resources in such a
manner that results in incremental change in the agricultural sector.
According to Mohamed and Masood (2018), agricultural policy within the national and
international level is required to be consistent so that markets can be developed for a longer
duration of time, and in this manner, the dependability of the market can be enhanced in a
robust and clear manner. Besides this, agricultural policies need to be recognised so that
critical framing can be executed at a national and international level. Heisey and Fuglie
(2018) posit that agricultural policies are a significant element of economic policies. These
have a direct impact on the agricultural sector, so it is imperative that these policies are used
to rapidly improve the agricultural sector. This research is associated with finding those ways
in which economic policies within Libya can be shaped so that assistance can be offered to
the agricultural policy development of the country.
Agricultural policy has some key principles and strategies for agriculture:
In order to frame the most appropriate policies various principles are used so that policy
formulation can be effectively carried out. Several principles provide the basis of such
conditions by which tools and processes can be used in a manner wherein agricultural
objectives can be attained using agricultural policies. According to Mahalouf and Etayeb
(2018), there are various fundamental principles that lead to the development of an
agricultural strategy and the same can be divided into five principles, which are aligned with
economic, financial, social, institutional and sustainability over the environment. These
policies do have various objectives and the same can be aligned with agricultural policies:
 Increasing the principles that provide similar opportunities to every individual.
 Intensifying efficiency so that economic agricultural resources can be used more
completely.

 Amplifying the income of farmers and their contributions to national income through
appropriately using agricultural resources.
 Understanding economic welfare within a community so that significant changes can
be rendered.
 Increasing the growth rate within the agricultural sector so that local production
contribution can be enhanced.
 The creation of integration between agricultural and various other sectors so that
ultimate assistance can be received.
 Providing motivation to production and providing such opportunities to various
farmers in which loans by subsidies can be given in order to promote farming.
The development of the agriculture agenda can be defined by two major challenges,
which can be mitigated by implementing several aspects (Brandt, Josefsson and Spierenburg,
2018). These two dimensions are defined as the management of the political economy within
agricultural policies in order that agricultural imbalance can be managed. Moreover, there are
two other dimensions, i.e. under-investment and disinvestment; these are used to mitigate the
various issues faced within agricultural background, via a consideration of its various aspects.
The other aspect is related with improving governance so that implementation within
agricultural policies can be initiated with utmost efficacy and reliability.
2.9 Agricultural policy and development
Rural development is associated with large number of processes. The term “Rural
development policy” is often used, which can be defined as interventions undertaken by
government in a specific manner so that the best outcomes can be attained. In various nations,
rural development policies are constantly evolving so that regional policy can be aligned with
the issue of economic growth in such a manner that ultimate guidance can be attained. This is
a situation in which policies are focused and may be extended to agriculture and other
sectors. In this way, issues related to agriculture, infrastructure and public services can be
solved and provisions can be made. Besides, in some countries, agro-centric policies have
been developed wherein rural development policies often lead towards developing
agricultural dimensions and aspects. By effectively utilising the same, the local economy can
be boosted and its overall contribution can be enhanced. It is not necessary that these
approaches are inconsistent so the same may provide influence within a set of policies and

the same are aligned with developing the rural aspect in such a manner that agricultural can
be addressed.
The OECD has determined that there are a number of case studies regarding rural
development policies, such as in Australia, Canada, the EU, Japan, Norway, Switzerland and
the US. Besides, this link is established in relation to agricultural policies, as this will lead
towards developing our understanding. Moreover, there are various significant findings
which can be described as follows:
a) The link in between rural and agricultural policies has been established in such a
manner that significant changes can be rendered. For instance, some countries such as
Australia and the US are developing various rural and agricultural development policies
which are separated from each other so that a linkage can be established. Also, counties like
Norway are closely linked with these polices so that appropriateness can be provided.
b) In Japan, their primary focus is on the agricultural field, as this dimension is
considered an efficient vehicle in providing development to rural areas. For instance, in
Switzerland and the US, their focus is on certain policies and measures by which regional
infrastructure development can be rendered. Roads and housing are the other dimension that
is emphasised when providing appropriate development opportunities to the nation and its
overall economic growth.
c) There are various considerations that can be emphasised over improving the business
skills of various farmers so that they can adopt and evolve in the face of economic pressure,
due to which several difficulties can be adjusted and business skills can be enhanced. In order
to improve farmers’ business skills, it is imperative that farmers understand how to manage
disaster and adopt climate change facilities in a manner in which economic pressure can be
adjusted and the external economic environment can be tackled. For example, in the US and
Canada, coverage over farm investment is higher due to the competitiveness of the agro-food
industry increasing, which means that preservation over food quality can be efficiently
provided. On the other hand, cultural heritage is the another area of maintenance in which
farmers may lead to develop such an understanding that can result in improved favourable
outcomes. For example, in the EU, these practices are being followed in such a manner that
overall responsibility can be executed effectively.
d) The responsibility of policy is aligned with largely dividing the overall government
with a sub-national approach. For instance, in countries like Canada and Switzerland, a
bottom-up approach is being followed due to the devolved nature of the government, whereas
in the EU and Japan, a top-down approach allows for higher levels of control.

e) Funding: For Japan and Norway, central government expenditures are high, which is
one major factor for the succession of agricultural uniformity. For Australia, the EU and
Switzerland, central and local government collectively bear expenses in order to generate
prominent control over national togetherness (Pe'er et al., 2020). In some cases, effort is
placed in involving private organisations so that partnerships between public and private
reforms can be formed.
2.10 Stakeholders and policy reforms
From the perspective of James (2015), stakeholders are defined as a party or group that
has a specific right or interest within system, and with a specific interest in the future
possibilities of the system. Some organisation stakeholders are defined as those individuals
and groups who are affected by the goal attainment of the organisation, either directly or
indirectly. Stakeholders can be individuals, communities, or any social group or
organisations.
To analyse the inclination of stakeholders, stakeholder analysis is used, which is helpful
in forming institutional policy so that the same can be accounted for, while also including
some processes that facilitate reform consideration (Dupraz and Guyomard, 2019). By
collecting information, stakeholders and their interests can be maximised, during which resist
reforms can be analysed. This analysis is helpful in developing an appropriate aptitude in the
minds of stakeholders so that they can be accommodated for and acquire a realistic and
positive adoption of policies and other sustainable measures. Under a stakeholder analysis,
four major constraints are involved that are helpful in determining a position, so that issues
and level of influence, along with specific reforms can be examined. Stakeholder analysis is
also associated with providing reasonable connections with various stakeholders in such a
manner that they can be remain connected for a longer duration of time.
The term stakeholder refers to those who possess and have rights and interest in a
specific system. For example, individuals who are concerned about all future perspective will
have an interest in developing a system that impacts organisational aims and objectives. Their
are several different aspects that relate with roles and policy of stakeholders (employees,
customers, suppliers) who exist in an organisation. This has an impact on organisational goals
and objectives and results in management identifying and defining all perspectives related
with organisational goals, with a view to manage work effectively.
In the present scenario, by analysing the importance of stakeholders all work is
conducted in an organised manner. This is the key definition of all aspects that reform and

develop all considerations related with business. A deliberate strategy aligns with specific
goals and objectives, which helps explain all goals related with the principle of development
needs. Sustainable development can be explained as an organising principle that allows us to
match all goals related with human development. The desired results facilitates managing all
work in a proper manner through generating a procedure that impacts all institutional
policies. All information provided by management helps us deal with work in an accountable
manner. This results in all individuals performing their work in an efficient manner, because
accountability demonstrates that a specific person may not be able to complete their task
properly.
Further, stakeholder analysis is related to four attributes that help illustrate all issues that
generate problems for managing work in proper manner. Further, regarding influences from
different individuals, these are analysed based an organisation states in all areas which work
as a multi-stakeholder process system, with a view to perform all task with greater efficiency.
All natural resources relating to ecosystem services perform work according to trends related
with society and the economy. Further, the desired results can be obtained by society through
fulfilling its needs without compromising natural resources. According to Saturnino M.
Borras Jr, on the political side of the transformation in the past years that presented the rural
or urban agricultural demographic changes. As per the information the world's total
production of cereals was 1.6 billion tons in 1979–81 and shifted to 2.3 billion tons in 2004.
As per Gandura and Dara, Libiya will reduce its dependency on the other countries as
the area ha s limited soil fertility and natural resources. Due ot which it has less avalaibilty of
the water (Libyan Agriculture: A Review of Past Efforts, Current Challenges and Future
Prospects).
In the present scenario, sustainable development goals minimise all issues related to
global challenges, which involves poverty, change in the climate and environmental
degradation. Further, the modern concept and practices related to sustainability are rooted in
managing work in a sustainable manner by focusing on all concepts that relate with
sustainability. Moreover, the concept of sustainable development has shifted towards
economic and environmental safety, which has complex impacts for organisations and
agriculture-based land. This is also a key element of economic development in generating and
developing those principles and practices that can be used in managing sustainable
development. Sustainable development relates with all those aspects that generate renewable
sources for managing all work properly. All perspectives related with the industrial revolution
generate strategies by which all work is promoted to manage business in a usual manner.

Time is considered a crucial factor within stakeholder analysis, implying that policy
formulation should be executed effectively and efficiently. Zambon (et al., 2019) assert that
multi-stakeholders are associated with providing appropriate contributions in communication
and decision making in a specified time frame.
Poverty and social impact analysis is associated with various policies in which process
reform is being exerted. Agricultural reforms thus play a vital role. Presently, the frequency
of poverty within rural areas is high, which is why there is a general sense of vulnerability in
relation to individuals’ livelihood. Consequently, strategies are proposed to ensure the
distributional impact of introducing poverty-reduction aims. The World Bank’s rural strategy
is calling for the increase in profile of rural developments, given there are several major
advantages of this:
1) Fostering an environment that can develop broad based growth in order to provide
sustainable growth opportunities.
2) Increasing agricultural productivity so that overall competitiveness can be enhanced.
3) Increasing non-farm economic growth in order to cover various other dimensions.
4) Improvising social well-being by mitigating risk and minimising various
vulnerabilities.
5) Enhancement in natural resources to manage sustainability appropriately.
In order to attain these objectives, policy reforms are required with regards to trade
policy (Skogstad, 2019). This is necessary to mitigate all the above obstacle in order to
provide appropriate market operations, improve agricultural financing and to maintain rural
areas in such a way that food security policies can be aligned.
Over the last 20 years many nations have considered reforming their agricultural sectors
with a view to attain diversified roles so that appropriate revenue can be generated and the
economy can be stabilised. Regarding most aspects of reform, there are many favourable
results being propounded, but in the analysis of the current scenario the desired outcomes are
not being attained in terms of poverty reduction and food security. This is due to the fact that
their impacts are limited and provide partial implications along with structural constraints.
Agricultural reforms thus play a crucial role for most countries, in which various strategies
are devised so that successful results can be accomplished Agricultural reforms help
successfully minimise poverty and facilitate developing socio-economic, political and
institutional characters (Hunt and Daughtry, 2018).
On the other hand, there is huge gap between PRSP's and development strategies, where
the same are followed by countries so that the proposed sector can be developed. The drivers

of reform within agricultural sectors play a crucial role in enhancing the overall
consideration to appropriately develop both agricultural and rural reform.
Agricultural and rural reforms are associated with introducing sector-wide policies
related to pricing, marketing, research and institutional extensions. In order to address these
issues, various policies are exerted so that early assistance can be received. Both local and
global conditions are changing the performance of various institutions, since both have been
considerably affected. For instance, land tenure systems can function appropriately where the
density of population is low but there is a chance they will increase or decrease in a short
space of time.
Buckwell et al. (2019) suggest that there are various relevant and conceptual
methodological issues associated with agricultural and land reforms. Their paper outlines
various economic factors that can effectively influence reform programmes within the
agricultural sector. There are various tools that are helpful in analysing reforms, which also
facilitate a comparative analysis. Zawisza, Prus and Beben (2019) stated that there are
various cases that are linked with decision makers and the unawareness of stakeholders, since
several potential large distribution channels are used in order to obtain the assistance of
collaborative development. High stakes are associated with policy of land reforms in which
social outcomes are examined in order to align social processes and encourage favourable
economic outcomes.
The engagement of stakeholders has given significance to agricultural policies, which
developed countries are required to undertake, such as guidelines for providing appropriate
agricultural policies for various farmer within a nation. The main reason behind past failure is
dealt with while providing support within African agriculture so that a top-down nature can
categorise the policies in which various processes are implemented. Farmers thus hold a
substantial section of the economy of the nation
2.11Governances and decision making
Agricultural policies are currently suffering from poor mechanisms of decision making.
In recent times, the policy decision making process has been associated with various interest
groups and the same can be regarded as cornerstone within political approaches. Therefore,
policy approaches need to be followed along with some interest group that are not consistent
with attaining the objectives of economic policies. Kiryluk-Dryjska and Baer-Nawrocka
(2019) advised that the voices of various stakeholders indicating such perceptions, which
need to be heard. On the other hand, authoritarian regimes are making decisions that result in

the creation of powerful interest groups, through which further interest can be created. Most
of the agricultural protection aspects are liberal, which makes it easier to spread policies,
given the presence of democratic development.
In this context, the most important interest group is the agricultural sector in which
development is required by farmers and countries. The World Bank has shown that
approximately 75-78% of poor people around the world depend on farming and forestry. All
these departments are together considered agricultural aspects. The participation of various
stakeholders is increasing and political voices are being raised by rural poor people. In this
scenario, the agri-business sector is gaining high priority, given more vibrant and more
urbanised countries are being created by the government, in which significant transformation
can be observed. Besides this, the agricultural sector is not developing its various objectives
towards improved conditions. Market failures are pervasive in nature due to the way in which
agri-based countries’ social outcomes are merely emphasised as desirable social outcomes
that are attained by this. The state is associated with developing and providing such core
public goods in which investment improving opportunities can be appreciated and in which
private sector natural resource management can be introduced.
In order to strengthen the capacity of the state, new roles are being coordinated within
various sectors that need to be developed via a development agenda in order to empower and
educate civil society, in which poverty can be reduced. Faure et al. (2019) stated that
providing empowerment to farmers may lead towards engaging them in the process of
decision making to provide more effective support within agricultural policies. Poverty is
associated with the large scale in which empowerment within poverty can be rendered.
Moreover, arguments are provided so that overall responsibility can be appropriately
provided
There are various retailers who are providing goods, such as fertilisers, development
agencies, seeds, among others. Farmers thus have greater power to control the manner in
which they are associated with farming and the measures of controlling their livelihood. The
World Bank has indicated that in African countries there is no clear vision regarding the
empowerment of developing organisation. Various models have shown that development
opportunities are providing conception over the stage of looking for significant changes in
which models are taken as a forward looking approach. Various conceptions of empowerment
are defined as outcomes by which rural families are targeted within development projects.
Education is defined as a principle that enables farmers to enhance their capabilities and
skills.

2.12 Assessment of agricultural policies
In recent years, it has been observed that there are options for diversity methods in
which policies are evaluated and real assessments are made of agricultural policies to provide
the real assessment of agricultural policies in Libya. This involves the real assessment of
policies that are based on collecting data in a structured way, along with utilising diversity
and methods in a manner in which real assessment over agricultural aspects is undertaken. On
the other hand, scientific methods are fully based on structural analysis and this is the major
reason for how forcefully human based agency approach can be used (Pe'Er et al., 2019).
The determining feature of a specific data collection method is considered in terms of
how the traditional and meta-narrative analysis is executed. There are various factors that are
related with the political economy, as is this case when certain concepts are judged. The post-
modern approach is based on particular episodes, where peripheral events are included. This
is related to social tradition and institutional agriculture in which agricultural dominance is
received, and where there are various challenges faced by agricultural policies to
consumptions.
In the present scenario, agricultural policies perform an important role and it is used to
manage all tasks in an organised manner. All growth factors define the demand for food, fuel
and feed and present different opportunities related with agriculture and government policies.
All perspectives that address challenges are defined by the formulation of appropriate policy,
in which it is easy to manage all work in an organised manner. It also defines all task that
provide better income support to individuals. With an increase in productivity as well as
profitability it is easy to perform all work towards target measures in order to gain long term
results.
Domestic policies have changed over the years, and they explain all agriculture policies
that define a specific commodity, which is related with a particular region. By obtaining
support related with agricultural trade, it is easy to perform work in a decided manner. This
also refers to all work that is managed and defines specific commodities that are related with
an organisation with a view to develop environmental outcomes that define the development
of outcomes in order to manage work in a proper manner. An emerging economy develops
targets that focus on services which are less productive. The existing policies review the
different departments that estimate and provide all information related with agriculture. The
European Union, as a whole, is focused on the formulation of policies that are beneficial for
emerging economics and developed countries. On the other hand, the in-depth interview

discuss all the strengths and weaknesses that are related with a particular market. All tasks
increase the number of policies to take actions. In review of all tasks related with policies, it
is easy to manage work in a productive manner and agriculture policy is designed to manage
tasks related with the food sector.
2.13 Agricultural policies in developing countries
The primary responsibility of emerging and developing countries is to ensure that all of
their policies are flexible and sound. Further, the main aim of policy is to complete a task in a
proper manner by performing all operations with a particular method. Various different areas
are related with developing countries, and also, most of the economic output of a country
depends on agriculture. Thus, by introducing investment in agriculture it is easy to perform
all work in a desired manner. This also includes agriculture research, education and the
extension of policies related with agriculture, which makes it easy to improve employment
opportunities and the income level of a country. On the other hand, deficiencies impact
agriculture, including different development failures, which results in naturally false
conceptions related with agriculture.
There are different inappropriate development practices and approaches that are being
implemented by countries. It is generally believed that these development related factors of
agriculture face failure. Moreover, agriculture is explained as a primary sector of a country,
which undertakes all those goals and objectives that facilitate economic resources. Moreover,
industrialisation is adopted, albeit at a high cost and all policies are characterised by different
resources related with a particular market. Moreover, industrialisation impacts all policies that
aggravate a situation that is improved by policies related with agriculture. On the other hand,
with a discussion of all development policies, this is identified as an incorrect assumption that
creates problems in managing tasks according to whoever decided upon the development
plan.
2.14 Agricultural policies in oil rich developing countries
The main aim of this research is to provide a general perspective of the economy of the
countries in the Arabic region. Much focus is paid to countries that have similar contexts to
Libya. Initially, it is important to provide an overall overview of the state of agriculture in
Arabic countries. Many oil rich developing countries are mostly dependent on agriculture.
There are in total 22 Arab countries that are located across different geographic locations
(Adnan et al., 2019). These various Arab countries occupy the area between the sub-Saharan

Africa to the south and the Mediterranean, as well as Turkey to the North and between the
Arabic Gulf to the East and the Atlantic to the West.
Methods utilized by governments are issued to change the economic and social
framework within which agricultural production takes place, by way of influencing the
expenses of farm inputs and outputs, by way of enhancing agricultural institutions, and
through promoting new technologies in agriculture. The policy seeks to actualise the huge
untapped capacity of Indian agriculture and ambitions towards attaining a growth fee in extra
of 4 consistent with cent in keeping with annum inside the agriculture sector. It additionally
seeks to reap a boom with equity, i.e., growth that is sizeable throughout regions and farmers.
The city population constitutes about 80% of the total populace in Bahrain, Jordan,
Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, and Saudi Arabia and less than 40% in Comoros, Somalia and
Yemen. The average GDP of the Arab international locations is about 1,043 billion dollars,
and per capita of GDP is very high in oil-producing countries (Altieri, 2018). The area of the
Arab nations is estimated to be about 14 million square kilometres. 87% of the area is
wasteland and there is a shortage of arable land. Renewable water resources are a dominant
characteristic in most Arab countries, whilst the rural zone fed on round 87% of the available
amount of water. Therefore, Arab countries can generally fall under three different categories,
such as countries with surplus capital as well as a low population density. These countries
also experience poor performance in different economic activities. Another category involves
different countries that have a high population density, as well as a severe shortage of
different capital resources. These countries are primarily recognized as having a traditional
agriculture, as well as industrial base.
The other category of countries in this includes countries that have large oil revenues as
well as a large population density. The overall economy of the different Arab countries is
mainly based on agriculture. This is because the crops grown in these countries are primarily
used for the consumption of people living there. Therefore, there is a need to develop
effective policies on agriculture in order to ensure that they are implemented effectively.
Policy makers in Arab countries must take into account certain factors while formulating
policy (Holden, E., Linnerud and Banister, 2017). This includes the need to develop herbal
resources, specifically water sources, the need to adopt new technologies relating to
agriculture, the need to enhance the effectiveness of farmer agencies’ aid for agricultural
production, and advertising sports. There is also a need to provide incentives to attract Arab
agricultural financial assets for funding in suitable agricultural production surroundings.

Moreover, the desire for comfort, peace, socio-economic stability and food protection in Arab
rural communities are different factors that must be considered.
However, the “Arabic Spring” precipitated a change in political dictatorship regimes that
had ruled Arabic countries, which negatively impacted the progress of all sectors, including
agriculture. Hence, new governments want to work across parallel lines. First, it is important
to create new rules and second it is vital to assess and repair damages caused by previous
regimes.
There are similarities, to a degree, between Libya and Saudi Arabia. The latter has
identical climatic conditions and its financial system also depends on oil. Saudi Arabia's
financial system is predicated on its oil, but the country has become privy to the significance
of the usage of oil sales to increase the rest of its financial sectors. Saudi Arabia has
implemented many rules and programmes to improve agricultural productiveness (Pjerotic et
al., 2017). Arabic countries are mostly covered in desert where it is difficult to carry out the
process of agriculture. Therefore, it is important for the governments of the different Arabic
countries to develop effective policies regarding the same.
The GCC governments must make direct investments in these different countries and
assist the private sector in taking possession of the available agricultural land. In the search
for rich agricultural land as well as suitable climatic conditions, Africa became the best
environment for investments. The GCC focused investment in North and East Africa and the
south of Asia, rather than within the United States and Europe. Due to the distance, these
important exporting nations would incur immoderate shipping prices. According to the NCB
capital (2010), Saudi Arabia and the UAE have now emerged as leaders in acquiring land in
developing countries. Media reports endorse that the 2, taken collectively, now hold 2.8 m/ha
by and large in Sudan, Pakistan, Turkey, and Indonesia. Again, Saudi officials have
reportedly had talks about investments in Australia, Brazil, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kazakhstan,
South Africa, and Vietnam. Therefore, it is important to ensure that different factors are taken
into account to ensure that the policy that is formed is in sync with the agricultural needs of
the country. Agricultural policy describes hard and fast laws relating to home agriculture and
imports of foreign agricultural merchandise (Schwerhoff and Sy, 2017). Outcomes can
involve, for example, a guaranteed deliver degree, rate stability, product pleasant, product
selection, land use or employment. Therefore, these are some of the requirements for
developing effective agricultural policies within oil rich developing countries.

2.15 Oil discovery and development of agriculture
Several resources are required by organisations for minimising the impact of natural
factors. This is determined by the management of various fluctuations due to changes in oil
prices. Due to higher and different fluctuations with national income it is difficult to manage
all work, which results in countries developing different task to manage all work in an
organised manner in an effort to manage revenue system. All revenue stems from different
kinds of resources. Agriculture is defined by different perspectives to manage tasks in a
decided pattern when managing revenue related with minerals and oils. Different kinds of
resource exists and management completes its task when performing all tasks in decided
revenue.
The researcher performs their work to determine the value of revenue, why it increases
and the various different outcomes. From the formulation a formal model, there are various
approaches to analysing natural resources related with development. The organisation defines
all tasks related with the manufacture of those entire tasks, which is used by an investigator to
complete their work in an organised manner. Learning by doing plays an important role and
all tasks are involved in managing resources related with agriculture in order to determine all
tasks relating to goals and objectives to manufacture oil, which explains the development rate
of the economy.
Moreover, manufacturing is defined by all those aspects that co-relate with agriculture
and the role of natural resources in the development of factors through which a task is
managed and performed in an organised manner through reducing the learning factors that
develop in relation to the rate of manufacturing and agriculture factors. On the other hand,
there are different challenges related with organisation through which the task is managed by
utilising resources and it expose about different sectors that is related with economy. In most
cases, this is identified by the co-relation related with exposed define that decline in exports
from other sectors that is connected towards oil industry. There are different sectors that
define an oil-exporting country and it explain about all factors that is related with Mexico,
different large organisation such as large oil revenue coincide with various significant
contraction of the agriculture export sector. Different sectors define oil revenue aspects,
which explains different agricultural factors that manage all tasks in a proper manner that
coincide towards agriculture sector.
There are different sectors that relate with oil revenue and this suffers from different
areas to manage all work with those perspective that support to manage and perform all task

according to decided revenue. This also considers about different sector and it defines about
different task to completing work in proper manner. Moreover, the discovery of different
natural resources considers all those exposed factors that are related with disaster. In most
cases, individual experience declares about role of agriculture productivity that is related with
economic development and it address two-sector model that is related with endogenous
growth.
The first preference consider about non-homothetic and income flexibility related with
command for agriculture products related with unitary. Secondly, the engine which is
managed with growth considers the manufacturing sector. Closed economic predict about
different positive links which are managed with agriculture areas and economic growth. This
is also defined about formalised areas and this explain about revolution related with the
industry.
Moreover, with an analysis of open economics, it is understood that a negative link will
create problems that define about all those task through which work is managed by
performing work in an organised manner. This defines person face different challenges to
define about all those aspects through which work is managed according to decided revenue.
Rapid development defines growth strategy and plans which is predicted with growth
performance. On the other hand, there are various factors related with the management of the
oil industry. This explains why an investigator faces different challenges but it impacts on
competitiveness factors that are related with oil industry and it explains how non-tradable
sector creates problems for the sale and purchase of agriculture products. The prices related
with imported falls and it compares with domestic produced food and it results individual
face different challenges to manage their work in proper manner.
2.16 Importance of agriculture development in Libya
With the analysis of all oil and other energy resource that are analysed, Libya is an oil
supplying country and most of the economic factors relate with oil resources. However, the
major issue is that oil supply is limited, which impacts the supply factors of oil. The supply of
oil cannot remain the same as the current usage in the future. The rate of oil is unsustainable
and there is a finite limit of resources. Therefore, a sustainable solution is essential for
minimising the consumption of natural resources. It is also important to improve the number
of resources that are related with the usage of different aspects that improve the economic
activity of a country. Further, the central drawback that is elucidated with the dependence of

the entire economy that relates with economic activity, refining of oil, consumption of
products related with oil activities.
Irrespective of economic value, it is understood that there are different significant points
relating with economic participations related with individuals and residents. Different
individuals contribute in the national production and it is said everyone participates in all
activities related with oil industry. This also asserted towards formulation of suitable
economic structure that is related with country and it is also used for asserting and
establishing all similar needs which formed by Libya. These engage and contribute with the
majority of the population who are related with the productivity of the population. Moreover,
the productivity of individuals is supported through mitigating all issue that is related with
overdependence and consumption of limited economic activities.
Within the context of this research project, all the information is considered with an
understanding of the agriculture background related with Libya. The potential factors of
Libyan agriculture define how there are various potential aspects used for studying all factors
that help an investigator to explore agricultural possibility related with Libya. Before the
identification of different oil resources within Libya, it is identified that the researcher
considered all those values that are related with the environment, along with weather, soil,
water, electricity and other basic requirements related with agriculture. This also consider
about all those situations that is related with current situation and potential factors related
with agriculture. It also summaries about all details that address all challenges which create
problems for Libya oil industry. Along with this characteristic of the Libya, olive oil is
produced by analysis of all supply factors that genetically increase and develop technology
factors relates with agriculture.
The decrease within agriculture production, particularly related with the Libyan crisis
undertakes different factors that set about all conditions for Libya and their increase in food
imports over the last two decade.s FAO (Food Agriculture organisation) has explained that a
United Nation organisation provides resources related with Libya. From recent years, since
2017, the major intention is to increase the strength and capacity of the agriculture industry
and to manage all work in an organised manner for managing balance between oil and
agriculture.
Sustainability is identified and defines all work that relates with World commission O
Environment and development. In order to develop about all needs that is related with present
and without comprise ability of future generation for match with own needs. There are critical
factors which is related with research define about sustainable agriculture and different

economic diversification to match towards agriculture economic factors. It is also critical for
management to manage work according to the depletion that manages a country’s oil reserve
to save the country’s economy. All diversification factors also aids towards the development
of populace and economy inextricably.
2.17Agriculture development
The term agriculture is explained as a complex and multi-faceted concept and this
include about various activities that is performed by farmers. There are different task relates
with represent about all activities which is considered with science farming, cultivation of
groups in the soil and rearing different animals for the productions of food and other
products. The framework and concepts which are related with and associate with different
concepts that engage natural environment, labour and land productivity, economic etc., with a
view to perform all work for increase in productivity of land.
It also defines economic concepts and all major aspects that are discussed highlight how
smaller farms manage high land productivity and exploitation of family labour. With an
increase in strength of the country there are various roles related with coordinated sector
refers to perform and manage all work in a coordinated manner. This also increases about
new roles that are used to perform all tasks in a private sector. On the other side, civil society
is required on the urgent basis and if agriculture the improvement agenda define about all task
in an effective manner.
Agriculture defines about all those aspects and it is used to manage work related with
researchers for increasing the importance of agriculture activities. This also aids with
modern-based technology specifically with those parts that is related with science because it
helps to accomplish best results from the land. Moreover, important aspects related with
agriculture are defined by all those aspects that meet with multiplied same level inputs. It also
considers with national production and it explains about agriculture present towards
development of economy. Consumption is required with population define about all those
agriculture factors which is created with healthy foods for develop of basis factors. The
economic perspective, define that a country produce significant proportion which is related
with food need. Nation results with significant foreign that makes longer results generate
important factors to import and export about all needs aids to fulfil needs of country. It also
results significant foreign debt which is used for formulate of important factors that helps to
view about all factors which relates and generate about all those aspect that view about all

needs of country. It is also viewed as an aspect that impacts on oil and gas manufacturing of a
country.
This also refers with less possess related with gas and oil in future helps to manage
resources when reserve are at depleted stage. Moreover, as a result of importing products
from different countries, the international reserve comes to end stage with high speed. This
also defines the appropriateness which is related with food is a major concern for managing
foods to perform all task with more efficiency. It also defines international reserve
management import and develops all those balances which is acquired for managing work
with use of excess that is related with capital and its accumulation of results by use of
agricultural exports to import about industrial products for performing work with use of
capital. On the other side, agriculture sector provide different aspects to analyse about all
economic factors that create and generate about all those factors that states with energy
related aspects for performing work with industrial products and use them according to
capital requirement.
On the other hand, all countries highlight and develop their industrial sector on the land
that is utilised for agriculture. This also explains about those factors which are used to
increase strength of country economy but the industry support economic of country for a
minimum time period and sometimes it is also unstable. Like, change in government
regulation creates problems for industry to complete work in proper manner. On the other
side, agriculture sector perform an important role for improving economic aspect to manage
work in a proper manner and it define about economic resources to allocate all resources for
completing their work in an organised manner. This also helps to manage and complete all
task with more efficiency through providing all necessary food items.
Further, food is the primary requirement of an individual, which explains how it is a
productive nation that is used to create healthy food from the basis. In order to understand the
economic perspective it is identified it is complex for a country to prepare food. So this is
mandatory for a country to depend on other regions to fulfil population food needs. On the
other hand, there are three major roles performed by management and it define about all those
factors through which all necessary foods is gathered. Due to the dependence on other
country, it is identified that foreign debt is identified when exports items is complex to
produce. It is also viewed as significant changes due to which country face different
limitations within country. This also explain about import of foods from foreign countries and
it aids to manage all work in an organised manner through performing task with more
efficiency. On the other hand, this is also understand that the main role of agriculture

development is to undertake appropriate actions that aids individuals to minimise challenges
related with health issue.
This also defines about all those actions which aids to manufacture products in an
efficient manner to manage work as per decided objectives. Therefore, it is highlighted that
all the countries are focused on developing and expanding the industrial sector that is
agriculture industry that comes into journey for strengthening the department of agriculture
sector. As per these, countries are not allocated the resources to same sector instead of
providing leveraging the economic resources to the most effective sectors of the nation
economy. According to the viewpoint of Swesi, El-Anis and Islam (2020), it is noted that the
majority of developing countries are mainly focused on starting from the agriculture
department. In this the core introduction of products based on industry are represented the
booming economy. In this there are several countries such as Singapore and Hong Kong that
are highly concentrated on the agriculture sector within the process of development that helps
in growing the profitability of economy. In this the major issue is demonstrated that the
developed countries are not effectively allocated the resources to the industrial sector directly
but in this the productive levels serves as a high concern. In this when the level of
productivity is to be increased within the agriculture sector that it is automatically developed
the required resources in all sectors within the agriculture field.
In Libya, the strategy related to agriculture development is very clear and set for the
development of the whole nation. The main aim of setting and developing this strategy is to
attaining the goals in relation to developing agriculture. For this several goals are to be
followed:
The main factor is to expand the areas that are cultivated through land recantation that
gives the high attention to water and soil studies. It is one of the major factors to develops the
agriculture development within Libya country so that issues related to importing from other
countries is to be resolved.
Secondly, this department is highly focus on protecting the agriculture field or soil from
erosion and controlling sand that are creeping by wind breakers. In this another strategy is to
increasing the agriculture production for raising potential crop productivity by effectively
utilising the fertilizers so that selected seeds are improved. In this Libyan also focus on
following advanced techniques in agricultural field so that high growth would by faced by a
country (Vu et al., 2018). In this diffusing the knowledge within agriculture field government
used training and development session that was provided to farmers so that they have enough

knowledge regarding the agriculture field. This helps in done the work at agriculture field in
an improved and efficient manner.
2.18 Agriculture and economic indicators
Agriculture as well as economic development of a country relates with each other and
they are also associate according to developing country context. Within most of the
developing countries, it is identified major sector related with economy aids towards
agriculture sector. This define with overall increase among the agriculture sector aids to
generate contribution sector of economy through adopting all factors that relates with farmers
and land. On the other side, agriculture sector exists within the country and it aids to perform
all task with more efficiency through performing their task in an appropriate manner (Bausch
et al., 2015). It is also considered that there are different benefits expected by the country
within their agriculture industry.
This also consider about agriculture factors that is related with rural areas. Similarly,
agriculture sector aids to generate long term aspects through improving overall economy of a
country (Anderson, 2018). It is expected by organisation that there are different benefits
specifically to perform all work in a decided manner. This consider easy accessibility helps to
complete all task in a productive manner by adoption of particular factors that is used to
increase economy of country by focusing on rural areas of a country. All possible aspects
which is related with labour and land productivity helps to manage all work in a proper
manner. It defines aspects which are related with country focuses on a particular area that
concentrated about all factors through which work is managed in proper manner.
On the other hand, the distribution sector of a country is related with different
geographical factors in order to place all resources in a natural manner. Further, significant
changes across a country helps to perform work in a particular area by analyse of prominent
findings that is used to manage work in proper manner. On the other side, due to intend
factors it is analysed agriculture sector perform an important role and this is used to spot
sources related with higher development of agriculture sector. This is also not intended with
agriculture sector because this helps to overlook all sectors which is related with agriculture.
With obtaining support of agriculture sector, a country develop it's fundamental concepts that
improve economy of a country. Moreover, agriculture sector directly enhance GDP of a
country with increasing domestic production of different grains. Agriculture development
also refers to different specific procedures, reform and method which are applied among
agriculture sector for achieving specific goals. It is also important for a country to develop

agriculture sector because it is an essential part for improving economy. Agriculture
development also helps to achieve specific objectives by utilising all resources related with
farmers in proper manner.
In this the major concern is on the agriculture factor of many countries. In this several
countries are expected to create labour skills by advertising the agriculture related activities at
the rural level. Therefore, adoption of agriculture sector is highly crucial because it fulfils the
demands related to domestic requirements that could be possibly covered (Li, Gu and Yuan,
2016). In this several developing countries focus on using agricultural policies to develop
their sector for reducing the external pressures and complexities such as higher foreign
currency outflows along with interdependency of imports from another nearby nations. In this
one of the particular subjects is the adoption of economic field in order to overcome the
challenges that were faced by government in relation to maintain the economy. In this
funding is a main subject within the agriculture policies. In this, countries like japan, Hong
Kong etc. where central government includes financial resources to the mode of agricultural
field that also helps in attaining the objectives related to developing living standards. In this
the more essential things that was needed and required by the any country is to grow their
agricultural sector because it is the core of gaining profitable results within the economy. In
this central government of the country needs to contributes in the essential and needed funds
within the agricultural field.
2.19 Libyan agriculture sector production
In terms of this factor it is reviewed that The Libyan agriculture field focuses on
developing a number of crops, the production cereals that is limited to barley, wheat along
with non – grain crops that mainly involves the olives, oranges, watermelon, dates, dry
onions, potatoes, oranges etc. Therefore, the production within the volume and value of the
main crops stated highly. In Libyan agriculture it is also noted in Libya because of unrests
present in current time there was a high drop in cereal crop that is around 10% (254000
tonnes) and because of this country like Libya mainly emphasis on importing the cereal from
another country that is around 90% that helps in fulfilling the demands of local
consumptions.
As Libya is a country that is mainly depends on the imported food stuff due to this the
level of imports of country is raised heavily the imports of country which impacts the
economy of country. In country like Libya, agriculture seeds are sourced mainly through the
farmer’s crops in terms of previous time. In context of recent time the demand of crops are

considered as unrest within the country because of dearth in seeds and also the agriculture
materials are merely costly in nature. However, in Libyan the farmers within the agricultural
sector are offered vegetable seeds from the united nation food and agriculture organisation so
that the inventory could be arranged in reasonable cost (Shi, Shi, and Qiu, 2019). In every
year the country mainly engages in importing around 150 tonnes of vegetable seeds, along
with 345 tonnes of legumes, 20 tonnes of each barley and wheat, around 8 tonnes of forages
etc. In context of Libya’s, fisheries production includes the range of products and raw
materials. In case of Libya having tied up with Malta and other various nations, number of
Libyan commercial companies involves in exporting tuna to Japan and Korea. Besides this
the deep water fish and sardines both being exported to the nearby countries like Tunisia,
Malta and Turkey etc. In this considered the livestock production involves 71000 camels, 1.9
million goats, 24.8 million chickens, 210000 cattle, 5.1 million sheep in recent previous
years.
2.20 Agriculture policies in developing and oil rich developing countries
It is crucial for developing countries to place a significant emphasis on an agriculture
culture because it will create job opportunities for their citizens. Therefore developing a
culture move towards the maintenance of agriculture sectors is vital because it is
demonstrated to be a major vehicle of sustainable development. Agriculture always plays an
essential role within the economy of country because it is the backbone of developing
countries as it reflects the huge job opportunities for people. However, agriculture policies are
very crucial and prominent to develops and attain the sustainable development objectives.
Regarding this, the OCED (2008) has placed greater emphasis on agriculture system along
with its related policies because it is highly prominent for presenting more economic
opportunities that helps in eliminating the issues of poverty within the nation that is a main
aim and objectives of every and each country. In rural areas of many countries are
unemployed and does not have any employment opportunities that impacted economic
activities in negative manner to overcome with this issues many developing countries mainly
emphasis on agriculture policies so that sustainability and economic of the nation would be
maintained. In this the central government of these countries focus on promoting the
agriculture sectors in order to gain high economic opportunities to the people.
According to the viewpoint of Zambon et al., 2019), it has been highlighted that most
developing countries face several issues and obstacles in order to attain planed objectives. In
this several obstacles are limitations in technological advancements, limitations in

technology, capital capacity, financial capital, lack of resources, lack of transport and storage
facilities, lack of marketing facilities and many more are the limitations of developing
countries that faced by governments. To overcome this issues developing countries highly
emphasis on agriculture sector that provides several opportunities to citizens of people.
To develop the agricultural sector, the government of developing countries focuses on
adoptions of new technologies within the agriculture processes so that high profitable results
are enjoy by nation. In this new and developed technologies are adopted to maintain the
effectiveness of agriculture activities while resulting in higher productivity. New and
developed technologies and very useful to maintain the effectiveness within the agriculture
activities as it will results the higher productivity. For instance, in a country, poor people
cannot afford expensive things, so this government needs to focus on adopting updating
technologies so that issues related to poor people are solved as they get the job opportunities
due to this living standard of developing people would be enhanced.
However, according to the viewpoint of Zawisza, Prus and Beben (2019), developing
countries may suffer from various alterations within the agricultural sectors of those nations.
Within this, an absence of supporting policies from governments of nations could slow up the
developments and growth of agriculture sectors. In this the lack of research and development
within the agriculture framework would be reflected as a major conflict in developing and
growing the agriculture sector. In developing countries the lack of infrastructure is another
issue that represents the responsibility of developing infrastructure within the local
governments in the developing nation. It also demonstrates that the direct and indirect tax that
is imposed by governments would also create a blockage in developing agriculture field
because it reduce or deducts the income of farmers that indirectly affects economy of
respected country GDP. However, it is highly essential to reduce or ignore the taxes such as
direct and indirect taxes of a developing country need to do development within their
agriculture sector. In terms of Arabic sector developments within the agriculture policies are
highly remarkable and difficult as compared to various other regions within the world. In
Arabian country the major reason of facing difficulty is the shortage and lack of water,
natural resources, water etc. all these resources are essential for developing the agriculture
department. For instance- in Arabian countries, there are more desserts as compare to
cultivate areas due to this development in agriculture department is quite tough. In Arabian
city around 87% of the land area is associated with the dessert area. In terms of Libya, the
population within the urban area is very limited that is around40% that reflects the high
population within the rural areas. In this respected country approximately 87% of water is

available for conducting the operation within the agriculture field (Global Innovation
Initiative for Sustainable Agriculture, 2021). Therefore, in addition to this, the income per
person is high when compared with the average income of countries in many other oil rich
Arabian nations, including Libya. Besides this, the performance within the country is mainly
limited within non-oil industries due to which excess of capital could not be utilised for
economic activities (Dürr, 2016). Therefore, many of the Arabian countries such as Algeria
and Iraq are known for implementing and executing measures of reflecting the benefits of
public investments within agriculture industrial field. According to this, many Arabian
countries are highly more downwards to the agriculture system that helps in experiencing
economic benefits. However, many countries have experienced major changes within the
economic structure when they found the efficient quantity and quality of oil and gas in the
nation.
Research Gaps
Management encounters a variety of obstacles, and organisations encounter a variety of
issues for arranging productive working in the agricultural field of operations. As a result, it
is critical for stakeholders to properly manage their work. Several significant difficulties
define distinct views and provide management challenges for policymakers throughout the
industry. As a result, research addresses these issues, which have an influence on an
investigator's aims and objectives in order to finish the assignment properly. Policy reform,
on the other hand, defines the mission by taking into account the formulation of outcomes
and their implementation in order to analyse and evaluate changes that aid in strengthening
the sustainability of organisations and the agriculture industry. Another study gap concerns
trade activities, which may be difficult to control; hence, addressing these issues will result in
improvements that will benefit both the local and international markets.
Another study gap is that emerging countries pose long-term problems. This is because
trade economic activities are thought to rise as a result of growth and development. The
agriculture industry is defined by current development variables, which play a critical role in
the economy. As a result, closing the gap between developing and industrialised countries is
critical to improving a country's agricultural environment.
2.20 Chapter Summary
Based on the above factors it is concluded that there are less established and low specific
standards that determine different roles related with agriculture. By the development of a
different nature, this explains how due to different degree of each country. On the other hand,

agriculture policies are applied within each country. This defines studies that discuss the
importance of different aspects that improve performance of farmers and aids them to earn
more revenue by performing their work in different regions. Similarly, through an analysis of
all aspects related with direct policies of farmers aids to manage task in an appropriate
manner to gain finance support through the use of subsidies. Moreover, there are different
policies that specifically relate with qualitative and quantitative data from different country,
which aids in identifying all important factors which are used to manage work in a decided
manner. According to an analysis and to understand of different policies all aspects which is
related with agriculture sector helps to relate all economic factors of agriculture and country
with each other.

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